大同矿区冲击地压防治机理及技术研究
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摘要
冲击地压是煤矿中的动压现象,主要表现为大量煤岩突然抛向巷道,瞬间摧毁几十米甚至上百米的巷道或采煤工作面,造成支架折损,顶板下沉,底板臌起等,是由聚积在矿井巷道和采场周围煤岩体中的弹性能突然释放引起的。由于其形成机理复杂,影响因素众多,显现形式多样,造成后果严重,长期以来一直受到国内外岩石力学理论与工程领域学者的广泛重视,也是煤矿井工开采领域研究的热点、难点问题之一。大同矿区是我国主要产煤区之一,受地质条件、围岩性质、采掘顺序、支护方式等因素的影响,大同矿区工作面和巷道存在着不同程度的冲击地压现象,成为制约大同矿区安全、高效生产的瓶颈。为此,以大同矿区冲击地压为工程背景,开展冲击地压发生机理及防治技术的研究,对于解决大同矿区所面临的冲击地压问题、提高对冲击地压发生机理的认识以及发展冲击地压防治理论和技术等均具有非常重大的意义。
本文在总结已有研究成果的基础上,结合大同矿区的开采条件及冲击地压发生的实际情况,就大同矿区冲击地压机理和防治问题,综合运用实例分析、现场实测、室内实验、理论分析、数值模拟与现场试验等方法,从大同矿区冲击地压发生的原因与特点、发生的机理、监测预报方法和防治措施等几方面作了探索性研究。主要研究内容和成果如下：
1、详细研究了大同矿区四个矿井的井田地质条件、开采方法、支护方式及冲击地压发生状况,分析了冲击地压发生的原因,总结了大同矿区冲击地压的基本特点。
2、应用室内实验方法得到了大同矿区煤岩层的基本物理力学参数,根据煤样的全程应力应变曲线和煤样的破裂断口分析了煤样的破裂过程和破裂方式；现场实测了大同矿区的原岩应力,获得了大同矿区原岩应力的分布规律,应用理论研究的方法得到了煤层中的应力分布规律。
3、根据煤岩裂隙发生扩展规律,提出了煤层冲击“椭柱体”震源机理模型,并应用此模型分析了煤层粉碎性冲击的发生过程；根据粘滑理论和煤层赋存结构,建立了煤层整体冲击的力学模型,根据此力学模型建立了煤层整体冲击的动力学方程并进行了求解,获得了煤层整体冲击的位移、速度和加速度的解析解；根据底板结构和受力特点建立了底板冲击的梁式破断模型和挠曲失稳模型,通过对模型的求解得到了底板冲击的条件。研究所得煤层及底板冲击的机理为冲击地压的防治提供了理论基础。
4、根据现场冲击地压发生经验,提出了预测冲击危险性的新指标——“采空比”,采空比定义为一个采区的采空面积占采区总面积的百分比。利用大同冲击地压统计结果对此指标的可行性进行了验证并对此指标的内在机制进行了理论上的分析。利用“采空比”指标预测方法结合传统监测预报方法提出了适用大同矿区的冲击地压监测预报方案,并设计了预测软件进行监测数据的辅助处理。运用研究成果对试验工作面的冲击地压进行了成功预测。
5、运用数值模拟和理论分析的方法深入系统地研究了卸压钻孔参数(孔位、孔径、及孔的组合方式等)与卸压效应的关系,在此基础上给出了钻孔卸压基本参数的确定方法,通过钻孔卸压现场应用证明了研究成果的可行性,为大同矿区冲击地压的有效控制提供了理论与技术支撑。
6、研究了大同矿区冲击地压的区域防治措施,主要包括根据冲击地压发生机理提出了大同矿区有冲击倾向性煤层的若干开采设计原则,运用理论分析和数值模拟的方法研究了留设小煤柱防治冲击地压的可行性,运用数值模拟的方法研究了整体锚固支护方式,结果证明这种支护方式具有很好的防冲性能。对提出的区域防治措施进行了实际应用,取得了良好的效果。
Rockburst is dynamic phenomenon of coal mine, caused by sudden release of the accumulated elastic energy in the surrounding coal and rock of tunnel and workface.Due to complicated formation mechanism, multiple influencing factors, diverse forms and serious consequence, rock burst has received considerable concern from scholars in rock mechanics theory and engineering field both at home and abroad. It is also a hotspot and difficult point in underground mining. Affected by factors such as geological conditions, property of surrounding rocks, mining order and support method, there is rock burst phenomenon at face and roadway of Datong Mining Area to different degrees, which is a bottleneck bothering safe and efficient production in the mining area. Therefore, research on occurrence mechanism and countermeasures of rock burst against engineering background of rock burst in this area, is of great significance to solution of the problem confronted by Datong Mining Area, strengthening knowledge to its occurrence mechanism and development of prevention and control theory and technology.
Based on summary of existent research results, according to actual situation in Datong Mining Area, this article carried out exploratory research to cause and characteristics, occurrence mechanism, monitoring and forecast methods, control measures of rock burst in the area, by comprehensively applying approaches like case study, field measurement, laboratory experiment, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field test, concerning mechanism and control of rock burst. The main research contents and results are illustrated as below:
1. Studied geological conditions, mining method, support method as well as occurrence of rock burst in four mines of Datong Mining Area in detail, analyzed the cause and summarized basic characteristics of rock burst in this area.
2. Obtained basic physical and mechanical property of coal seam in Datong Mining Area with laboratory experiment, and analyzed rupture process and pattern of coal sample, according to its complete stress-strain curve and rupture fracture; field measurement was given to rock stress to obtain its distribution law in this area. Stress distribution in coal seam was obtained with method of theoretical research.
3. Built a source mechanism model of coal seam impact "cylinder" according to occurrence and propagation law of coal fracture, and with this model, analyzed occurrence process of friable impact in coal seam; built a mechanical model of overall impact based on stick-slip theory and occurrence structure of coal seam, besides, according to this model, established kinetic equation of the overall impact and carry out solving, received analytical solution of displacement, velocity and acceleration of overall impact. According to bottom board structure and stress characteristics, built fractographic pattern and damage-instability model of bottom board impact, and received conditions of bottom board impact through solving the models. Research on mechanism of coal seam and bottom board impact provided theoretical basis for control of rock burst.
4. Proposed a new index forecasting rock burst hazard, "gob ratio", according to occurrence history of rock burst in the field. The "gob ratio" is defined as percentage of gob in total mining area. Statistical result of rock burst in Datong Mining Area was applied to verify feasibility of this index and analyze its internal mechanism in theory. Rock burst monitoring and forecast procedure suitable for Datong Mining Area was proposed by combining "gob ratio" index with traditional monitoring and forecast method, and forecast software was designed to carry out auxiliary process to monitoring data. The research result was successfully applied to predict rock burst at test face.
5. The relation between pressure relief and drilling parameters (hole position, hole diameter aperture, and combination mode of holes, etc.) and pressure-relief effect was studied in depth with methods of numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, and on this basis, proposed method of determining drilling and pressure relief basic parameters; research result was proved to be feasible by field application of drilling and pressure relief, which provided theoretical and technical support for effective control of rock burst in Datong Mining Area.
6. Region control measures of rock burst in Datong Mining Area were studied:multiple exploitation and design principles of coal seams with burst tendency in this area were put forward according to occurrence mechanism of rock burst; feasibility of preventing rock burst by setting small pillar was studied with methods of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation; anti-scour support method with bolt-anchor cable-anchor net overall support mode was studied with numerical simulation. The comprehensive control measure was applied on the spot, and favorable effect was received.
本文在总结已有研究成果的基础上,结合大同矿区的开采条件及冲击地压发生的实际情况,就大同矿区冲击地压机理和防治问题,综合运用实例分析、现场实测、室内实验、理论分析、数值模拟与现场试验等方法,从大同矿区冲击地压发生的原因与特点、发生的机理、监测预报方法和防治措施等几方面作了探索性研究。主要研究内容和成果如下：
1、详细研究了大同矿区四个矿井的井田地质条件、开采方法、支护方式及冲击地压发生状况,分析了冲击地压发生的原因,总结了大同矿区冲击地压的基本特点。
2、应用室内实验方法得到了大同矿区煤岩层的基本物理力学参数,根据煤样的全程应力应变曲线和煤样的破裂断口分析了煤样的破裂过程和破裂方式；现场实测了大同矿区的原岩应力,获得了大同矿区原岩应力的分布规律,应用理论研究的方法得到了煤层中的应力分布规律。
3、根据煤岩裂隙发生扩展规律,提出了煤层冲击“椭柱体”震源机理模型,并应用此模型分析了煤层粉碎性冲击的发生过程；根据粘滑理论和煤层赋存结构,建立了煤层整体冲击的力学模型,根据此力学模型建立了煤层整体冲击的动力学方程并进行了求解,获得了煤层整体冲击的位移、速度和加速度的解析解；根据底板结构和受力特点建立了底板冲击的梁式破断模型和挠曲失稳模型,通过对模型的求解得到了底板冲击的条件。研究所得煤层及底板冲击的机理为冲击地压的防治提供了理论基础。
4、根据现场冲击地压发生经验,提出了预测冲击危险性的新指标——“采空比”,采空比定义为一个采区的采空面积占采区总面积的百分比。利用大同冲击地压统计结果对此指标的可行性进行了验证并对此指标的内在机制进行了理论上的分析。利用“采空比”指标预测方法结合传统监测预报方法提出了适用大同矿区的冲击地压监测预报方案,并设计了预测软件进行监测数据的辅助处理。运用研究成果对试验工作面的冲击地压进行了成功预测。
5、运用数值模拟和理论分析的方法深入系统地研究了卸压钻孔参数(孔位、孔径、及孔的组合方式等)与卸压效应的关系,在此基础上给出了钻孔卸压基本参数的确定方法,通过钻孔卸压现场应用证明了研究成果的可行性,为大同矿区冲击地压的有效控制提供了理论与技术支撑。
6、研究了大同矿区冲击地压的区域防治措施,主要包括根据冲击地压发生机理提出了大同矿区有冲击倾向性煤层的若干开采设计原则,运用理论分析和数值模拟的方法研究了留设小煤柱防治冲击地压的可行性,运用数值模拟的方法研究了整体锚固支护方式,结果证明这种支护方式具有很好的防冲性能。对提出的区域防治措施进行了实际应用,取得了良好的效果。
Rockburst is dynamic phenomenon of coal mine, caused by sudden release of the accumulated elastic energy in the surrounding coal and rock of tunnel and workface.Due to complicated formation mechanism, multiple influencing factors, diverse forms and serious consequence, rock burst has received considerable concern from scholars in rock mechanics theory and engineering field both at home and abroad. It is also a hotspot and difficult point in underground mining. Affected by factors such as geological conditions, property of surrounding rocks, mining order and support method, there is rock burst phenomenon at face and roadway of Datong Mining Area to different degrees, which is a bottleneck bothering safe and efficient production in the mining area. Therefore, research on occurrence mechanism and countermeasures of rock burst against engineering background of rock burst in this area, is of great significance to solution of the problem confronted by Datong Mining Area, strengthening knowledge to its occurrence mechanism and development of prevention and control theory and technology.
Based on summary of existent research results, according to actual situation in Datong Mining Area, this article carried out exploratory research to cause and characteristics, occurrence mechanism, monitoring and forecast methods, control measures of rock burst in the area, by comprehensively applying approaches like case study, field measurement, laboratory experiment, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field test, concerning mechanism and control of rock burst. The main research contents and results are illustrated as below:
1. Studied geological conditions, mining method, support method as well as occurrence of rock burst in four mines of Datong Mining Area in detail, analyzed the cause and summarized basic characteristics of rock burst in this area.
2. Obtained basic physical and mechanical property of coal seam in Datong Mining Area with laboratory experiment, and analyzed rupture process and pattern of coal sample, according to its complete stress-strain curve and rupture fracture; field measurement was given to rock stress to obtain its distribution law in this area. Stress distribution in coal seam was obtained with method of theoretical research.
3. Built a source mechanism model of coal seam impact "cylinder" according to occurrence and propagation law of coal fracture, and with this model, analyzed occurrence process of friable impact in coal seam; built a mechanical model of overall impact based on stick-slip theory and occurrence structure of coal seam, besides, according to this model, established kinetic equation of the overall impact and carry out solving, received analytical solution of displacement, velocity and acceleration of overall impact. According to bottom board structure and stress characteristics, built fractographic pattern and damage-instability model of bottom board impact, and received conditions of bottom board impact through solving the models. Research on mechanism of coal seam and bottom board impact provided theoretical basis for control of rock burst.
4. Proposed a new index forecasting rock burst hazard, "gob ratio", according to occurrence history of rock burst in the field. The "gob ratio" is defined as percentage of gob in total mining area. Statistical result of rock burst in Datong Mining Area was applied to verify feasibility of this index and analyze its internal mechanism in theory. Rock burst monitoring and forecast procedure suitable for Datong Mining Area was proposed by combining "gob ratio" index with traditional monitoring and forecast method, and forecast software was designed to carry out auxiliary process to monitoring data. The research result was successfully applied to predict rock burst at test face.
5. The relation between pressure relief and drilling parameters (hole position, hole diameter aperture, and combination mode of holes, etc.) and pressure-relief effect was studied in depth with methods of numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, and on this basis, proposed method of determining drilling and pressure relief basic parameters; research result was proved to be feasible by field application of drilling and pressure relief, which provided theoretical and technical support for effective control of rock burst in Datong Mining Area.
6. Region control measures of rock burst in Datong Mining Area were studied:multiple exploitation and design principles of coal seams with burst tendency in this area were put forward according to occurrence mechanism of rock burst; feasibility of preventing rock burst by setting small pillar was studied with methods of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation; anti-scour support method with bolt-anchor cable-anchor net overall support mode was studied with numerical simulation. The comprehensive control measure was applied on the spot, and favorable effect was received.
引文
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