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中国电力产业市场化问题研究
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摘要
建立电力市场,引入竞争机制、价格机制、供求机制和风险机制,是电力产业发
    展的必然要求。受社会宏观环境的影响,打破电力产业垄断、向社会提供优质服务和
    降低电价的呼声推动了中国电力产业市场化进程。电力改革重点由过去依靠政策支持
    转向市场寻求资源和挖掘内部潜力。
     在传统的经济学理论中,电力产业被认定是超出市场经济的调节范畴,属于公共
    政策调节的领域。中国的电力产业也由于长期采取垄断经营与公共产权的形式,存在
    行业经营效率低下,社会效益不高的弊端。
     中国电力产业的市场化改革,起因于客观环境的四大变化:经济体制环境的变化;
    电力供需态势的变化;电业组织结构的变化;电力所有制结构的变化。同时经过近年
    来的探索,中国的电力市场化改革已逐步步入了模拟电力市场的阶段。
     本文基于对中国电力产业现状的考察,指出了电力产业市场化改革中潜伏着缺电、
    电价、电力系统大事故三大风险,并有针对性的提出了防范对策:缺电风险的防范应
    明确长期电力平衡的责任主体,建立竞争性电力批发市场,学会从金融市场筹措资金,
    落实项目前期费用和前期工作责任机构,消除输电网络阻塞和制约,在更大范围实施
    资源优化配置。电价风险防范应该使“电价合理化”,抓紧电价立法和电价改革工作,
    建立一次能源价格、上网电价、零售电价的联动机制,设立竞争性电力批发市场的最
    高限价制度,促进省间电力交易遏制省网电力市场价格波动,规范电力期货交易,识
    别、查处、遏制市场操纵行为。对电力系统大事故风险要合理设计电网系统组织结构,
    增强法律手段利经济手段的作用,加快电网完善化,提高电网技术水平。
     电力市场化改革的实质是建立竞争和选择的电力系统运营环境来提高整个电力产
    业的效益。中国电力产业市场化改革应根据不同地区、不同时期来选择相适应的运营
    模式。电力市场的运营模式依据发电、输电、配电和供电四大领域中垄断、竞争和选
    择的程度不同,可分为垄断型运营、买电型运营、批发竞争型运营、零售竞争型运营
    四种模式。本文结合中国具体情况,着重对买电型运营模式和批发竞争型运营模式的
    特点及相关问题进行了分析。
     电力市场化改单的重要步骤是实行厂网分开,竞价上网,健全合理的电价形成机
    制。各发电公司要加强管理、降低成本、提高企业效益,逐步走上以兼并重组扩张规
    模为主线条的产业重构。目前中国电力市场尚处在初创阶段,电价管理混乱,因此应
    从上网电价形成机制和销售电价形成机制两方面入手进行改革。
     电力市场化改革还需建立完善统一的电力市场,进一步健全相应的法律体系,规
    范政府对电力项目的决策程序:改电源项目“审批制”为“招标制”,对电网项目实行
    有效管制,将社会利益和公众利益等目标逐步纳入管制的范畴。同时还应加快电力投
    融资体制改革:实现投资主体多元化;优化电力投资方向;科学安排融资方式,逐步
    
    
    
     武汉理工人学硕士论文
    实现电力资产址券化。
     电力市场建设是一项极为复杂的系统工程,涉及国家的产业政策、经济秩序、法
    律法规、市场体制等一系列问题,在中国发展电力市场将是长期而艰巨的工作。我们
    应根据中国市场经济的特点和电力产业的具体情况,加强电力市场的理论研究和技术
    开发,逐步建立起公上、完善的电力市场。
Form an electric market and introduce competition mechanism, price mechanism, supply and demand mechanism, and risk avoid mechanism into it are indispensable for the development of electric market in China. Break the monopoly, provide better service for society and lower the price become a driving force for marketizing the power industry. The focus on electric reform has been shifted from depending on policy support to seeking resources in market and digging up potential inside the industry.
    According to traditional economic theories, electric power, energy and various public utilities are all considered to be governed by public policies, not by market economy. The long monopolized operation and public ownership render the electric power industry of China to have become low in operating efficiency and little in social benefit.
    The marketization reform of Chinese electric power industry resulted from four changes: the change of economy system, power supply and demand trend, structure of power industry, and of the ownership structure. Years of probing also pushed the marketization already into the copying stage.
    Based on investigation about the present situation of Chinese electric power industry, the Paper made an analysis about three potential risks lay behind the marketization reform: the risk of power shortness, the risk of power price, and the risk of big accident. Counter measures are given for each risk .
    The essence of power marketization is to promote the economic benefits of the whole industry by developing a competing market and create a selective operating environment. Two factors must be carefully considered when selecting the operating models: one is the scale economy after restructuring, the other is the choice of operating models for transmission and distribution net works. Different areas and different periods should be given different consideration. The operating models of the electric power market can be divided into four models: the monopoly model, the selling model, the wholesale competing model, and the retail competing model. The Paper mainly analyzed the selling model and the wholesale competing model.
    An important step of the marketization is the separating of power generation plants from networks. Power generation plants compete each other for their products to be bought by networks. As a result, cost will be lowered, and profit will be increased. Presently the electric market of China is still in an initial stage. Therefore the reform should be starting from establishing on-net price system and selling price system.
    The relative legal system is also needed for a healthy power market. The marketization not only is loosening of government control, but also involves restructuring of the controlling system. The controlling methods should be legalized and scientific.
    
    
    The marketization of power industry also requires the government to regulate policy decision procedures. Approval system should be replaced by bid system for power projects. The reform of investment system and fund raise system in power industry should be fastened.
    The building of electric power industry is a complicate systematic work. Theoretic and technical research should be strengthened in the light of characteristics of Chinese market economy and specific conditions in the electric power industry.
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