社会资本、吸收能力对知识获取和创新绩效的影响研究
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摘要
企业的知识基础观认为知识是组织持续竞争优势的源泉，只有通过不断地自行发展或吸收外部知识以提高企业的创新绩效才能保持竞争优势。同时Leonard-Barton(1995)等学者的研究指出，大多数公司的创新需要借助外界的知识。因此，一个企业有效地吸收外界知识对其成功来说是很重要的。在众多影响企业知识获取和创新的因素中，作者通过阅读相关文献，逐渐聚焦在从社会资本和企业知识吸收能力的角度来研究知识获取与创新绩效之间的关系。
企业的外部知识来源中，客户是很重要的一个。客户在企业创新过程中的重要作用，社会资本在知识获取和创新研究中的各种不同结论，企业吸收能力在知识获取和创新过程中的重要作用，它们如何影响企业与客户间的知识交流活动?在中国和西方文化背景下得出的研究结论是否一致?这也是作者进行深入研究的目的所在，并由此进行了一系列的理论和经验研究。
在对笔者掌握的现有文献进行详细分析的基础上，本文根据企业与客户之间的研究情境，对社会资本在本研究中的各维度进行了提炼，构建了一个适合于分析企业与客户间关系对知识获取和创新绩效影响的理论模型。该研究框架由自变量(社会资本的各维度)、中介变量(企业的知识获取)、调节变量(企业知识吸收能力)、结果变量(企业的产品创新绩效)和控制变量(企业性质、产品差别、企业规模和交往时间)五类变量和相应的路径关系组成。本研究将社会资本提炼为三个维度，分别是企业与客户间的关系质量、企业与客户间的社会性互动和企业与客户间的认知。其中关系质量包括企业与客户间的信任、满意和承诺三个子维度；社会性互动包括互动强度和互动质量两个子维度；企业与客户间的认知包括组织距离、共享愿景和冲突程度三个子维度。
本研究的经验分析主要分两阶段进行，第一阶段主要探索性分析，通过效度及信度分析来筛选量表题目并形成最终问卷；第二阶段是验证性分析，主要是利用结构方程建模对概念模型和相关假设进行分析。通过对318份有效问卷的数据分析，本文的主要研究结论如下：
1．构建并验证了社会资本通过知识获取的中介传导作用影响企业创新绩效的理论模型。首先通过方差分析、相关分析和偏相关分析对控制变量和知识获取的中介作用进行了验证。然后对本研究提出的概念模型进行了分析和比较，通过结构方程建模对社会资本各维度与知识获取以及知识获取与创新绩效之间的关系进行了验证。数据分析结果显示，理论模型的拟合程度较好，企业与客户间信任对知识获取有显著的正影响关系(路径系数为0.130，P＜0.05)。企业与客户间的满意对知识获取有显著的正影响关系(路径系数为0.200，P＜0.01)。而承诺与企业的知识获取之间显著正相关的假设没有得到支持。企业与客户间的互动强度和互动质量与知识获取正相关的假设均得到了支持(路径系数分别为0.302和0.163，P＜0.01)。组织距离对知识获取有显著的负影响关系(影响路径系数为-0.255，P＜0.01)。共享愿景与企业的知识获取之间显著正相关的假设没有得到支持(影响路径系数为0.036，t值为0.629)。冲突程度对知识获取有显著的负影响关系(影响路径系数为-0.129，P＜0.05)。知识获取对创新绩效有显著的正向影响关系(路径系数为0.272，P＜0.01)。总体验证了理论模型构建和变量间关系的合理性。
2．通过结构方程对社会资本的二阶验证性因子分析，对基于企业与客户间特定情境提出的社会资本的3个二阶因子与8个一阶因子之间的关系进行了验证，结果表明二阶模型具有良好的效度和信度。同时通过结构方程建模对社会资本的三个二阶因子(也就是社会资本的三个维度)与知识获取的假设关系进行了检验。结构方程的分析结果表明，二阶因子整体模型的拟合程度较好，企业与客户间的关系质量对企业的知识获取有显著的正影响关系(影响路径系数为0.257，P＜0.05)。企业与客户间的社会性互动对企业的知识获取有显著的正影响关系(路径系数为0.315，P＜0.01)。企业与客户间的认知对企业的知识获取有显著的正影响关系(路径系数为0.218，P＜0.05)。
3．通过研究样本的分组比较，不仅验证了吸收能力在社会资本→知识获取→创新绩效关系中的调节作用机制，而且说明了社会资本的各子维度在吸收能力不同的情境下对知识获取的不同影响。依据对企业知识吸收能力测量的5个指标，运用SPSS13.0分析软件，采用聚类分析中的快速聚类法，将318个样本分为高低知识吸收能力两组，高吸收能力组企业有175个，低吸收能力组企业有143个。采用结构方程的多样本比较模型，对高低知识吸收能力企业组别之间的路径系数进行了比较并对相关假设进行了验证，得到了一些有价值的研究结论：
(1)企业知识吸收能力的高低对关系质量与知识获取之间的关系具有调节作用。企业知识吸收能力的高低对企业与客户间的信任跟知识获取之间的关系具有调节作用(信任与知识获取之间的关系在低知识吸收能力组没有通过显著性检验，在高知识吸收能力组则通过了显著性检验)。企业吸收能力的高低对企业与客户间的关系满意和知识获取之间的关系具有调节作用(多样本路径系数差异比较表明，两路径系数之间的x~2值的差为8.320，p值为0.004)。承诺与知识获取之间的假设在不同组别都没有通过显著性检验，吸收能力对两者之间关系具有调节作用的假设没有得到支持。数据分析结果总体验证了吸收能力对关系质量与知识获取之间关系的调节作用。
(2)企业知识吸收能力的高低对社会性互动与知识获取之间的关系具有调节作用。企业知识吸收能力的高低对企业与客户间的互动强度和知识获取之间的关系没有调节作用(两路径系数之间的x~2值的差为0.264，p值为0.608，)。但是企业的知识吸收能力对于互动质量与知识获取之间的关系具有显著的调节作用。两者之间的关系在低知识吸收能力组没有通过显著性检验，在高知识吸收能力组则通过了显著性检验。数据分析结果总体验证了吸收能力对关系质量与知识获取之间关系的调节作用。
(3)企业知识吸收能力的高低对企业与客户间的认知与知识获取之间的关系具有调节作用。吸收能力的高低对组织距离和知识获取之间关系具有调节作用的假设得到支持(两路径系数之间的x~2值之差异为5.457，p值为0.032)。共享愿景与知识获取之间的假设在不同组别都没有通过显著性检验，吸收能力对两者之间关系具有调节作用的假设没有得到支持。吸收能力的高低对冲突程度和知识获取之间的关系具有部分调节作用(两路径系数固定相等和不固定之间的x~2值之差异为3.058，p值为0.056)，说明企业与客户间的冲突在企业吸收能力高低两种情况下均不利于组织间的知识交流，尽管企业的知识吸收能力较高，可以部分地抵消组织间冲突带来的不利影响。数据分析结果总体验证了吸收能力对关系质量与知识获取之间关系的调节作用。
(4)企业知识吸收能力的高低对企业知识获取与产品创新绩效之间的关系具有显著调节作用。知识获取与产品创新绩效之间的关系在低知识吸收能力组不显著(路径系数为0.105，t值为1.053)。对于高知识吸收能力组的企业而言，知识获取与产品创新绩效之间的路径系数为0.279，t值为3.193，P＜0.01。说明吸收能力对于知识获取与产品创新绩效之间的关系具有显著的调节作用。
4．从检验结果来看，企业性质、产品差别、企业规模和企业与客户间的往来时间四个控制变量对中介变量和因变量都没有显著性影响，其中可能的原因之一是本研究在做调查问卷时，已经排除了一些极端情况，所以分析的结果仅仅是针对样本企业而言，并不意味着这四个控制变量在其他情况下对知识获取和创新绩效没有影响。
最后，本文系统地归纳了本研究的主要理论进展和实践意义，以及研究中存在的不足和后续研究建议。
本研究中有很多内容是在中国文化背景下结合制造类企业与客户之间的特定情境进行的探索性研究，其中包括社会资本维度的提炼和实证，以及吸收能力对社会资本各维度与知识获取、知识获取与创新绩效关系调节作用的推理和实证，希望本研究能够为将来该领域相关研究的不断深化提供有益的帮助。
The knowledge-based view of the firm holds that knowledge is the source of an organization's sustainable competitive advantage. In order to increase the firm's innovation performance and keep long-termed advantage, the firm must develop knowledge by itself or acquire knowledge from outside of the organization continuously. Just as Leonard-Barton (1995) argued, only a few firms can develop the required knowledge completely by itself. Most firms have to acquire knowledge from outside. Therefore, it's quite important for firms to acquire knowledge from outside effectively in order to succeed. Based on the review of the relevant literature, this paper focuses on the relationship of knowledge acquisition and organizational innovation performance from the perspective of social capital and the firm's knowledge absorptive capacity among the factors influencing knowledge acquisition and innovation.
Among the firms' knowledge sources, customer is an important one. The important role of customers in the firm's innovation process, the different results of the social capital in the firm's knowledge acquisition and innovation process, the important role of knowledge absorptive capacity for the knowledge acquisition and innovation, their influence on the knowledge exchange between firms and customers, the difference of the research results in Chinese culture background and western culture background as well as the reasons are the purposes for the author to conduct further research from the theoretical and empirical perspectives.
On the basis of the relatively complete and detailed review of the extant literature, the social capital is divided into three dimensions depending on the research contingency of the manufacturing firm and customers. This paper proposes a theoretical model suitable to analyze the relationship of the firm and customer as well as its influence on knowledge acquisition and innovation performance, which consists of independent variables(the dimensions of social capital), mediating variable(the knowledge acquisition in the social process of firm and customer), moderating variable(the firm's absorptive capacity), dependent variable(the firm's product innovation performance) and control variables(the firm's feature, product difference, scale and social period). In this paper, the social capital is divided into three dimensions, which are the relationship quality, social interaction and cognition between the firm and the customer. The relationship quality consists of trust, satisfaction and commitment; social interaction consists of interaction strength and interaction quality; the cognition dimension consists of organizational distance, shared vision and conflict degree.
The empirical analysis of this paper is divided into two stages. The first stage is EFA (exploratory factor analysis), which purpose is to measure the validity and credibility of all variables in the original questionnaire and form the final questionnaire. The second stage is CFA (confirmatory factor analysis), which aims to test the proposed theoretical model and the hypotheses by means of SEM(structural equation model). The main research results are shown below after the empirical analysis of the 318 valid samples:
1. The theoretical model that social capital influences the firm's innovation performance through the mediating role of knowledge acquisition is built and tested. Firstly, the mediating role of the knowledge acquisition is tested through correlation and partial correlation analysis. Secondly, the conceptual model is analyzed and compared by SEM and the hypotheses proposed are tested. The mechanism that social capital influences knowledge acquisition and innovation is discussed and some important conclusions are drawn. The analytical results show, the trust between the firm and customer has significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is 0.130, P<0.05). The relationship satisfaction between the firm and customer has significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is 0.200, P<0.01). The relationship commitment between the firm and customer has no significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition performance. The social interaction strength and quality between the firm and customer have significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is 0.302 and 0.163, P<0.01). The organizational distance between the firm and customer has significantly negative effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is -0.255, P<0.01). The shared vision between the firm and customer has no significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition performance. The conflict degree between the firm and customer has significantly negative effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is -0.129, P<0.05). The knowledge acquisition has significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is 0.272, P<0.01).
2. The relationship of the three second-order factor of social capital and eight first-order factors is tested through the second-order CFA of SEM. The research result shows high validity and credibility. The hypotheses about the relationship between three dimensions of social capital and knowledge acquisition are tested by SEM. The relationship quality, the social interaction and the cognition between the firm and customer have significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is 0.257, 0.315 and 0.218 respectively, P<0.05).
3. The moderating role of the firm's absorptive capacity and its influence on the relationship between dimensions of social capital, knowledge acquisition and innovation performance is tested by means of dividing the sample into two sub-groups. According to the five indicators of the absorptive capacity, the sample is divided into two groups by the K-means cluster in the SPSS13.0 software. The high absorptive capacity group has 175 valid samples. The low absorptive capacity group has 143 valid samples. The path coefficients of high-low absorptive capacity groups are compared and the relevant hypotheses are tested through multi-group analysis in SEM. The research results are shown below:
(1) the firm's absorptive capacity moderates the relationship between relationship quality and knowledge acquisition performance. The relationship between trust and knowledge acquisition is not significant in the low-capacity group but significant in the high-capacity group, which indicates the firm's absorptive capacity's significant moderating effect on the relationship between trust and knowledge acquisition. The firm's absorptive capacity has significant moderating effect on the relationship between satisfaction and knowledge acquisition (the result of the multi-group analysisshows the difference of the x~2 value is 8.320, P=0.004).
(2) the firm's absorptive capacity moderates the relationship between social interaction and knowledge acquisition. The firm's absorptive capacity has no significant moderating effect on the relationship between interaction frequency and knowledge acquisition performance (the result of the multi-group analysis shows thedifference of the x~2 value is 0.264, P=0.608). The relationship between interactionquality and knowledge acquisition performance is not significant in the low-capacity group but significant in the high-capacity group, which indicates the firm's absorptive capacity has significant moderating effect on the relationship between interaction quality and knowledge acquisition.
(3) the firm's absorptive capacity moderates the relationship between cognition and knowledge acquisition performance. The firm's absorptive capacity has significant moderating effect on the relationship between organizational distance and knowledge acquisition (the result of the multi-group analysis shows the difference of the x~2 value is 5.547, P=0.032). The firm's absorptive capacity has partiallysignificant moderating effect on the relationship between conflict degree and knowledge acquisition performance (the result of the multi-group analysis shows thedifference of the x~2 value is 3.058, P=0.056), which indicates that the conflict is nothelpful to the knowledge acquisition in both cases.
(4) the firm's absorptive capacity moderates the relationship between knowledge acquisition performance and innovation performance. The relationship between knowledge acquisition performance and innovation performance is not significant in the low-capacity group (the standardized regression weight is 0.105, t-value=1.053). The knowledge acquisition has significant and positive effect on innovation performance (the standardized regression weight is 0.279, P<0.05) in the high-capacity group, which indicates the firm's absorptive capacity has significant moderating effect on the relationship between knowledge acquisition and innovation performance.
4. Four control variables have no significant effect on the mediating variable and dependent variable from the analysis result. One possible reason is this research has excluded the extreme cases when surveying. So the analysis result is only suitable to the sample firms.
Finally, this paper summarizes the possible theoretical contributions and significances of the research for the practice field, the research limitations and advice for future research.
Many contents of this research are explorative researches in the background of Chinese culture considering the specific context of manufacturing firms and their customers, which includes the refinement and empirical tests of the social capital dimensions, as well as the moderating role of absorptive capacity on the relationship between social capital and knowledge acquisition. It's wished that this research will be helpful for the future similar research.
企业的外部知识来源中，客户是很重要的一个。客户在企业创新过程中的重要作用，社会资本在知识获取和创新研究中的各种不同结论，企业吸收能力在知识获取和创新过程中的重要作用，它们如何影响企业与客户间的知识交流活动?在中国和西方文化背景下得出的研究结论是否一致?这也是作者进行深入研究的目的所在，并由此进行了一系列的理论和经验研究。
在对笔者掌握的现有文献进行详细分析的基础上，本文根据企业与客户之间的研究情境，对社会资本在本研究中的各维度进行了提炼，构建了一个适合于分析企业与客户间关系对知识获取和创新绩效影响的理论模型。该研究框架由自变量(社会资本的各维度)、中介变量(企业的知识获取)、调节变量(企业知识吸收能力)、结果变量(企业的产品创新绩效)和控制变量(企业性质、产品差别、企业规模和交往时间)五类变量和相应的路径关系组成。本研究将社会资本提炼为三个维度，分别是企业与客户间的关系质量、企业与客户间的社会性互动和企业与客户间的认知。其中关系质量包括企业与客户间的信任、满意和承诺三个子维度；社会性互动包括互动强度和互动质量两个子维度；企业与客户间的认知包括组织距离、共享愿景和冲突程度三个子维度。
本研究的经验分析主要分两阶段进行，第一阶段主要探索性分析，通过效度及信度分析来筛选量表题目并形成最终问卷；第二阶段是验证性分析，主要是利用结构方程建模对概念模型和相关假设进行分析。通过对318份有效问卷的数据分析，本文的主要研究结论如下：
1．构建并验证了社会资本通过知识获取的中介传导作用影响企业创新绩效的理论模型。首先通过方差分析、相关分析和偏相关分析对控制变量和知识获取的中介作用进行了验证。然后对本研究提出的概念模型进行了分析和比较，通过结构方程建模对社会资本各维度与知识获取以及知识获取与创新绩效之间的关系进行了验证。数据分析结果显示，理论模型的拟合程度较好，企业与客户间信任对知识获取有显著的正影响关系(路径系数为0.130，P＜0.05)。企业与客户间的满意对知识获取有显著的正影响关系(路径系数为0.200，P＜0.01)。而承诺与企业的知识获取之间显著正相关的假设没有得到支持。企业与客户间的互动强度和互动质量与知识获取正相关的假设均得到了支持(路径系数分别为0.302和0.163，P＜0.01)。组织距离对知识获取有显著的负影响关系(影响路径系数为-0.255，P＜0.01)。共享愿景与企业的知识获取之间显著正相关的假设没有得到支持(影响路径系数为0.036，t值为0.629)。冲突程度对知识获取有显著的负影响关系(影响路径系数为-0.129，P＜0.05)。知识获取对创新绩效有显著的正向影响关系(路径系数为0.272，P＜0.01)。总体验证了理论模型构建和变量间关系的合理性。
2．通过结构方程对社会资本的二阶验证性因子分析，对基于企业与客户间特定情境提出的社会资本的3个二阶因子与8个一阶因子之间的关系进行了验证，结果表明二阶模型具有良好的效度和信度。同时通过结构方程建模对社会资本的三个二阶因子(也就是社会资本的三个维度)与知识获取的假设关系进行了检验。结构方程的分析结果表明，二阶因子整体模型的拟合程度较好，企业与客户间的关系质量对企业的知识获取有显著的正影响关系(影响路径系数为0.257，P＜0.05)。企业与客户间的社会性互动对企业的知识获取有显著的正影响关系(路径系数为0.315，P＜0.01)。企业与客户间的认知对企业的知识获取有显著的正影响关系(路径系数为0.218，P＜0.05)。
3．通过研究样本的分组比较，不仅验证了吸收能力在社会资本→知识获取→创新绩效关系中的调节作用机制，而且说明了社会资本的各子维度在吸收能力不同的情境下对知识获取的不同影响。依据对企业知识吸收能力测量的5个指标，运用SPSS13.0分析软件，采用聚类分析中的快速聚类法，将318个样本分为高低知识吸收能力两组，高吸收能力组企业有175个，低吸收能力组企业有143个。采用结构方程的多样本比较模型，对高低知识吸收能力企业组别之间的路径系数进行了比较并对相关假设进行了验证，得到了一些有价值的研究结论：
(1)企业知识吸收能力的高低对关系质量与知识获取之间的关系具有调节作用。企业知识吸收能力的高低对企业与客户间的信任跟知识获取之间的关系具有调节作用(信任与知识获取之间的关系在低知识吸收能力组没有通过显著性检验，在高知识吸收能力组则通过了显著性检验)。企业吸收能力的高低对企业与客户间的关系满意和知识获取之间的关系具有调节作用(多样本路径系数差异比较表明，两路径系数之间的x~2值的差为8.320，p值为0.004)。承诺与知识获取之间的假设在不同组别都没有通过显著性检验，吸收能力对两者之间关系具有调节作用的假设没有得到支持。数据分析结果总体验证了吸收能力对关系质量与知识获取之间关系的调节作用。
(2)企业知识吸收能力的高低对社会性互动与知识获取之间的关系具有调节作用。企业知识吸收能力的高低对企业与客户间的互动强度和知识获取之间的关系没有调节作用(两路径系数之间的x~2值的差为0.264，p值为0.608，)。但是企业的知识吸收能力对于互动质量与知识获取之间的关系具有显著的调节作用。两者之间的关系在低知识吸收能力组没有通过显著性检验，在高知识吸收能力组则通过了显著性检验。数据分析结果总体验证了吸收能力对关系质量与知识获取之间关系的调节作用。
(3)企业知识吸收能力的高低对企业与客户间的认知与知识获取之间的关系具有调节作用。吸收能力的高低对组织距离和知识获取之间关系具有调节作用的假设得到支持(两路径系数之间的x~2值之差异为5.457，p值为0.032)。共享愿景与知识获取之间的假设在不同组别都没有通过显著性检验，吸收能力对两者之间关系具有调节作用的假设没有得到支持。吸收能力的高低对冲突程度和知识获取之间的关系具有部分调节作用(两路径系数固定相等和不固定之间的x~2值之差异为3.058，p值为0.056)，说明企业与客户间的冲突在企业吸收能力高低两种情况下均不利于组织间的知识交流，尽管企业的知识吸收能力较高，可以部分地抵消组织间冲突带来的不利影响。数据分析结果总体验证了吸收能力对关系质量与知识获取之间关系的调节作用。
(4)企业知识吸收能力的高低对企业知识获取与产品创新绩效之间的关系具有显著调节作用。知识获取与产品创新绩效之间的关系在低知识吸收能力组不显著(路径系数为0.105，t值为1.053)。对于高知识吸收能力组的企业而言，知识获取与产品创新绩效之间的路径系数为0.279，t值为3.193，P＜0.01。说明吸收能力对于知识获取与产品创新绩效之间的关系具有显著的调节作用。
4．从检验结果来看，企业性质、产品差别、企业规模和企业与客户间的往来时间四个控制变量对中介变量和因变量都没有显著性影响，其中可能的原因之一是本研究在做调查问卷时，已经排除了一些极端情况，所以分析的结果仅仅是针对样本企业而言，并不意味着这四个控制变量在其他情况下对知识获取和创新绩效没有影响。
最后，本文系统地归纳了本研究的主要理论进展和实践意义，以及研究中存在的不足和后续研究建议。
本研究中有很多内容是在中国文化背景下结合制造类企业与客户之间的特定情境进行的探索性研究，其中包括社会资本维度的提炼和实证，以及吸收能力对社会资本各维度与知识获取、知识获取与创新绩效关系调节作用的推理和实证，希望本研究能够为将来该领域相关研究的不断深化提供有益的帮助。
The knowledge-based view of the firm holds that knowledge is the source of an organization's sustainable competitive advantage. In order to increase the firm's innovation performance and keep long-termed advantage, the firm must develop knowledge by itself or acquire knowledge from outside of the organization continuously. Just as Leonard-Barton (1995) argued, only a few firms can develop the required knowledge completely by itself. Most firms have to acquire knowledge from outside. Therefore, it's quite important for firms to acquire knowledge from outside effectively in order to succeed. Based on the review of the relevant literature, this paper focuses on the relationship of knowledge acquisition and organizational innovation performance from the perspective of social capital and the firm's knowledge absorptive capacity among the factors influencing knowledge acquisition and innovation.
Among the firms' knowledge sources, customer is an important one. The important role of customers in the firm's innovation process, the different results of the social capital in the firm's knowledge acquisition and innovation process, the important role of knowledge absorptive capacity for the knowledge acquisition and innovation, their influence on the knowledge exchange between firms and customers, the difference of the research results in Chinese culture background and western culture background as well as the reasons are the purposes for the author to conduct further research from the theoretical and empirical perspectives.
On the basis of the relatively complete and detailed review of the extant literature, the social capital is divided into three dimensions depending on the research contingency of the manufacturing firm and customers. This paper proposes a theoretical model suitable to analyze the relationship of the firm and customer as well as its influence on knowledge acquisition and innovation performance, which consists of independent variables(the dimensions of social capital), mediating variable(the knowledge acquisition in the social process of firm and customer), moderating variable(the firm's absorptive capacity), dependent variable(the firm's product innovation performance) and control variables(the firm's feature, product difference, scale and social period). In this paper, the social capital is divided into three dimensions, which are the relationship quality, social interaction and cognition between the firm and the customer. The relationship quality consists of trust, satisfaction and commitment; social interaction consists of interaction strength and interaction quality; the cognition dimension consists of organizational distance, shared vision and conflict degree.
The empirical analysis of this paper is divided into two stages. The first stage is EFA (exploratory factor analysis), which purpose is to measure the validity and credibility of all variables in the original questionnaire and form the final questionnaire. The second stage is CFA (confirmatory factor analysis), which aims to test the proposed theoretical model and the hypotheses by means of SEM(structural equation model). The main research results are shown below after the empirical analysis of the 318 valid samples:
1. The theoretical model that social capital influences the firm's innovation performance through the mediating role of knowledge acquisition is built and tested. Firstly, the mediating role of the knowledge acquisition is tested through correlation and partial correlation analysis. Secondly, the conceptual model is analyzed and compared by SEM and the hypotheses proposed are tested. The mechanism that social capital influences knowledge acquisition and innovation is discussed and some important conclusions are drawn. The analytical results show, the trust between the firm and customer has significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is 0.130, P<0.05). The relationship satisfaction between the firm and customer has significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is 0.200, P<0.01). The relationship commitment between the firm and customer has no significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition performance. The social interaction strength and quality between the firm and customer have significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is 0.302 and 0.163, P<0.01). The organizational distance between the firm and customer has significantly negative effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is -0.255, P<0.01). The shared vision between the firm and customer has no significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition performance. The conflict degree between the firm and customer has significantly negative effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is -0.129, P<0.05). The knowledge acquisition has significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is 0.272, P<0.01).
2. The relationship of the three second-order factor of social capital and eight first-order factors is tested through the second-order CFA of SEM. The research result shows high validity and credibility. The hypotheses about the relationship between three dimensions of social capital and knowledge acquisition are tested by SEM. The relationship quality, the social interaction and the cognition between the firm and customer have significant and positive effect on the knowledge acquisition (the standardized regression weight is 0.257, 0.315 and 0.218 respectively, P<0.05).
3. The moderating role of the firm's absorptive capacity and its influence on the relationship between dimensions of social capital, knowledge acquisition and innovation performance is tested by means of dividing the sample into two sub-groups. According to the five indicators of the absorptive capacity, the sample is divided into two groups by the K-means cluster in the SPSS13.0 software. The high absorptive capacity group has 175 valid samples. The low absorptive capacity group has 143 valid samples. The path coefficients of high-low absorptive capacity groups are compared and the relevant hypotheses are tested through multi-group analysis in SEM. The research results are shown below:
(1) the firm's absorptive capacity moderates the relationship between relationship quality and knowledge acquisition performance. The relationship between trust and knowledge acquisition is not significant in the low-capacity group but significant in the high-capacity group, which indicates the firm's absorptive capacity's significant moderating effect on the relationship between trust and knowledge acquisition. The firm's absorptive capacity has significant moderating effect on the relationship between satisfaction and knowledge acquisition (the result of the multi-group analysisshows the difference of the x~2 value is 8.320, P=0.004).
(2) the firm's absorptive capacity moderates the relationship between social interaction and knowledge acquisition. The firm's absorptive capacity has no significant moderating effect on the relationship between interaction frequency and knowledge acquisition performance (the result of the multi-group analysis shows thedifference of the x~2 value is 0.264, P=0.608). The relationship between interactionquality and knowledge acquisition performance is not significant in the low-capacity group but significant in the high-capacity group, which indicates the firm's absorptive capacity has significant moderating effect on the relationship between interaction quality and knowledge acquisition.
(3) the firm's absorptive capacity moderates the relationship between cognition and knowledge acquisition performance. The firm's absorptive capacity has significant moderating effect on the relationship between organizational distance and knowledge acquisition (the result of the multi-group analysis shows the difference of the x~2 value is 5.547, P=0.032). The firm's absorptive capacity has partiallysignificant moderating effect on the relationship between conflict degree and knowledge acquisition performance (the result of the multi-group analysis shows thedifference of the x~2 value is 3.058, P=0.056), which indicates that the conflict is nothelpful to the knowledge acquisition in both cases.
(4) the firm's absorptive capacity moderates the relationship between knowledge acquisition performance and innovation performance. The relationship between knowledge acquisition performance and innovation performance is not significant in the low-capacity group (the standardized regression weight is 0.105, t-value=1.053). The knowledge acquisition has significant and positive effect on innovation performance (the standardized regression weight is 0.279, P<0.05) in the high-capacity group, which indicates the firm's absorptive capacity has significant moderating effect on the relationship between knowledge acquisition and innovation performance.
4. Four control variables have no significant effect on the mediating variable and dependent variable from the analysis result. One possible reason is this research has excluded the extreme cases when surveying. So the analysis result is only suitable to the sample firms.
Finally, this paper summarizes the possible theoretical contributions and significances of the research for the practice field, the research limitations and advice for future research.
Many contents of this research are explorative researches in the background of Chinese culture considering the specific context of manufacturing firms and their customers, which includes the refinement and empirical tests of the social capital dimensions, as well as the moderating role of absorptive capacity on the relationship between social capital and knowledge acquisition. It's wished that this research will be helpful for the future similar research.
引文
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