主动锁相光纤激光相干合成技术研究
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摘要
将多台光纤激光器进行相干合成获得单光束输出,是目前获得高功率、高亮度光纤激光器的一种主要技术途径,在激光加工、激光医疗以及军事领域都有重要的应用前景。因此,研究合成路数和阵元功率均可扩展的光纤激光相干合成系统具有重要的现实意义。本论文对MOPA结构光纤激光相干合成技术进行了较为深入的理论与实验研究,研究内容主要包括:
首次提出了能量集中度的概念,定义为远场主瓣所含能量与总能量之比,可反映出远场主旁瓣的能量分布,相比目前常用的相干合成系统评价参数,如桶中功率或光束传输因子等,能量集中度在理论分析和实验测试中都更具有可操作性。斯特列尔比定义为实际远场中心峰值光强与理想中心峰值光强的比值,反映了合成光学系统的调节精度和相位控制精度。本文采用能量集中度和斯特列尔比作为相干合成系统的主要评价参数。
基于夫朗和费衍射理论,建立了光纤激光六角形列阵相干合成远场光强分布的理论模型;以六角形列阵为例,利用Matlab仿真软件分析了相干合成系统中填充因子、相位、振幅、偏振、阵元数和阵列排列方式等对远场光强分布的影响。仿真结果表明,填充因子越大,远场能量集中度越高;阵元间相位误差、振幅非均匀性以及偏振误差均会导致能量集中度和斯特列尔比降低。
建立了MOPA结构七阵元光纤相干合成模拟实验系统,七路信号光采用10米保偏光纤替代10W保偏光纤放大器传输种子源激光束,设计了六棱台光束合/分束器,获得0.66高填充因子,通过增加棱台反射面或将不同直径棱台环套可进一步实现合成路数的扩展;采用爬山法相位控制技术,分别研究了七阵元六角形列阵、四阵元矩形列阵、三阵元三角形列阵和二阵元线性列阵的远场合成光束分布,获得远场能量集中度为0.40(与理论值0.55接近)、斯特列尔比0.91的七路相干合成光束。
开展了光纤激光相干合成系统相位控制方法的系统研究,进行了爬山法、外差法、随机并行梯度下降算法、自适应PR算法四种相位控制技术的实验与比较研究;采用块状铌酸锂晶体、波导型铌酸锂相位调制器及自适应光学变形镜作为相位调制元件,在两路10米保偏光纤相干合成系统中测得四种相位控制电路的相位控制稳定精度如下:爬山法4%,外差法10%,随机并行梯度下降算法4%,自适应PR算法18%。
分析了10W保偏光纤放大器的热效应,推导出开机瞬态和稳态时光纤内的温度分布公式,并用Matlab软件进行了数值仿真。对本文中的10W光纤放大器参数,开机后12.3s后温度趋于稳态分布,达到稳态的过程中,光纤纤芯温度上升了约8.06℃。测试了10W保偏光纤放大器和10米保偏光纤传输种子源激光的相位变化速率,两者的相位噪声均主要集中在数kHz附近。实验结果表明本文采用10米保偏光纤模拟10W保偏光纤放大器在相干合成系统的研究中具有可行性和新颖性。
最后介绍了光纤激光相干合成系统的应用前景,分析了光纤激光相控阵雷达的基本原理,建立了通过改变初始相位差实现光束扫描的理论模型,并由Matlab软件仿真实现了一维线阵、二维方阵和二维六角阵的光束扫描。
Coherent combination of multiple fiber lasers is a main technique to realize high-power and high-brightness fiber laser system. It plays an important role in laser process, laser medical and military application areas. Thus it is significable to investigate the fiber laser coherent combining system with scaling elements and power. In this dissertation, coherent combining technique of master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) architecture is investigated theoretically and experimentally in-depth.
Energy contained in the central lobe is presented, defined as the ratio of energy contained in the central lobe to the whole energy in the far field. The parameter describes the energy distribution of the central lobe and side lobes in the far field. Compared with the conventional parameters of power in the bucket (PIB) and beam propagation factor (BPF), the parameter of energy contained in the central lobe is much more practical in theoretical analysis and experiments. Strehl ratio is defined as the ratio of actual on-axis intensity to that of an ideal beam, which illuminates the precision of optical path alignment and the phase controlling electronics. In this dissertation, we employ energy contained in the central lobe and Stehl ratio as the main evaluation parameters of coherent combining system.
A theoretical model of far field intensity distribution is established based on Fraunhofer diffraction theory. The effects of element parameters on far field intensity distribution are analyzed with Matlab software by a hexagonal array as an example, including fill factor, phase, amplitude, polarization, element number and array arrangement. The simulating results indicate that energy contained in the central lobe increases with the enlargement of fill factor. Strehl ratio and energy contained in the central lobe are decreased by the phase error, amplitude and polarization error between elements.
A seven-element hexagonal fiber coherent combining system with MOPA architecture is established. The seven signal arms are seven 10 meters polarization maintaining (PM) fibers transmitting master oscillator laser instead of 10W polarization maintaining fiber amplifier. The hexagonal prism is designed as beam combining and splitting component to obtain fill factor of 0.66. The coherent combining system is scalable of element number by increasing the number of prism surfaces or assembling different diameter prisms. The hill climbing method is used as the phase controlling technique. The far field distribution of the seven-element hexagonal array, the four-element rectangular array, the three-element triangle array and the two-element linear array are experimentally researched. Energy contained in the central lobe of the seven- element coherent combining beam is 0.40 (close to the theoretical value of 0.55) and Strehl ratio of the seven-element coherent combining beam is 0.91.
The phase controlling techniques of fiber laser coherent combining system are investigated. The four phase controlling techniques are experimentally researched and compared, including hill climbing method, heterodyne method, stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) method and adaptive optics technique. We designed lithium niobate crystal, waveguide lithium niobate, and adaptive deformable mirror as phase modulators. The phase controlling precisions of the four techniques are experimentally researched on the two-element fiber coherent combining system. The phase controlling steady precisions are tested as followings: hill climbing method is 4%, heterodyne method is 10%, SPGD method is tested as 4%, and adaptive optics method is 18%.
The thermal effect of a 10-W fiber amplifier is analyzed. The temperature distribution of the moment when the pump is on and the steady-state are deduced and simulated. The temperature of the fiber amplifier in the paper trends to steady-state after the pump is on for 12.3 seconds, and during the proceed the temperature increase by 8.06℃. The phase noises of 10-W polarization maintaining fiber amplifier and 10 meters polarization maintaining fiber are tested. Both majority of the phase noises are at frequency about several kHz. The experimental results illuminate the feasibility and novelty of the 10-meter polarization maintaining fiber simulation the 10-W polarization maintaining fiber amplifier in the research work of fiber laser coherent combination.
The applied prospect of fiber laser coherent combining in phased array is introduced. The principle of fiber laser phased array is analyzed. The theoretical model of beam scanning by changing the phase difference is established. The beam scanning of one-dimension and two-dimension square array, and two-dimension hexagonal array are simulated by Matlab.
首次提出了能量集中度的概念,定义为远场主瓣所含能量与总能量之比,可反映出远场主旁瓣的能量分布,相比目前常用的相干合成系统评价参数,如桶中功率或光束传输因子等,能量集中度在理论分析和实验测试中都更具有可操作性。斯特列尔比定义为实际远场中心峰值光强与理想中心峰值光强的比值,反映了合成光学系统的调节精度和相位控制精度。本文采用能量集中度和斯特列尔比作为相干合成系统的主要评价参数。
基于夫朗和费衍射理论,建立了光纤激光六角形列阵相干合成远场光强分布的理论模型;以六角形列阵为例,利用Matlab仿真软件分析了相干合成系统中填充因子、相位、振幅、偏振、阵元数和阵列排列方式等对远场光强分布的影响。仿真结果表明,填充因子越大,远场能量集中度越高;阵元间相位误差、振幅非均匀性以及偏振误差均会导致能量集中度和斯特列尔比降低。
建立了MOPA结构七阵元光纤相干合成模拟实验系统,七路信号光采用10米保偏光纤替代10W保偏光纤放大器传输种子源激光束,设计了六棱台光束合/分束器,获得0.66高填充因子,通过增加棱台反射面或将不同直径棱台环套可进一步实现合成路数的扩展;采用爬山法相位控制技术,分别研究了七阵元六角形列阵、四阵元矩形列阵、三阵元三角形列阵和二阵元线性列阵的远场合成光束分布,获得远场能量集中度为0.40(与理论值0.55接近)、斯特列尔比0.91的七路相干合成光束。
开展了光纤激光相干合成系统相位控制方法的系统研究,进行了爬山法、外差法、随机并行梯度下降算法、自适应PR算法四种相位控制技术的实验与比较研究;采用块状铌酸锂晶体、波导型铌酸锂相位调制器及自适应光学变形镜作为相位调制元件,在两路10米保偏光纤相干合成系统中测得四种相位控制电路的相位控制稳定精度如下:爬山法4%,外差法10%,随机并行梯度下降算法4%,自适应PR算法18%。
分析了10W保偏光纤放大器的热效应,推导出开机瞬态和稳态时光纤内的温度分布公式,并用Matlab软件进行了数值仿真。对本文中的10W光纤放大器参数,开机后12.3s后温度趋于稳态分布,达到稳态的过程中,光纤纤芯温度上升了约8.06℃。测试了10W保偏光纤放大器和10米保偏光纤传输种子源激光的相位变化速率,两者的相位噪声均主要集中在数kHz附近。实验结果表明本文采用10米保偏光纤模拟10W保偏光纤放大器在相干合成系统的研究中具有可行性和新颖性。
最后介绍了光纤激光相干合成系统的应用前景,分析了光纤激光相控阵雷达的基本原理,建立了通过改变初始相位差实现光束扫描的理论模型,并由Matlab软件仿真实现了一维线阵、二维方阵和二维六角阵的光束扫描。
Coherent combination of multiple fiber lasers is a main technique to realize high-power and high-brightness fiber laser system. It plays an important role in laser process, laser medical and military application areas. Thus it is significable to investigate the fiber laser coherent combining system with scaling elements and power. In this dissertation, coherent combining technique of master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) architecture is investigated theoretically and experimentally in-depth.
Energy contained in the central lobe is presented, defined as the ratio of energy contained in the central lobe to the whole energy in the far field. The parameter describes the energy distribution of the central lobe and side lobes in the far field. Compared with the conventional parameters of power in the bucket (PIB) and beam propagation factor (BPF), the parameter of energy contained in the central lobe is much more practical in theoretical analysis and experiments. Strehl ratio is defined as the ratio of actual on-axis intensity to that of an ideal beam, which illuminates the precision of optical path alignment and the phase controlling electronics. In this dissertation, we employ energy contained in the central lobe and Stehl ratio as the main evaluation parameters of coherent combining system.
A theoretical model of far field intensity distribution is established based on Fraunhofer diffraction theory. The effects of element parameters on far field intensity distribution are analyzed with Matlab software by a hexagonal array as an example, including fill factor, phase, amplitude, polarization, element number and array arrangement. The simulating results indicate that energy contained in the central lobe increases with the enlargement of fill factor. Strehl ratio and energy contained in the central lobe are decreased by the phase error, amplitude and polarization error between elements.
A seven-element hexagonal fiber coherent combining system with MOPA architecture is established. The seven signal arms are seven 10 meters polarization maintaining (PM) fibers transmitting master oscillator laser instead of 10W polarization maintaining fiber amplifier. The hexagonal prism is designed as beam combining and splitting component to obtain fill factor of 0.66. The coherent combining system is scalable of element number by increasing the number of prism surfaces or assembling different diameter prisms. The hill climbing method is used as the phase controlling technique. The far field distribution of the seven-element hexagonal array, the four-element rectangular array, the three-element triangle array and the two-element linear array are experimentally researched. Energy contained in the central lobe of the seven- element coherent combining beam is 0.40 (close to the theoretical value of 0.55) and Strehl ratio of the seven-element coherent combining beam is 0.91.
The phase controlling techniques of fiber laser coherent combining system are investigated. The four phase controlling techniques are experimentally researched and compared, including hill climbing method, heterodyne method, stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) method and adaptive optics technique. We designed lithium niobate crystal, waveguide lithium niobate, and adaptive deformable mirror as phase modulators. The phase controlling precisions of the four techniques are experimentally researched on the two-element fiber coherent combining system. The phase controlling steady precisions are tested as followings: hill climbing method is 4%, heterodyne method is 10%, SPGD method is tested as 4%, and adaptive optics method is 18%.
The thermal effect of a 10-W fiber amplifier is analyzed. The temperature distribution of the moment when the pump is on and the steady-state are deduced and simulated. The temperature of the fiber amplifier in the paper trends to steady-state after the pump is on for 12.3 seconds, and during the proceed the temperature increase by 8.06℃. The phase noises of 10-W polarization maintaining fiber amplifier and 10 meters polarization maintaining fiber are tested. Both majority of the phase noises are at frequency about several kHz. The experimental results illuminate the feasibility and novelty of the 10-meter polarization maintaining fiber simulation the 10-W polarization maintaining fiber amplifier in the research work of fiber laser coherent combination.
The applied prospect of fiber laser coherent combining in phased array is introduced. The principle of fiber laser phased array is analyzed. The theoretical model of beam scanning by changing the phase difference is established. The beam scanning of one-dimension and two-dimension square array, and two-dimension hexagonal array are simulated by Matlab.
引文
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