农村节能吊炕的热效益分析与应用研究
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摘要
能源是人类生存和发展最基本的物质需求。取暖用能在诸多能源需求中占有重要地位,关于人类生存状态的表述无不与冷暖相关联。虽然我国农村地区的炊事用能得到了有效解决,但冬季农户室内温度低,热舒适性得不到保障仍然是我国建设社会主义新农村亟待解决的问题。
长期以来,炕和火炉一直是中国农村居民室内取暖用能的主要设施。这两种设施虽帮助农户抵御了极度的寒冷,但冬季室内的热舒适性仍然很差。在目前中国西北农村的社会经济发展水平条件下,农户还没有增加取暖用能的支付能力。因此,如何在不过多增加燃料使用和农户经济负担的情况下,采用适当的技术改善居室的热舒适性?成为本文研究的主要目的。在立足我国农村实际经济状况、能源利用特点的基础上,对炕这种应用最广的传统用能设施进行改进或创新,是提高农村居民生活质量和保护生态环境的重要途径,对我国广大农村地区能源可持续利用具有重要的战略意义。
参考已有的研究成果,我们在庄浪县农村地区选择试点,设计建造了适应于当地的新式节能吊炕。基于农户的日常生活情景,对建有吊炕和传统土炕的居室进行室内外温度观测,获取连续的时间序列数据,建立数学模型,用matlab7.0编程,对农户冬季取暖用能加以模拟分析。在一定的室温条件下,估算利用节能吊炕节省的燃料数量,或者使用相同数量的燃料节能吊炕较传统土炕提高室内温度的幅度。据此评估应用节能吊炕的热效益和推广前景,为农村能源政策的调整和公共服务体系的完善提供科学依据,弥补在这方面研究的不足。
主要内容摘要如下：
(1)用能现状调查。采用问卷调查的方式了解农户的用能现状,并对所用燃料的数量进行实地称重测试,观察农户用能的行为和方式。庄浪县农村生活能源消费结构主要为：秸秆、薪草、薪柴、畜粪、煤炭、电能、沼气、太阳能；能源用途结构主要为：炊事、煨炕、火炉、照明、家电、清洁。通过对两个观测村的用能现状调查,发现以生物质能为主的能源消费结构仍占主导地位,商品能源已有较多的使用,清洁能源所占比例仍然很小,能源利用种类需要进一步朝着多元化方向发展。目前两村以煨炕为主要形式的取暖用能占最大比例。除了维持基本生存需求的炊事、取暖用能外,用于照明、家电、清洁等改善生活质量的能源很少,说明该地区居民的总体生活水平比较低,能源利用种类和结构需要进一步优化。
(2)温度观测结果的一般数据性统计。当获得试验观测结果的第一手资料时,首先对所有的温度数据进行了合理性判读和个别变异数据的处理,接着从逐时和逐日两方面对两村观测户的温度数据进行了一般统计量的特征分析。结果表明,无论在逐时温度方面,还是在逐日温度方面,室内温度的变异系数都较小,室外温度的变异系数较大；室外温度的平均日较差较大,室内温度的平均日较差较小,显示出加热抑制了温度的变化。其次,结合庄浪县气象站的温度数据,对室外温度的观测数据进行了对比,发现两者符合度很高。最后,对两村观测户室内外温度的逐时和逐日变化规律进行深入分析,发现室外逐时温度的变化在155天中呈正“U”型曲线：室外温度在1月最低；一日内的温度变化呈倒“U”型曲线：室外温度大多在下午15时左右最高,凌晨6时左右最低。室内因为热传递存在滞后效应,故其最高温度出现时间晚于室外,延迟时间约为1-2个小时。在整个观测周期内,吊炕户室内日均温在5-8℃之间,传统户室内日均温在4-5℃左右,使用吊炕的室内采暖效果较好。
(3)累积温差模拟分析。为了充分反映温度数据在时间序列上的变化特征,通过数学建模的方法,利用数学曲面来模拟温度数据在一日内的变化和整个取暖季节的变化趋势。利用matlab7.0对温度观测数据资料进行趋势面拟合,结果显示出,二次趋势面模型的效果较好。通过估算累计温差,将弥补累计温差所需热量转化为所需燃料,估算利用节能吊炕节省的燃料数量,或者使用相同数量的燃料节能吊炕较传统土炕提高室内温度的幅度。最后,以16℃作为农村小康取暖用能的室内基础温度标准,进行小康用能水平下农户的用能核算；并对农户取暖用能支付能力进行分析,进一步揭示出吊炕具有明显的提高室内温度幅度、节能减排以及减少农户经济支出的作用。
(4)热平衡过程模拟分析。首先,从炕体散热、围护结构散热的总体动态过程对有炕房间的热过程进行简化分析,以期为后面热平衡方程的建立和计算提供基础。其次,采用热平衡法的基础理论,通过建立热平衡方程和相应的数学模型对有炕房间的热平衡过程进行动态模拟分析,以期揭示出两类炕的热效率。再次,基于农户生活实际、建筑围护结构的大小和材料、燃料的种类和数量,采用matlab7.0软件对热平衡方程的求解过程进行程序的编写和调试。其中,确定合理的建筑围护结构参数,对于求解热平衡方程尤为关键。最后,通过运行相应的计算程序和对燃料的趋势化处理,对吊炕和传统炕房间的热平衡过程取暖期前期、中期、后期阶段的三种情形进行模拟计算,分别得出了两类炕的热效率。
(5)环境经济效益评价和推广前景分析。基于改善农户室内热舒适性的同时不增加其经济支出和对生态环境的影响,进一步分析节能吊炕在农户的实际生活中产生的环境经济效益,对农户生活质量的提高起着重要作用,也是节能吊炕今后能够得到大规模推广应用的前提条件。因此,通过建立环境经济效益评价模型,发现吊炕具有显著的环境经济效益,以及推广应用的社会、经济、生态价值。此外,结合实地调查研究,实践经验总结,并参考已有的研究成果,本项研究提出了适合西北地区农户使用生物质能进行取暖的炕灶分离型节能吊炕技术规范。最后,在总结我国现有吊炕技术发展现状的基础上,提出了节能吊炕的推广措施和政策建议。
综上所述,本项研究搭建了节能吊炕的试验点,对节能吊炕的热效益和应用前景进行了分析研究。并结合相关理论和实践,提出了适宜于西北地区的节能吊炕技术规范。其可为我国广大农村农户生活质量水平的提高、生态环境的改善、温室气体的减排、用能技术的改进提供理论和现实依据,对促进我国农村可持续发展和新农村建设意义重大。
Energy is the most basic material needs of human survival and development. Household heating plays an important role in many energy demand aspects, and there are many expressions about human existence conditions that are associated with food and warmth. Although energy use for cooking is solved effectively in rural areas, the low indoor temperature and bad thermal comfort still is the major problem in China.
For a long time, the heating appliances in rural areas of China are mainly Chinese kangs and stoves. The two appliances can help rural residents against the extreme cold, but indoor thermal comfort is still poor during winter. In the present social and economic development level in western rural areas of China, farmers have inadequate capability to pay for household heating. Therefore, how to use the appropriate technology to improve the thermal comfort of bedroom without increasing fuel use and economic burden becomes the main purpose of this study. Based on real economic conditions and energy utilization in rural areas of China, to improve or innovate the traditional kangs is a major way to enhance the quality of life in rural areas and ecological environment protection, and which has an important strategic significance on sustainable energy use in rural areas of China.
In this study, we selected two observation villages and built new energy-saving elevated kangs in Zhuanglang County by referencing the existing research results. Based on the daily life scenes of farmers, this study gets the continuous time series data by indoor and outdoor temperature observation in bedrooms of elevated kangs and traditional kangs. And then a mathematical model is established with matlab7.0programming that simulates energy for household heating during winter. Under certain room temperature conditions, we estimated fuel savings by using elevated kangs, or the indoor temperature range improved by elevated kangs more than traditional kangs with same amount fuel, and assessed the thermal efficiency and promote prospect of elevated kangs accordingly. The study is to provide a scientific basis to adjust rural energy policy and perfect the public service system, which will make up the insufficiency in previous research.
Summary of main contents are as follows:
(1) Household energy consumption investigation.
In this study, we learn the current energy use of farmers from questionnaire investigation, and the number of fuel is weighted, the behavior and the way of energy use from farmers are observed. At present, the types of existing energy sources are crop straw, fire grass, firewood (wood fuel), animal dung, coal, electricity, biogas transformed from biomass and solar energy. Rural living energy use mainly includes cooking, Kang bed-stove, furnace, lighting, electrical home appliances and cleaning. From the statistical analysis of the household energy consumption, we found that many different types of energy are used especially the more commercial energy and less clean energy, but biomass energy is the dominant leader, currently. Thus, the kinds of energy use needs to be diversified. At present, heating by kangs can account for the largest proportion of the total energy consumption in two observation villages. In addition to maintain basic survival needs by cooking and heating, energy for improving the life quality by lighting, electrical home appliances and cleaning are seldom used,which indicated that total energy consumption being lower in rural areas, and energy type and structure need to be further optimized.
(2) The general data statistics of temperature observations.
First, when the first-hand material is obtained, the temperature data is analyzed with rationality and some mutation data is corrected. Then, the temperature data of observations is made by general characteristics of statistics from hourly and daily. The results showed that the variation coefficient and daily change of indoor temperature is smaller but the outdoors is larger, because the change of temperature is inhibited by heating.Second, outdoor temperature of observation is almost consistent with the temperature of the meteorological stations of Zhuanglang County. Last, the change rule of indoor and outdoor temperature from hourly and daily is analyzed further. We found that the temperature changes over the155day period produced a U shaped curve and the lowest temperature appeared on January. On a daily (24h) basis, the highest temperature was recorded about15:00hr, while the lowest was recorded about06:00hr. The daily change in temperature produced an inverted U shaped curve. The highest temperature of indoors appeared time is about1-2hours later than outdoors which derived from the heat transfer lagging effect by indoors. During the whole observation period, although indoor temperature is lower, indoor heating effect is good by using elevated kangs.
(3) Accumulated temperature difference simulation analysis.
In order to fully reflect the change characteristics of temperature data in time series, the temperature change trend in a day and the whole heating period is simulated by mathematical surface method. MATLAB7.0was used to simulate the trend surfaces of the observed temperature data, and found that the quadratic trend surface model provided the best fit. Through the estimation accumulated temperature difference, we transformed the accumulated temperature difference into fuel need. It means that if the elevated kangs used same amount fuel as traditional kangs, how did the elevated kangs improve the indoor temperature range? Or if the elevated kangs had same amount accumulated temperature difference as traditional kangs, how much fuel did the elevated kangs can save? Moreover, energy use for heating to a suitable temperature is assessed which is based on the16℃as the standard of heating energy use under the rural suitable indoor temperature, and the rural household affordability for heating energy is analyzed too. These revealed that elevated kangs had the obvious effect on increasing indoor temperature range, promoting energy conservation and emission reduction, and reducing economic spending of farmers.
(4) Heat balance process simulation analysis.
First of all, based on the heat dissipation of the kang and enclosure structure, a simplified analysis on heating process of the kangs' room is made, which provide the basis for establishing and calculating heat balance equation. Second, a dynamic simulation analysis on heating process of the kangs'room is made by establishing heat balance equation and the corresponding mathematical model, which can reveal thermal efficiency of two types of kangs greatly. Thirdly, based on real life of farmers, size and material of building enclosure structure, the amount and type of fuel, MATLAB7.0was used to writing program for solving heat balance equation. Among them, the determination of reasonable building enclosure structure parameters has a great significance on solving heat balance equation. Finally, the heat balance results are simulated by operating procedures and fuel trend processing, thermal efficiency of two types of kangs is obtained.
(5)Evaluating environment-economic benefit and popularizing prospect analysis.
Based on improving the indoor thermal comfort, reducing farmers' economic expenditure and influence on ecological environment, the environment-economic benefit of elevated kangs is analyzed further, which is prerequisite for popularizing elevated kangs in large-scale. Therefore, it is found that elevated kangs have remarkable environment-economic benefit and social, economic, ecological value of popularization and application by establishing environmental-economic benefit evaluation model. In addition, based on the investigation, practice experience, and the reference of the existing research results, this study put forward the technical specifications of elevated kangs which are suitable for using biomass energy for heating by northwest farmers. Finally, the popularizing measures and policy suggestions are put forward.
In brief, this study built the experimental sites and made research on thermal efficiency analysis and application of elevated kangs, and put forward the technical specifications of elevated kangs that are suitable for the northwest region, which can provide theoretical and practical basis for improving the rural residents' life quality, making ecological environment better, reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and innovating energy use technology. So it has a great significance on rural sustainable development and new rural construction in China.
长期以来,炕和火炉一直是中国农村居民室内取暖用能的主要设施。这两种设施虽帮助农户抵御了极度的寒冷,但冬季室内的热舒适性仍然很差。在目前中国西北农村的社会经济发展水平条件下,农户还没有增加取暖用能的支付能力。因此,如何在不过多增加燃料使用和农户经济负担的情况下,采用适当的技术改善居室的热舒适性?成为本文研究的主要目的。在立足我国农村实际经济状况、能源利用特点的基础上,对炕这种应用最广的传统用能设施进行改进或创新,是提高农村居民生活质量和保护生态环境的重要途径,对我国广大农村地区能源可持续利用具有重要的战略意义。
参考已有的研究成果,我们在庄浪县农村地区选择试点,设计建造了适应于当地的新式节能吊炕。基于农户的日常生活情景,对建有吊炕和传统土炕的居室进行室内外温度观测,获取连续的时间序列数据,建立数学模型,用matlab7.0编程,对农户冬季取暖用能加以模拟分析。在一定的室温条件下,估算利用节能吊炕节省的燃料数量,或者使用相同数量的燃料节能吊炕较传统土炕提高室内温度的幅度。据此评估应用节能吊炕的热效益和推广前景,为农村能源政策的调整和公共服务体系的完善提供科学依据,弥补在这方面研究的不足。
主要内容摘要如下：
(1)用能现状调查。采用问卷调查的方式了解农户的用能现状,并对所用燃料的数量进行实地称重测试,观察农户用能的行为和方式。庄浪县农村生活能源消费结构主要为：秸秆、薪草、薪柴、畜粪、煤炭、电能、沼气、太阳能；能源用途结构主要为：炊事、煨炕、火炉、照明、家电、清洁。通过对两个观测村的用能现状调查,发现以生物质能为主的能源消费结构仍占主导地位,商品能源已有较多的使用,清洁能源所占比例仍然很小,能源利用种类需要进一步朝着多元化方向发展。目前两村以煨炕为主要形式的取暖用能占最大比例。除了维持基本生存需求的炊事、取暖用能外,用于照明、家电、清洁等改善生活质量的能源很少,说明该地区居民的总体生活水平比较低,能源利用种类和结构需要进一步优化。
(2)温度观测结果的一般数据性统计。当获得试验观测结果的第一手资料时,首先对所有的温度数据进行了合理性判读和个别变异数据的处理,接着从逐时和逐日两方面对两村观测户的温度数据进行了一般统计量的特征分析。结果表明,无论在逐时温度方面,还是在逐日温度方面,室内温度的变异系数都较小,室外温度的变异系数较大；室外温度的平均日较差较大,室内温度的平均日较差较小,显示出加热抑制了温度的变化。其次,结合庄浪县气象站的温度数据,对室外温度的观测数据进行了对比,发现两者符合度很高。最后,对两村观测户室内外温度的逐时和逐日变化规律进行深入分析,发现室外逐时温度的变化在155天中呈正“U”型曲线：室外温度在1月最低；一日内的温度变化呈倒“U”型曲线：室外温度大多在下午15时左右最高,凌晨6时左右最低。室内因为热传递存在滞后效应,故其最高温度出现时间晚于室外,延迟时间约为1-2个小时。在整个观测周期内,吊炕户室内日均温在5-8℃之间,传统户室内日均温在4-5℃左右,使用吊炕的室内采暖效果较好。
(3)累积温差模拟分析。为了充分反映温度数据在时间序列上的变化特征,通过数学建模的方法,利用数学曲面来模拟温度数据在一日内的变化和整个取暖季节的变化趋势。利用matlab7.0对温度观测数据资料进行趋势面拟合,结果显示出,二次趋势面模型的效果较好。通过估算累计温差,将弥补累计温差所需热量转化为所需燃料,估算利用节能吊炕节省的燃料数量,或者使用相同数量的燃料节能吊炕较传统土炕提高室内温度的幅度。最后,以16℃作为农村小康取暖用能的室内基础温度标准,进行小康用能水平下农户的用能核算；并对农户取暖用能支付能力进行分析,进一步揭示出吊炕具有明显的提高室内温度幅度、节能减排以及减少农户经济支出的作用。
(4)热平衡过程模拟分析。首先,从炕体散热、围护结构散热的总体动态过程对有炕房间的热过程进行简化分析,以期为后面热平衡方程的建立和计算提供基础。其次,采用热平衡法的基础理论,通过建立热平衡方程和相应的数学模型对有炕房间的热平衡过程进行动态模拟分析,以期揭示出两类炕的热效率。再次,基于农户生活实际、建筑围护结构的大小和材料、燃料的种类和数量,采用matlab7.0软件对热平衡方程的求解过程进行程序的编写和调试。其中,确定合理的建筑围护结构参数,对于求解热平衡方程尤为关键。最后,通过运行相应的计算程序和对燃料的趋势化处理,对吊炕和传统炕房间的热平衡过程取暖期前期、中期、后期阶段的三种情形进行模拟计算,分别得出了两类炕的热效率。
(5)环境经济效益评价和推广前景分析。基于改善农户室内热舒适性的同时不增加其经济支出和对生态环境的影响,进一步分析节能吊炕在农户的实际生活中产生的环境经济效益,对农户生活质量的提高起着重要作用,也是节能吊炕今后能够得到大规模推广应用的前提条件。因此,通过建立环境经济效益评价模型,发现吊炕具有显著的环境经济效益,以及推广应用的社会、经济、生态价值。此外,结合实地调查研究,实践经验总结,并参考已有的研究成果,本项研究提出了适合西北地区农户使用生物质能进行取暖的炕灶分离型节能吊炕技术规范。最后,在总结我国现有吊炕技术发展现状的基础上,提出了节能吊炕的推广措施和政策建议。
综上所述,本项研究搭建了节能吊炕的试验点,对节能吊炕的热效益和应用前景进行了分析研究。并结合相关理论和实践,提出了适宜于西北地区的节能吊炕技术规范。其可为我国广大农村农户生活质量水平的提高、生态环境的改善、温室气体的减排、用能技术的改进提供理论和现实依据,对促进我国农村可持续发展和新农村建设意义重大。
Energy is the most basic material needs of human survival and development. Household heating plays an important role in many energy demand aspects, and there are many expressions about human existence conditions that are associated with food and warmth. Although energy use for cooking is solved effectively in rural areas, the low indoor temperature and bad thermal comfort still is the major problem in China.
For a long time, the heating appliances in rural areas of China are mainly Chinese kangs and stoves. The two appliances can help rural residents against the extreme cold, but indoor thermal comfort is still poor during winter. In the present social and economic development level in western rural areas of China, farmers have inadequate capability to pay for household heating. Therefore, how to use the appropriate technology to improve the thermal comfort of bedroom without increasing fuel use and economic burden becomes the main purpose of this study. Based on real economic conditions and energy utilization in rural areas of China, to improve or innovate the traditional kangs is a major way to enhance the quality of life in rural areas and ecological environment protection, and which has an important strategic significance on sustainable energy use in rural areas of China.
In this study, we selected two observation villages and built new energy-saving elevated kangs in Zhuanglang County by referencing the existing research results. Based on the daily life scenes of farmers, this study gets the continuous time series data by indoor and outdoor temperature observation in bedrooms of elevated kangs and traditional kangs. And then a mathematical model is established with matlab7.0programming that simulates energy for household heating during winter. Under certain room temperature conditions, we estimated fuel savings by using elevated kangs, or the indoor temperature range improved by elevated kangs more than traditional kangs with same amount fuel, and assessed the thermal efficiency and promote prospect of elevated kangs accordingly. The study is to provide a scientific basis to adjust rural energy policy and perfect the public service system, which will make up the insufficiency in previous research.
Summary of main contents are as follows:
(1) Household energy consumption investigation.
In this study, we learn the current energy use of farmers from questionnaire investigation, and the number of fuel is weighted, the behavior and the way of energy use from farmers are observed. At present, the types of existing energy sources are crop straw, fire grass, firewood (wood fuel), animal dung, coal, electricity, biogas transformed from biomass and solar energy. Rural living energy use mainly includes cooking, Kang bed-stove, furnace, lighting, electrical home appliances and cleaning. From the statistical analysis of the household energy consumption, we found that many different types of energy are used especially the more commercial energy and less clean energy, but biomass energy is the dominant leader, currently. Thus, the kinds of energy use needs to be diversified. At present, heating by kangs can account for the largest proportion of the total energy consumption in two observation villages. In addition to maintain basic survival needs by cooking and heating, energy for improving the life quality by lighting, electrical home appliances and cleaning are seldom used,which indicated that total energy consumption being lower in rural areas, and energy type and structure need to be further optimized.
(2) The general data statistics of temperature observations.
First, when the first-hand material is obtained, the temperature data is analyzed with rationality and some mutation data is corrected. Then, the temperature data of observations is made by general characteristics of statistics from hourly and daily. The results showed that the variation coefficient and daily change of indoor temperature is smaller but the outdoors is larger, because the change of temperature is inhibited by heating.Second, outdoor temperature of observation is almost consistent with the temperature of the meteorological stations of Zhuanglang County. Last, the change rule of indoor and outdoor temperature from hourly and daily is analyzed further. We found that the temperature changes over the155day period produced a U shaped curve and the lowest temperature appeared on January. On a daily (24h) basis, the highest temperature was recorded about15:00hr, while the lowest was recorded about06:00hr. The daily change in temperature produced an inverted U shaped curve. The highest temperature of indoors appeared time is about1-2hours later than outdoors which derived from the heat transfer lagging effect by indoors. During the whole observation period, although indoor temperature is lower, indoor heating effect is good by using elevated kangs.
(3) Accumulated temperature difference simulation analysis.
In order to fully reflect the change characteristics of temperature data in time series, the temperature change trend in a day and the whole heating period is simulated by mathematical surface method. MATLAB7.0was used to simulate the trend surfaces of the observed temperature data, and found that the quadratic trend surface model provided the best fit. Through the estimation accumulated temperature difference, we transformed the accumulated temperature difference into fuel need. It means that if the elevated kangs used same amount fuel as traditional kangs, how did the elevated kangs improve the indoor temperature range? Or if the elevated kangs had same amount accumulated temperature difference as traditional kangs, how much fuel did the elevated kangs can save? Moreover, energy use for heating to a suitable temperature is assessed which is based on the16℃as the standard of heating energy use under the rural suitable indoor temperature, and the rural household affordability for heating energy is analyzed too. These revealed that elevated kangs had the obvious effect on increasing indoor temperature range, promoting energy conservation and emission reduction, and reducing economic spending of farmers.
(4) Heat balance process simulation analysis.
First of all, based on the heat dissipation of the kang and enclosure structure, a simplified analysis on heating process of the kangs' room is made, which provide the basis for establishing and calculating heat balance equation. Second, a dynamic simulation analysis on heating process of the kangs'room is made by establishing heat balance equation and the corresponding mathematical model, which can reveal thermal efficiency of two types of kangs greatly. Thirdly, based on real life of farmers, size and material of building enclosure structure, the amount and type of fuel, MATLAB7.0was used to writing program for solving heat balance equation. Among them, the determination of reasonable building enclosure structure parameters has a great significance on solving heat balance equation. Finally, the heat balance results are simulated by operating procedures and fuel trend processing, thermal efficiency of two types of kangs is obtained.
(5)Evaluating environment-economic benefit and popularizing prospect analysis.
Based on improving the indoor thermal comfort, reducing farmers' economic expenditure and influence on ecological environment, the environment-economic benefit of elevated kangs is analyzed further, which is prerequisite for popularizing elevated kangs in large-scale. Therefore, it is found that elevated kangs have remarkable environment-economic benefit and social, economic, ecological value of popularization and application by establishing environmental-economic benefit evaluation model. In addition, based on the investigation, practice experience, and the reference of the existing research results, this study put forward the technical specifications of elevated kangs which are suitable for using biomass energy for heating by northwest farmers. Finally, the popularizing measures and policy suggestions are put forward.
In brief, this study built the experimental sites and made research on thermal efficiency analysis and application of elevated kangs, and put forward the technical specifications of elevated kangs that are suitable for the northwest region, which can provide theoretical and practical basis for improving the rural residents' life quality, making ecological environment better, reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and innovating energy use technology. So it has a great significance on rural sustainable development and new rural construction in China.
引文
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