产学研结合创新的法律制度研究
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摘要
加强对产学研结合的支持已经成为世界主要国家促进技术创新的共同选择,也是我国探讨科技与经济相结合的国民经济发展道路的传承和延伸。产学研结合创新需要法律制度的保障和推进。如何促进和规范产学研结合创新受到了诸多国家和地区的高度重视,围绕促进产学研结合创新,这些国家和地区纷纷从战略层面制定相关法律,以实现制度与产业之间的良性互动。
我国产学研结合创新存在多方面的制约因素,其中一个很重要的原因就是配套法律制度不完善,我国还没有制定统一的产学研结合创新促进法,与产学研相关的法律法规庞杂、分散,而且很多仅仅是原则性规定,可操作性不强。从创新激励到创新风险分配以及创新成果归属和利益分享都存在一定的法律真空,权利义务不明确情况下的产学研结合创新肯定会遇到许多问题。面对国际法制变化的趋势及知识产权问题在产学研结合创新过程中的重要性,检讨现行法律制度框架,对产学研结合创新进行以知识产权制度为重点的制度设计就显得尤为迫切和必要。
论文首先介绍了产学研结合创新的概念与特点、国家创新体系的内涵及产学研结合创新体系的构成,并探讨了产学研结合创新法律保障制度的体系框架及层次。其次借鉴主要发达国家促进产学研结合创新的立法与政策措施的经验,为我国产学研结合创新法律制度的框架构建和主要制度设计提供参考。然后在分析与评价我国产学研结合创新法律制度的现状、制度需求、制度供给与制度缺失的基础上,提出了促进产学研结合创新的立法构想并重点探讨了产学研结合创新中的知识产权利益分享法律制度。
论文的创新之处主要体现在以下三个方面：
一是,产学研结合创新法律制度体系的构建。本研究将产学研结合创新置于国家创新体系的大背景下,对产学研结合创新体系的构建进行再思考,并在对比产学研结合创新的法制需求与现行法律制度供给的基础上,对产学研结合创新法律制度体系进行整理和评估,找出制度缺失以及制约产学研结合创新的制度瓶颈,据以指导设计与产学研结合创新体系相配套的具有体系性和层次性特点的法律制度体系。
二是,产学研结合创新中知识产权利益分享的制度设计。本研究从政府财政性资金资助项目的知识产权归属、产学研各创新主体之间的知识产权归属以及产学研各创新主体与内部科技人员之间的知识产权归属三个方面探讨了产学研结合创新中的知识产权归属法律制度并以科技人员的利益保障制度为重点探讨了产学研结合创新中的知识产权利益分配问题。
三是,产学研结合创新的立法研究。《产学研结合创新促进法》的立法研究是本论文的落脚点,也是主要创新点之一。本研究在考察主要发达国家促进产学研结合创新的政策动向与立法模式,分析我国科技政策法律环境的基础上,提出了《产学研结合创新促进法》的立法建议,并分析了立法思路、立法模式、立法框架与章节的设置、立法的指导思想、立法重点、立法中应协调的各种关系、立法的参考标准、立法的评价与实施等内容。
Strengthening the support in the industry-university-insititute innovation has become not only the common choice of the world's leading country to promote the technological innovation, but also the extension and succession of the national economic development path to explore the cooperation between technology and economy in China. Industry-university-insititute innovation needs the protection and promotion from the legal system. How to promote and standardize the industry-university-insititute innovation has been attached great importance to by many countries and regions. Around the promotion of industry-university-insititute innovation, these countries and regions, one after another, develop the relevant laws from a strategic level in order to achieve the system and the positive interaction between industry.
There is a wide range of constraints in the industry-university-insititute innovation in China, one of the very important reasons for which is the imperfect legal system. China has not yet formulated a unified industry-university-insititute innovation promotion law. Comparatively, research laws related to the industry-university-insititute innovation are complex and decentralized, and most are only a matter of principles which are not maneuverable. Certain legal vacuum exists from Incentive to innovation to the process of innovation to innovation and risk allocation and to the outcome-vesting and benefit-sharing. Obvious rights and obligations will definitly bring a lot of problems in industry-university-insititute innovation. The face of changing trends in the international rule of law and the increase of the intellectual property issues in the industry-university-insititute innovation, it's particularly urgent and necessary to review and to design the existing framework of the legal system.
This paper includes the overview on the legal system of industry-university-insititute innovation. It contains the introduction of the relevant economic management theories, the conception and features of industry-university-insititute innovation, the connotation of the national innovation system, and the reconstruction of industry-university-insititute innovation system. Furthermore, it explores the framework and hierarchy of the legal protection system for industry-university-insititute innovation. The paper compares legislation and policy measures with the major developed countries to promote industry-university-insititute innovation. It provides the references for the framework and main system design of the legal protection system of industry-university-insititute innovation in China. What's more, the paper analyzes the present situation and evaluation of industry-university-insititute innovation and the legal protection system in China and describes the legislative background and legislative ideas of the "the promotion law of industry-university-insititute innovation" and discusses the interests sharing system of intellectual property right.
Innovations are mainly embodied in the following three aspects:
First of all, it contains the construction of legal protection system for Industry-universitiy-institute innovation. This study, putting the Industry-universitiy-institute innovation under the background of the state innovation system, reconsiders the the construction of legal protection system for Industry-universitiy-institute innovation. Furthermore based on the comparison between the needs in the legal system of Industry-universitiy-institute innovation and the supply of the existing legal system, the study collates and evaluates the policies and laws for Industry-universitiy-institute innovation, and finds out the missing policies and laws, as well as bottlenecks in the system, in order to guide the design for the relavant legal protection system for Industry-universitiy-institute innovation.
Secondly, it's the design for the benefit-sharing framework of Industry-universitiy-institute innovation. This study explores the legal system for the ownership of intellectual property rights and the benefit-sharing focused on the interest of scientific and technological personnel security system, based on the following three aspects:the ownership of intellectual property rights for the government funds projects, the ownership of intellectual property rights among the various bodies in the Industry-universitiy-institute innovation, as well as the ownership of intellectual property rights for the main bodies and the scientific and technical personnel.
Finnaly, it maintions the legislative studies for Industry-universitiy-institute innovation. The legislative research for "Industry-universitiy-institute Innovation Promotion Act" is the ultimate goal of this paper and one of the major innovation points. This study, based on the examination of the innovative policies trends and legislative models of major developed countries, and the analysis on the legal environment of China's science and technology policy, points out the proposed "Industry-universitiy-institute Innovation Promotion Act" and analyzes the idea of legislation, legislative model, the legislative framework and chapter setting, the guiding principle, legislative priorities, a variety of relations should be coordinated in legislation, legislative reference standards for evaluation and implementation, etc.
我国产学研结合创新存在多方面的制约因素,其中一个很重要的原因就是配套法律制度不完善,我国还没有制定统一的产学研结合创新促进法,与产学研相关的法律法规庞杂、分散,而且很多仅仅是原则性规定,可操作性不强。从创新激励到创新风险分配以及创新成果归属和利益分享都存在一定的法律真空,权利义务不明确情况下的产学研结合创新肯定会遇到许多问题。面对国际法制变化的趋势及知识产权问题在产学研结合创新过程中的重要性,检讨现行法律制度框架,对产学研结合创新进行以知识产权制度为重点的制度设计就显得尤为迫切和必要。
论文首先介绍了产学研结合创新的概念与特点、国家创新体系的内涵及产学研结合创新体系的构成,并探讨了产学研结合创新法律保障制度的体系框架及层次。其次借鉴主要发达国家促进产学研结合创新的立法与政策措施的经验,为我国产学研结合创新法律制度的框架构建和主要制度设计提供参考。然后在分析与评价我国产学研结合创新法律制度的现状、制度需求、制度供给与制度缺失的基础上,提出了促进产学研结合创新的立法构想并重点探讨了产学研结合创新中的知识产权利益分享法律制度。
论文的创新之处主要体现在以下三个方面：
一是,产学研结合创新法律制度体系的构建。本研究将产学研结合创新置于国家创新体系的大背景下,对产学研结合创新体系的构建进行再思考,并在对比产学研结合创新的法制需求与现行法律制度供给的基础上,对产学研结合创新法律制度体系进行整理和评估,找出制度缺失以及制约产学研结合创新的制度瓶颈,据以指导设计与产学研结合创新体系相配套的具有体系性和层次性特点的法律制度体系。
二是,产学研结合创新中知识产权利益分享的制度设计。本研究从政府财政性资金资助项目的知识产权归属、产学研各创新主体之间的知识产权归属以及产学研各创新主体与内部科技人员之间的知识产权归属三个方面探讨了产学研结合创新中的知识产权归属法律制度并以科技人员的利益保障制度为重点探讨了产学研结合创新中的知识产权利益分配问题。
三是,产学研结合创新的立法研究。《产学研结合创新促进法》的立法研究是本论文的落脚点,也是主要创新点之一。本研究在考察主要发达国家促进产学研结合创新的政策动向与立法模式,分析我国科技政策法律环境的基础上,提出了《产学研结合创新促进法》的立法建议,并分析了立法思路、立法模式、立法框架与章节的设置、立法的指导思想、立法重点、立法中应协调的各种关系、立法的参考标准、立法的评价与实施等内容。
Strengthening the support in the industry-university-insititute innovation has become not only the common choice of the world's leading country to promote the technological innovation, but also the extension and succession of the national economic development path to explore the cooperation between technology and economy in China. Industry-university-insititute innovation needs the protection and promotion from the legal system. How to promote and standardize the industry-university-insititute innovation has been attached great importance to by many countries and regions. Around the promotion of industry-university-insititute innovation, these countries and regions, one after another, develop the relevant laws from a strategic level in order to achieve the system and the positive interaction between industry.
There is a wide range of constraints in the industry-university-insititute innovation in China, one of the very important reasons for which is the imperfect legal system. China has not yet formulated a unified industry-university-insititute innovation promotion law. Comparatively, research laws related to the industry-university-insititute innovation are complex and decentralized, and most are only a matter of principles which are not maneuverable. Certain legal vacuum exists from Incentive to innovation to the process of innovation to innovation and risk allocation and to the outcome-vesting and benefit-sharing. Obvious rights and obligations will definitly bring a lot of problems in industry-university-insititute innovation. The face of changing trends in the international rule of law and the increase of the intellectual property issues in the industry-university-insititute innovation, it's particularly urgent and necessary to review and to design the existing framework of the legal system.
This paper includes the overview on the legal system of industry-university-insititute innovation. It contains the introduction of the relevant economic management theories, the conception and features of industry-university-insititute innovation, the connotation of the national innovation system, and the reconstruction of industry-university-insititute innovation system. Furthermore, it explores the framework and hierarchy of the legal protection system for industry-university-insititute innovation. The paper compares legislation and policy measures with the major developed countries to promote industry-university-insititute innovation. It provides the references for the framework and main system design of the legal protection system of industry-university-insititute innovation in China. What's more, the paper analyzes the present situation and evaluation of industry-university-insititute innovation and the legal protection system in China and describes the legislative background and legislative ideas of the "the promotion law of industry-university-insititute innovation" and discusses the interests sharing system of intellectual property right.
Innovations are mainly embodied in the following three aspects:
First of all, it contains the construction of legal protection system for Industry-universitiy-institute innovation. This study, putting the Industry-universitiy-institute innovation under the background of the state innovation system, reconsiders the the construction of legal protection system for Industry-universitiy-institute innovation. Furthermore based on the comparison between the needs in the legal system of Industry-universitiy-institute innovation and the supply of the existing legal system, the study collates and evaluates the policies and laws for Industry-universitiy-institute innovation, and finds out the missing policies and laws, as well as bottlenecks in the system, in order to guide the design for the relavant legal protection system for Industry-universitiy-institute innovation.
Secondly, it's the design for the benefit-sharing framework of Industry-universitiy-institute innovation. This study explores the legal system for the ownership of intellectual property rights and the benefit-sharing focused on the interest of scientific and technological personnel security system, based on the following three aspects:the ownership of intellectual property rights for the government funds projects, the ownership of intellectual property rights among the various bodies in the Industry-universitiy-institute innovation, as well as the ownership of intellectual property rights for the main bodies and the scientific and technical personnel.
Finnaly, it maintions the legislative studies for Industry-universitiy-institute innovation. The legislative research for "Industry-universitiy-institute Innovation Promotion Act" is the ultimate goal of this paper and one of the major innovation points. This study, based on the examination of the innovative policies trends and legislative models of major developed countries, and the analysis on the legal environment of China's science and technology policy, points out the proposed "Industry-universitiy-institute Innovation Promotion Act" and analyzes the idea of legislation, legislative model, the legislative framework and chapter setting, the guiding principle, legislative priorities, a variety of relations should be coordinated in legislation, legislative reference standards for evaluation and implementation, etc.
引文
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①参见科技部副部长李学勇在2007年于北京举办的“产学研高层创新论坛”上的讲话,http://www.stdaily.com/gb/stdaily/2007-05/23/content_672718.htm,访问日期：2008年3月1日
①根据对国内近几年来327项合作的调研表明,合作研发可使企业的劳动生产率提高29%,项目成功率提高69%,科技成果转化率提高20%。参见郑金娥.合作研发的动机分析.科技创业月刊,2005,(1)：47-48。另外,据统计,在2005年度国家科学技术进步奖中,产学研合作的项目占到36.4%。参见企业撑起国家科技进步奖“半边天”.光明日报,2006年1月12日第7版
②以1996年为例,高等学校科技经费中的10%来自中央财政,30%来自地方财政,60%来自企业和社会。参见蔡克勇.知识经济强烈呼唤产学研结合.上海高教研究,1998,(7)：14-17
①The Bayh-Dole Act:Impact on University Research and Intellectual Property Ownership Rights. http://www.rpitechnology.com/files/bayh-dole,2008年8月19日访问
②Rogers(2000)对如何提高技术转移机构的效率问题进行了研究,See Rogers, Everett, Jing Yin, and Joern Hoffmann. Assessing the Effectiveness of Technology Transfer Offices at U.S. Research Universities. Journal of the Association of University Technology Managers, v. Ⅻ,2000:65-68,Moira Decter (2007)比较了英国与美国技术转让的异同,See Moira Decter, David Bennett, Michel Leseure. University to business technology transfer—UK and USA comparisons. Technovation,2007,27:145-155,Chapple(2005)则对英国大学技术转移机构提出了评估模式,See Chapple, W., Lockett, A., Siegel, D., Wright, M. Assessing the relative performance of U.K. university technology transfer offices:parametric and non-parametric evidence. Research Policy,2005,34(3):,369-384.
①T.W.舒尔茨,制度与人的经济价值的不断提高.载科斯等著.财产权利与制度变迁.上海三联书店,1994.253以及青木昌彦,奥野正宽.经济体制的比较制度分析.中国发展出版社,1999.11
②诺斯.制度、制度变迁与经济成就.刘守英译.上海三联书店,1994,转引自韦森.再评诺斯的制度变迁理论.经济学,2009,(1):746
③L.E.戴维斯,D.C.诺思.制度变迁的理论：概念与原因.载科斯等著.财产权利与制度变迁.上海三联书店,1994.271
④相关研究可以参见史晋川,沈国兵.论制度变迁理论与制度变迁方式划分标准.经济学家,2002,(1)
⑤拉坦.诱致性制度变迁理论.1978,载科斯等.财产权利与制度变迁.上海三联书店,1996.327-338
①See The Bayh-Dole Act, A Guide to the Law and Implementing Regulations,Council on Governmental Relations,September 1999.http://www.cogr.edu/bayh-dole.htm.
②据美国学者Homard W. Brerner的统计,美国这一时期在政府资助研发成果的管理方面共有26种不同的政策,各部门不同的限制政策往往叠加在一起,事实上最终形成了对政府资助研发成果向私有部门流动的限制。See Homard W. Brerner, The First Decades of the Bayh-Dole Act as Public Policy, Presentation to National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges.Nov.11,2001. http://www.nasulgc.org/COTT/Bayh-Dole/Brerner speech.htm/2004/12/25.
①See Innovation's Golden Goose, The Economist. December 12th 2002,英文原文为"possibly the most inspired piece of legislation to be enacted in America over the past half-century."
②The Bayh-Dole Act:Impact on University Research and Intellectual Property Ownership Rights. http://www.rpitechnology.com/files/bayh-dole,2008年8月19日访问
①参见技术转移实务指南第2.1版(Technology Transfer Practice Manual Second Edition,V.2.1).台湾技术经理人协会发行,2006.2-3
①参见史蒂文森—威德勒技术创新法.第3条以及第11条.译文见中国专利保护协会http://www.ppac.org.cn/mzcontent.asp?arId=306,2009年6月访问
①参见美国科学与工程指标2008(Science and Engineering Indicators 2008),Chapter 4. Research and Development: National Trends and International Linkages,http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind08/c4/c4h.htm#c4h4,2009年5月访问
①FY 2005 Federal S&E Obligations Reach Over 2,400 Academic and Nonprofit Institutions.[EB/OL] Data Presented on Minority-Serving Institutions.http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf07326/nsf07326.pdf.
②参见美国科学与工程指标2008(Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 Chapter 4), http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind08/c4/c4s3.htm,2009年5月访问
①王葆青.英国利用知识产权推动创新活动的做法和实践之简介,http://www.ipr.gov.cn/ipr/inter/info/Article.jsp?a_no=12002&col_no=170&dir=200608,2008年4月访问
①参见日本的国家创新体系与产学官结合简介.http://www.360cxy.cn/CMSReleaseSys/releasepage10/infodetailed.aspx?id=1881,2008年6月访问
①中国科学技术信息研究所.英国不断鼓励技术创新寻求知识垄断和流动的平衡.http://int.ipr.gov.cn/ipr/inter/info/Article.jsp?a_no=11419&col_no=170&dir=200608,2008年6月访问
①参见日本文部科学省.科学技术关系人材综合2007予算案版.http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/houdou/18/12/06122113.htm
①该表格改编自孙福全.主要发达国家产学研结合计划分析及其启示.技术经济,2008,(1)：59-125,向文华.国内外产学研发展趋势及经验借鉴.来源网站：广东省教育部产学研结合协调领导办公室,2009年3月访问,以及全球科技经济瞭望杂志关于世界各国科技创新计划的综述
②葛菁.国外产学研结合实践及其借鉴意义.中国产学研合作促进会 http://www.360cxy.cn/CMSReleaseSys/releasepage10/infodetailed.aspx?id=977,2008年4月访问
①周隆超.欧盟科技框架计划简介,http://www.cuc-park.com/ShowInfo.aspx?ID=184,2008年4月访问
①广东省教育部产学研结合协调领导小组办公室、广东省政府发展研究中心联合课题组：国内外产学研发展趋势及经验借鉴.中国高校科技与产业化,2007,(10)
①参见广东省教育部产学研结合协调领导小组办公室,广东省科学技术厅以及广东省政府发展研究中心联合研究的课题.广东产学研结合发展战略研究,2007
①参见广东省教育部产学研结合协调领导小组办公室,广东省科学技术厅以及广东省政府发展研究中心联合研究的课题.广东产学研结合发展战略研究,2007
①我国城市技术创新的主要问题.科技日报,2008-5-13
①http://www.wipo.int/uipc/en/partnership(世界知识产权组织2006年会议报告,2009年6月19日最后访问)
①详见乔永忠,朱雪忠：《利用财政性资金形成科研成果的知识产权问题研究——兼评新修订的<科学技术进步法>第20条和第21条》,载《科技与法律》,2008(6)
①中国驻纽约总领事馆教育组.美国哥伦比亚大学技术转让的成功做法.世界教育信息,2000,(1)
②中国驻英国大馆育处.剑桥大学科技转让的基本实践及对我们的启示.世界教育信息,2000,(6)
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①参见赵慕兰,罗瀛.促进科技成果转化的知识产权若干问题研究.资料来源：北京市科学技术委员会http://www.bjkw.gov.cn/n1143/n1240/n1465/n2216/n3710709/3721712.html,2008年3月访问
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①参见科技部副部长李学勇在2007年于北京举办的“产学研高层创新论坛”上的讲话,http://www.stdaily.com/gb/stdaily/2007-05/23/content_672718.htm,访问日期：2008年3月1日
①根据对国内近几年来327项合作的调研表明,合作研发可使企业的劳动生产率提高29%,项目成功率提高69%,科技成果转化率提高20%。参见郑金娥.合作研发的动机分析.科技创业月刊,2005,(1)：47-48。另外,据统计,在2005年度国家科学技术进步奖中,产学研合作的项目占到36.4%。参见企业撑起国家科技进步奖“半边天”.光明日报,2006年1月12日第7版
②以1996年为例,高等学校科技经费中的10%来自中央财政,30%来自地方财政,60%来自企业和社会。参见蔡克勇.知识经济强烈呼唤产学研结合.上海高教研究,1998,(7)：14-17
①The Bayh-Dole Act:Impact on University Research and Intellectual Property Ownership Rights. http://www.rpitechnology.com/files/bayh-dole,2008年8月19日访问
②Rogers(2000)对如何提高技术转移机构的效率问题进行了研究,See Rogers, Everett, Jing Yin, and Joern Hoffmann. Assessing the Effectiveness of Technology Transfer Offices at U.S. Research Universities. Journal of the Association of University Technology Managers, v. Ⅻ,2000:65-68,Moira Decter (2007)比较了英国与美国技术转让的异同,See Moira Decter, David Bennett, Michel Leseure. University to business technology transfer—UK and USA comparisons. Technovation,2007,27:145-155,Chapple(2005)则对英国大学技术转移机构提出了评估模式,See Chapple, W., Lockett, A., Siegel, D., Wright, M. Assessing the relative performance of U.K. university technology transfer offices:parametric and non-parametric evidence. Research Policy,2005,34(3):,369-384.
①T.W.舒尔茨,制度与人的经济价值的不断提高.载科斯等著.财产权利与制度变迁.上海三联书店,1994.253以及青木昌彦,奥野正宽.经济体制的比较制度分析.中国发展出版社,1999.11
②诺斯.制度、制度变迁与经济成就.刘守英译.上海三联书店,1994,转引自韦森.再评诺斯的制度变迁理论.经济学,2009,(1):746
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④相关研究可以参见史晋川,沈国兵.论制度变迁理论与制度变迁方式划分标准.经济学家,2002,(1)
⑤拉坦.诱致性制度变迁理论.1978,载科斯等.财产权利与制度变迁.上海三联书店,1996.327-338
①See The Bayh-Dole Act, A Guide to the Law and Implementing Regulations,Council on Governmental Relations,September 1999.http://www.cogr.edu/bayh-dole.htm.
②据美国学者Homard W. Brerner的统计,美国这一时期在政府资助研发成果的管理方面共有26种不同的政策,各部门不同的限制政策往往叠加在一起,事实上最终形成了对政府资助研发成果向私有部门流动的限制。See Homard W. Brerner, The First Decades of the Bayh-Dole Act as Public Policy, Presentation to National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges.Nov.11,2001. http://www.nasulgc.org/COTT/Bayh-Dole/Brerner speech.htm/2004/12/25.
①See Innovation's Golden Goose, The Economist. December 12th 2002,英文原文为"possibly the most inspired piece of legislation to be enacted in America over the past half-century."
②The Bayh-Dole Act:Impact on University Research and Intellectual Property Ownership Rights. http://www.rpitechnology.com/files/bayh-dole,2008年8月19日访问
①参见技术转移实务指南第2.1版(Technology Transfer Practice Manual Second Edition,V.2.1).台湾技术经理人协会发行,2006.2-3
①参见史蒂文森—威德勒技术创新法.第3条以及第11条.译文见中国专利保护协会http://www.ppac.org.cn/mzcontent.asp?arId=306,2009年6月访问
①参见美国科学与工程指标2008(Science and Engineering Indicators 2008),Chapter 4. Research and Development: National Trends and International Linkages,http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind08/c4/c4h.htm#c4h4,2009年5月访问
①FY 2005 Federal S&E Obligations Reach Over 2,400 Academic and Nonprofit Institutions.[EB/OL] Data Presented on Minority-Serving Institutions.http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf07326/nsf07326.pdf.
②参见美国科学与工程指标2008(Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 Chapter 4), http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind08/c4/c4s3.htm,2009年5月访问
①王葆青.英国利用知识产权推动创新活动的做法和实践之简介,http://www.ipr.gov.cn/ipr/inter/info/Article.jsp?a_no=12002&col_no=170&dir=200608,2008年4月访问
①参见日本的国家创新体系与产学官结合简介.http://www.360cxy.cn/CMSReleaseSys/releasepage10/infodetailed.aspx?id=1881,2008年6月访问
①中国科学技术信息研究所.英国不断鼓励技术创新寻求知识垄断和流动的平衡.http://int.ipr.gov.cn/ipr/inter/info/Article.jsp?a_no=11419&col_no=170&dir=200608,2008年6月访问
①参见日本文部科学省.科学技术关系人材综合2007予算案版.http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/houdou/18/12/06122113.htm
①该表格改编自孙福全.主要发达国家产学研结合计划分析及其启示.技术经济,2008,(1)：59-125,向文华.国内外产学研发展趋势及经验借鉴.来源网站：广东省教育部产学研结合协调领导办公室,2009年3月访问,以及全球科技经济瞭望杂志关于世界各国科技创新计划的综述
②葛菁.国外产学研结合实践及其借鉴意义.中国产学研合作促进会 http://www.360cxy.cn/CMSReleaseSys/releasepage10/infodetailed.aspx?id=977,2008年4月访问
①周隆超.欧盟科技框架计划简介,http://www.cuc-park.com/ShowInfo.aspx?ID=184,2008年4月访问
①广东省教育部产学研结合协调领导小组办公室、广东省政府发展研究中心联合课题组：国内外产学研发展趋势及经验借鉴.中国高校科技与产业化,2007,(10)
①参见广东省教育部产学研结合协调领导小组办公室,广东省科学技术厅以及广东省政府发展研究中心联合研究的课题.广东产学研结合发展战略研究,2007
①参见广东省教育部产学研结合协调领导小组办公室,广东省科学技术厅以及广东省政府发展研究中心联合研究的课题.广东产学研结合发展战略研究,2007
①我国城市技术创新的主要问题.科技日报,2008-5-13
①http://www.wipo.int/uipc/en/partnership(世界知识产权组织2006年会议报告,2009年6月19日最后访问)
①详见乔永忠,朱雪忠：《利用财政性资金形成科研成果的知识产权问题研究——兼评新修订的<科学技术进步法>第20条和第21条》,载《科技与法律》,2008(6)
①中国驻纽约总领事馆教育组.美国哥伦比亚大学技术转让的成功做法.世界教育信息,2000,(1)
②中国驻英国大馆育处.剑桥大学科技转让的基本实践及对我们的启示.世界教育信息,2000,(6)
①改编自赵莉,单晓光.产学研中知识产权利益分配问题研究.电子知识产权,2007,(1)：18-21
①参见赵慕兰,罗瀛.促进科技成果转化的知识产权若干问题研究.资料来源：北京市科学技术委员会http://www.bjkw.gov.cn/n1143/n1240/n1465/n2216/n3710709/3721712.html,2008年3月访问