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中国民航业的产业组织研究
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摘要
从1980年开始,改革两个字就一直是中国民航业发展的主题。20多年来,在各个利益集团的博弈下,在行政和市场两种力量的抗衡中,中国民航业经历了管理局、航空公司与机场分立、航空运输价格改革、民航全行业严重亏损、民航总局颁布“禁折令”,推行“航线联营”以及行业大重组,组建三大航空集团等一系列重大事件。虽然至今中国民航已发生了翻天覆地的变化,但是从总体上讲,中国民航的改革仍落后于社会的发展,以至于被诟病为行政垄断的堡垒。怎样才能正确的评价中国民航的改革?今后中国民航应该向哪方面变革才最有效用?笔者认为产业组织学的观点和方法能够在我们对中国民航的研究中起到非常重要的作用。
     本文第一部分首先介绍了本文的主体分析思路也就是产业组织理论中的一个基本分析框架——SCP分析范式。SCP分析框架包括三个基本范畴:市场结构(Market Structure)、市场行为(Market Conduct)、市场绩效(Market Performance)。贝恩的产业组织理论的基本观点是,市场结构决定企业行为,从而市场结构经过企业行为这一环节决定产业的市场绩效。以后的学者修正了S→C→P这一单向关系,强调企业行为对市场结构的反作用和市场绩效状况对企业行为进而对市场结构的影响。其次,在本部分中,笔者从企业状况、管理体制改革以及现存的主要问题等三方面介绍了中国民航业的现状。
     本文第二部分依据SCP范式对中国民航业的市场结构进行经济学分析。首先通过对绝对集中度指标CRn的计算判断中国民航业目前属于寡头垄断型市场结构。然后通过对民航业行业垄断属于行政垄断的分析,回答了为什么市场中的强势企业无法获得垄断利润的问题。最后通过对中国民航业进入壁垒和退出壁垒的实证研究最终判定中国民航业是一个在政府行政力量推动下而非市场力量作用下形成的极高寡占型、低差别化、高进退壁垒的市场结构。
     本文第三部分依据SCP范式对中国民航业中的市场行为进行经济学分析。在第一节中,笔者分析了在各个时期,不同票价管理政策下企业的价格行为及不同票价管理政策带来的不同问题,并探讨了2004年新的国内航运价格改革方
    
    案实施的关键及对未来的影响。在第二节中,笔者主要针对2002年民航重组通
    过建立简单的博弈模型对这次重要的组织调整行为进行了分析,指出由于重组
    主导者的角色多重性,可能导致最后重组的结果达不到改革的初衷。
     本文最后一部分依据SCP范式对中国民航业的市场绩效进行经济学分析并
    对产业政策提出可行性建议。笔者根据上两部分的结论,从资源配置效率的角
    度对中国民航业的市场绩效进行了实证分析,并籍此提出要解决中国民航业现
    存的市场机制不健全、市场有效需求不足、企业负债率高、经营效益差等问题,
    首先必须加快法制建设,加紧制定反垄断法和修改民航法;其次要通过国有产
    权制度改革来建立真正的民航市场主体;再次,必须建立全方位的进入、退出
    机制;最后还要打破国内航空运输业上游产品的行政垄断,以提高航空公司的
    竞争力。
Since 1980, reformation has been the theme of the development of Chinese civil aviation industry. For more than 20 years, under the interaction of various interest groups and the contradiction of the administration power and the market power, Chinese civil aviation industry has come through many important events, such as air transportation price reform, big loss of the whole trade, the prohibition of discount, setting up three major aviation groups and so on. Though the civil aviation industry of China has changed completely, the reformation has still dropped behind the development of the whole society. How to appraise the reform accurately? What kind of reform will be the most efficient in the future? I think the method of the modern industry organization theory will play a very important role in our study.
    Part one of this dissertation introduces the main train of thought, the SCP model, which is the basic analyses frame of the industry organization theory at first. The model includes three basic factors: Market Structure, Market Conduct and Market Performance. The basic frame of reference of the theory is market structure determines enterprise's behavior and then through enterprise's behavior determines market performance of the whole industry. Subsequent scholars amend this SCP model by adding the reaction of three factors. Secondly, I introduce the current situation of Chinese civil aviation industry from enterprises, system reform and main problems.
    Part two of this dissertation analyses market structure of Chinese civil aviation industry according to the SCP model. Firstly, 1 judge the industry belongs to oligarch monopoly market by accounting the "CRn". Secondly, I answer the question why big enterprises in this industry cannot obtain monopoly profit by analyzing Chinese administration monopoly. At last, I come to a result that Chinese civil aviation industry is a administration dominant, oligarch monopoly, low differentiations, high
    
    
    advance and retreat bulwark market structure.
    The third part of this dissertation analyses market conduct of Chinese civil aviation industry according to the SCP model. In section one, I analyses enterprises' different price conducts in different periods and different policy environments. Then I discuss the sticking point of how to bring the new price reform scheme of 2004 into practice and the influence in the future. In section two, I analyses the big recomposition in 2002. Through setting up game model, I find the reform cannot come to a good result by any possibility, due to the leader of this reform.
    The last part of this dissertation analyses market performance of Chinese civil aviation industry according to the SCP model and then propose several feasible suggestions on Chinese civil aviation industrial policy. I analyses the market performance of Chinese civil aviation industry from the aspect of resource distribution efficiency according to the conclusion of two upper parts, and then put forward the ways to solve the existent main problems such as the distemperedness of market mechanism, the insufficient of availability market demand, the high debt rate and low profit of all the enterprises, etc. From my point of view, the ways are: firstly, accelerating the construction of legal system, stepping up making the antimonopoly law and revising the law of civil aviation; secondly, establishing real market subjects by the reform of state-owned property right system; thirdly, setting up omni-directional advance and retreat mechanism; at last, breaking up the administration monopoly in the previous industry,
    in order to improve the competitiveness of all the enterprises in Chinese civil aviation industry.
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