用户名: 密码: 验证码:
浮萍对污染水体中氮磷吸收富集作用研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
随着人口的增长和社会经济的发展,农业面源、工业点源及生活源含氮磷污水数量在不断增加,而对污水处理和水质管理则明显滞后,大量直接排出的未处理污水已造成地表水环境严重污染,富营养化水域日渐增多,使我国面临着严峻的淡水资源氮磷污染和富营养化问题。所以急需一种操作方法简便、运行费用低廉、对氮磷去除效果好的水体生态修复方法和废水处理方法。利用水生植物净化废水不仅能够去除其中的污染物质,而且还可将收获的水生植物加工处理作为新的能源、饲料、肥料或工业原料,实现资源化回收利用,是一种最为经济有效和容易推广的处理技术,受到广大学者的高度重视。
     浮萍是一种小型漂浮植物,具有生长快、蛋白质含量高、收割简便、对氮磷吸收率高等特性。本文通过种群生长实验对浮萍生长能力以及对水体中氮素的形态浓度和磷素浓度的耐受能力进行研究,挑选出相对生长率最快、对氮磷耐受性好的青萍作为研究对象,设置不同氮素形态、比例及浓度和不同磷浓度,研究室内静态条件下青萍对氮磷有机污水的净化效果,以期为进一步开展利用浮萍净化氮磷有机污水和富营养化水体的研究与应用提供有益的参考依据。主要研究结果如下:
     1、青萍对水体中的氮磷营养均有较高的吸收富集效率。氮磷浓度的降低速率随水体中氮磷浓度的升高而升高,而对氮磷的去除率随水体中氮磷浓度的升高而降低。水体中的氨氮浓度以负指数形式降低,总磷及溶解性正磷酸盐浓度与处理时间显著负相关。
     2、营养液中NO_3~-:NH_4~+为7.5:2.5时,青萍的生长情况最佳,生物量积累最多,对氨氮和总氮的去除效果最好,去除率分别为99.9%和65.3%,对硝态氮的去除率也达到68.6%。青萍体内氮含量随氨氮比例及浓度的升高而升高。
     3、青萍对氨氮的吸收利用能力高于对硝态氮的吸收利用能力。相同浓度水平下,营养液中氨氮的去除率比硝态氮的去除率高10%~20%,即使在氨氮为唯一氮源,青萍生长受到抑制的情况下,氨氮的去除率仍然比硝态氮高出约4%。
     4、磷元素充足的条件下,随着营养液中磷浓度的升高,青萍体内的总磷含量随之升高,但是青萍的生物量没有显著的增长,说明青萍能够过量吸收磷元素并在体内积累。几种磷浓度中,青萍生长情况均良好,对营养液中总磷与溶解性正磷酸盐的吸收利用效率极高,两者的去除率分别达到90%和88%以上。
     通过研究发现,浮萍对水体中高浓度氮磷营养元素的耐受性和去除能力很高,适合用于对富营养化的天然水体进行生态修复或者对生活污水、养殖废水、畜禽粪便等氮磷含量高的有机废水进行净化处理。浮萍种群增长能力极强,主要通过生物量的增长实现对氮磷营养的吸收去除。在应用时,应定期收割以保持青萍旺盛的种群生长力,保证净化效果。而且浮萍
    
    浮歼对污染水体中氮磷吸收富集作用研究
    营养丰富,可直接作为鱼类饵料、畜禽饲料或竹为绿肥还田,也司以哟一为沼气发酵的原料〕
    如果能够合理、有效地开发利用,就能人人促进养殖业、渔业和生态农业的发展。
Population growth and society development have generated increasing amounts of wastewater containing high content of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from agriculture, industry and urban life. On the contrary, the treatment and quality control of sewerage disposal lagged far behind. Large amount of wastewater is discharged directly into rivers, lakes and other water bodies. This is frequently causing eutrophication of surface water and groundwater contamination. Our country is facing more and more serious situation of N and P pollution and eutrophication of reliable freshwater resource. A low-cost and easy-operate measure characterized with high reduction rate of N and P for wastewater treatment and bioremediation of surface water is urgently needed to establish.
    The application of aquatic macrophytes in wastewater decontamination not only can remove the pollutant out of the system. In addition, they assimilate nutrients into a high-quality biomass that may be processable to new resource, feedstuff, fertilizer or industrial material. This technique combines wastewater treatments with source reuses and is an economical-efficient and easy-spreading option for the purification of wastewater.
    In this study, the growth competence and tolerance ability to the forms and strength of N and P of several duckweed species were studied through population growth experiment. Lemna perpusilla is chosen for its highest relative growth rate (RGR) and good endurance to N and P to study the removal rate of N and P in high organic load wastewater by static experiments indoors, in order to get some useful information for further application of duckweed in decontamination of nutrient elements from wastewater and eutrophicated water body. The following were the results:
    1.Lemna perpusilla has high efficiency in absorbing and concentrating N and P from wastewater. The reduction speed is increasing along with the concentration of N and P in water, whereas the removal rate of N and P is descending. The ammonia concentration descends as a negative exponent, while TP and phosphate decrease linearly.
    2.When the ratio of nitrate/ammonia in medium is 7.5: 2.5, Lemna perpusilla grows best and has the most biomass. In the meantime, the reduction of ammonia and TN is optimal with removal rate of 99.9% and 65.3%, and that of nitrate is 68.6%. The content of N in Lemna perpusilla is increasing when the ammonia strength is higher.
    
    
    
    3.The absorption capability to ammonia of duckweed is stronger than to nitrate. As in the same strength level, the removal rate of ammonia is 10%~20% higher than nitrate. Even as the growth of duckweed is inhibited in a full ammonia circumstance, the removal rate of ammonia is 4% higher than nitrate.
    4.If phosphorus is enough, when the strength of P is higher, the content of P in Lemna perpusilla is higher too, but the biomass of Lemna perpusilla isn't increasing significantly. This suggests that Lemna perpusilla can absorb P more than demand and store it inside its body. Lemna perpusilla grows well in any phosphorus strength and absorbs TP and PO43-efficiently. The removal rate of TP and phosphate is above 90% and 88%.
    The great tolerance and removal capability of duckweed to strong strength N and P is very considerable, so the application of duckweed in bioremediation of eutrophicated water body and post treatment of domestic sewage and septic tank effluent etc is reliable. Duckweed population grows rapidly and removes the nutrients mainly by biomass increasing. Harvest termly can keep duckweed population in high growth rates, therefore the duckweed-based system can work steadily. As duckweed has rich nutrients, it can be used as feedstuff for fishes, pigs, ruminants and chicken. And it can be used as ecological fertilizer and material of biogas. Under reasonable and efficient utilization, duckweed-based technology can improve the development of fish culture, stockbreeding and ecological agriculture greatly.
引文
1.曹仪植 宋古午 植物生理学 兰州大学出版社 1998年
    2.陈金兰 浮萍醋浸泡剂治疗鹅掌风80例 湖北中医杂志 2002,24(6):35
    3.陈锡涛 叶春芳 杉辛野 王伟 水生维管束植物自屏对水质净化资源化效应的研究 环境科学与技术 1994,(2):1-4,9
    4.陈晓虹 种植浮萍作鱼饲料 饲料研究 2002,(2):36-37
    5.大连水产学院 淡水生物学 北京:农业出版社 1982年
    6.戴全裕 陈钊 多花黑麦草对啤酒废水净化功能的研究 应用生态学报 1993,4(3):334-337
    7.戴全裕 蒋兴昌 张珩等 水蕹菜对啤酒及饮食废水净化与资源化研究 环境科学学报 1996,15(2):249-251
    8.戴廷波 曹卫星 李存东 作物增铵营养的生理效应 植物生理学通讯 1998,34(6):488-493
    9.刁正俗 中国水生杂草 重庆:重庆出版社 1990年
    10.方如康 环境学词典 北京:科学出版社 2003年
    11.裴忠绳 鲜浮萍草治疗鸡感冒的试验报告 山东家禽 1993,(4):29
    12.国家环保局 《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会 水和废水监测分析方法 北京:中国环境科学出版社 1989年
    13.高玉荣 黄玉瑶 曹宏等 氮磷对污水净化中藻类叶绿素含量的影响 水生生物学报 1995,19(4):289-298
    14.韩仕群 张振华 严少华 国内外利用藻类技术处理废水、净化水体研究现状 农业环境与发展 2000,17(1):13-16
    15.胡世然 浮萍培育武昌鱼种获高产 科学养鱼 2002,(9)
    16.洪瑞川 段小兰 陈欣虹 肖志刚 石菖蒲对富营养化水体的净化效应 环境与开发 1997,12(1):1-2
    17.蒋艾青 凤眼莲对城郊污水鱼塘的净化试验 淡水渔业 2003,33(5):43-44
    18.蒋培森 蒋加伦 汪富三 陈昌东 利用啤酒厂废水污泥培养钝顶螺旋藻和普通小球藻的研究 海洋湖沼通报 2000,(3):15-19
    19.金相灿等 中国湖泊环境(第一册) 北京:海洋出版社 1995年
    20.李芳柏 吴启堂 漂浮栽培美人蕉蕹菜等植物处理化粪池废水 农村生态环境 1997,13(1):25-28,41
    21.李军 张玉龙 黄毅等 凤眼莲净化北方地区屠宰废水的初步研究 沈阳农业大学学报 2003,34(2):103-105
    
    
    22.梁长辉 用浮萍培育大规格草鱼种高产高效试验总结 淡水渔业 2002,32(5):31-32
    23.林秋奇 王朝晖 杞桑 韩博平 水网藻(Hydrodictyon reticulatum)治理水体富营养化的可行性研究 生态学报 2001,21(5):814-819
    24.刘超翔 胡洪营 张建等 不同深度人工复合生态床处理农村生活污水的比较 环境科学 2003,24(5):92-96
    25.刘桂华 孙经善 张丽芹 浮萍散面膜治疗痤疮220例 中医外治杂志 1997,(2):24
    26.刘建康 高级水生生物学 北京:科学出版社1999年
    27.马立珊 骆永明 吴龙华 吴胜春 浮床香根草对富营养化水体氮磷上除动态及效率的初步研究 土壤 2000,(2):99-101
    28.潘瑞炽 植物生理学 北京:高等教育出版社2001年
    29.齐玉梅 高伟生 凤眼莲净化水质及其后处理工艺探讨 环境科学进展 1999,7(2):136-140
    30.尚士友 杜健民 李旭英等 草型湖泊沉水植物收割工程对生态改善的试验 农业工程学报 2003,19(6):95-100
    31.邵林广 水浮莲净化富营养化湖泊试验研究 环境与开发 2001,16(2):28-29
    32.申保忠 姚志刚 青萍、紫萍人工高产栽培试验研究 滨州师专学报 2000,16(4):80-82
    33.申保忠 姚志刚 谷奉天 青萍、紫萍、槐叶萍生产力研究 滨州师专学报 2002,18(2):29-33
    34.沈根祥 朱荫湄 雷萍 藻类净化含氮磷有机污水及其利用研究进展 农业环境保护 2001,20(5):382-384
    35.宋福 陈艳卿 乔建荣 任久长 常见沉水植物对草海水体(含底泥)总氮去除速率的研究 环境科学研究 1997,10(4):47-50
    36.宋梅 杨爱英 浮萍降糖汤治疗糖尿病104例 中华实用医学 2002,4(24):88
    37.宋祥甫 邹国艳 吴伟明等 浮床水稻对富营养化水体中氮、磷的的去除效果及规律研究 环境科学学报 1998,18(5):489-494
    38.谭远友 杨俊 曾庆福 艾蒿人工生态绿地对生活污水中氮和磷的去除 武汉科技学院学报 2003,16(5):1-4
    39.王翠红 辛晓芸 徐建红等 固定化藻细胞去除氨氮的研究 河南科学 1999,17(专辑):103-107
    40.王朝晖 江天久 杞桑等 水网藻(Hydrodictyon reticulatum)对富营养化水样中氮磷去除能力的研究 环境科学学报 1999,19(4):448-452
    41.肖凯 张树华 邹定辉等 不同形态氮素营养对小麦光合特性的影响 作物学报 2000,26(1):53~58
    42.徐亚同 废水中氮磷的处理 上海:华东师范大学出版社1996年
    43.严国安 李益健 王志坚等 固定化栅藻对污水的净化及其生理特征的变化 中国环境科
    
    学 1995,15(1):10-13
    44.严国安 谭智群 藻类净化污水的研究及其进展 环境科学进展 1995,3(3):45-54
    45.杨丹菁 靖元孝 陈兆平 程惠青 水翁对富营养化水体氮、磷去除效果及规律研究 环境科学学报 2001,21(5):637-639
    46.姚志刚 申保忠 紫萍在一定管理条件下增产试验研究 滨州教育学院学报 2001,7(1):74-76
    47.印万芬 我国主要浮萍科植物的综合开发利用 资源节约和综合利用 1998,2:46-48
    48.余远松 邓润坤 凤眼莲水生生物系统处理大型养猪场废水的应用研究 农业环境保护 2000,19(5):301-303
    49.岳春雷 王华胜 高瞻等 人工湿地循环净化杭州植物园玉泉观鱼池水效果分析 浙江林业科技 2002,22(4):1-4
    50.张福锁 樊小林 李晓林 土壤与植物营养研究新动态(第二卷) 北京:中国农业出版社 1995:42-75
    51.张国治 姚爱莉 顾蕴璇等 藻类对沼液中氮、磷去除作用的初步研究 中国沼气 1997,15(4):11-15
    52.张国治 姚爱莉 藻类对猪粪厌氧废液的净化作用 西南农业学报 2000,13(增刊):105-112
    53.张志良 植物生理学实验指导 北京:高等教育出版社 1990年
    54.章宗涉 水生高等植物——浮游植物关系和湖泊营养状态 湖泊科学 1998,10(4):83-86
    55.赵伟强 浮萍三草汤治疗小儿急性肾炎260例 陕西中医 1993,14(9):394
    56.中国科学院南京土壤研究所 土壤理化分析 上海:上海科学技术出版社 1978年
    57.中国科学院上海植物生理研究所 现代植物生理学实验指南 北京:科学出版社 1999年
    58.中国科学院武汉植物研究所 中国水生维管束植物图谱 武汉:湖北人民出版社 1983年
    59.C.D.K.库克著 王徽勤 游浚 王建波译 世界水生植物 武汉大学出版社 1993年
    60. B. S. Mohan and B. B. Hosetti Potential phototoxicity of lead and cadmium to Lemna minor grown in sewage stabilization ponds Enviromental Pollution 1997, 98 (2): 233-238
    61. Culley, D.D. and Epps, E.A. Use of duckweed for waste treatment and animal feed. Journal WPCF 1973, 45(2): 337-347
    62. E.A.Fasakin Nutrient quality of leaf protein concentrates produced from water fern (Azolla africana Desv) and duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza L.Schleiden) Bioresource Technology 1999, 69: 185-187
    63. Eugenia J.Olguin, Gloria Sanchez and Elizabeth Hemandez Environmental biotechnology and cleaner bioprocesses Taylor & Francis 2000
    64. F. Al-nozaily, G. Alaerts and S. Veenstra Performance of duckweed-covered sewage lagoons Ⅰ. oxygen balance and cod removal Water Research 2000, 34 (10): 2727-2733
    
    
    65. F. Al-nozaily, G. Alaerts and S. Veenstra Performance of duckweed-covered sewage lagoons Ⅱ. nitrogen and phosphorus balance and plant productivity Water Research 2000, 34 (10): 2734-3741
    66. Gazi Nazmul Haq Rahmani, Steven RK. Sternberg, Bioremoval of lead from water using Lemna minor, Bioresource Technology, 1999, 70:225-230
    67. Gordon D.Lemon, Usher Posluszny, and Brian C.Husband Potential and realized rates of vegetative reproduction in Spirodela polyrhiza, Lemna minor, and Wolffia borealis Aquatic Botany2001, 70:79-87
    68. Harvey, R.M. and Fox, J.L. Nutrient removal using Lemna minor. Journal WPCF 1973, 45 (9): 1928-1938
    69. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/llekey.htm
    70. http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm
    71. Jan E.Vermaat and M. Khalid Hanif Performance of common duckweed species (Lemnaceae) and the waterfern Azolla Filiculoides on different types of waste water Water Research 1998, 32 (9): 2569-2576
    72. Jiayang Cheng, Ben A. Bergmann, John J. Classen, Anne M. Stomp, James W. Howard Nutrient recovery from swine lagoon water by Spirodela spunctata Bioresource Technology 2002, 81: 81-85
    73. J. R. Caicedo, N. R Van der Steen, O. Arce and H. J. Gijzen Effect of total ammonia nitrogen concentration and pH on growth rates of duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza) Water Research 2000, 34 (15): 3829-3835
    74. Landolt, E., Biosystematic investigation on the family of duckweeds: the family of Lemnaceae-a monograph study. Geobotanischen Institute ETH, Stiftung Rubel, Zurichbergstrasse 38, 1986
    75. L.Bonomo, G.Pastorelli and N.Zambon Advantages and limitations of duckweed-based wastewater treatment systems. Water Science and Technology 1997, 35 (5): 239-246
    76. L.B.Parr, R.G.Perkins, C.F.Mason Reduction in photosynthetic efficiency of Cladophora glomerata, induced by overlying canopies of Lemna spp. Water Research 2002, 36: 1735-1742
    77. M.E.Azim, M.A. Wahab Development of a duckweed-led carp polyculture system in Bangladesh Aquaculture 2003, (218): 425-438
    78. Margaret Greenway, Anne Woolley Constructed wetlands in Queensland: Performance efficiency and nutrient bioaccumulation Ecological Engineering 1999, 12:39-55
    79. Nicoletta boniardi, Renato rota and Giuseppe nano Effect of dissolved metals on the organic load removal efficiency of Lemna gibba Water research 1999, 33 (2): 530-538
    
    
    80. Peter Van Der Steen, Asher Brenner, Joost Van Buuren and Gideon Oron Post-treatment of UASB reactor effluent in an integrated duckweed and stabilization pond system Water Research 1999, 33 (3): 615-620
    81. P.Hanczakowski, B.Szymczyk and M.Wawrzyski Composition and nutritive value of sewage-grown duckweed (Lemna minor L.) for rats Animal Feed Science and Technology 1995, 52: 339-343
    82. S. Krner, G. B. Lyatuu and J. E. Vermaat The influence of Lemna gibba L. on the degradation of organic material in duckweed-covered domestic wastewater Water Research 1998, 32 (10): 3092-3098
    83. Sabine Krner, Sanjeev K.Das, Siemen Veenstra, Jan E.Vermaat The effect of pH variation at the ammonium/ammonia equilibrium in wastewater and its toxicity to Lemna gibba Aquatic Botany2001, 71:71-78
    84. Sascha Iqbal, duckweed aquaculture SANDEC Report No.6/99 1999
    85. Shanti S. Sharma, J.P.Gaur Potential of lemna polyrrhiza for removal of heavy metals Ecological Engineering 1995, 4: 37-43
    86. Stewart J. Clarke, Geraldene Wharton Sediment nutrient characteristics and aquatic macrophytes in lowland English rivers The Science of the Total Environment 2001, 266: 103-112
    87. Takashi Asaeda, Vu Kien Trung, Jagath Manatunge, Truong Van Bon Modelling macrophyte-nutrient-phytoplankton interactions in shallow eutrophic lakes and the evaluation of environmental impacts Ecological Engineering 2001, 16: 341-357
    88. Thomas A.DeBusk, James E.Peterson, K.Ramesh Reddy, Use of aquatic and terrestrial plants for removing phosphorus from dairy wastewaters Ecological Engineering 1995, 5: 371-390

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700