油轮静电防爆技术的研究
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摘要
虽然从1933年开始，壳牌石油公司就研究过油轮注油时的静电问题，但是，静
电对油轮的危害，并未引起人们的重视。直到1969年12月，不到三星期的时间内，
有三艘超级油轮相继发生了爆炸，这才震动了世界航运界。
事后，许多公司和工业集团，特别是国际海运联盟（ICS）和美国石油学会（API），
承担或资助了对这些事故的调查研究。欧洲、美国、日本等许多国家的专家学者为
了查清事故爆炸原因，对各种可能点火源进行了试验，包括机械撞击、落进舱内的
物体、喷射海水洗舱时掷出的金属或人的过失等等。但是最后却集中在静电上。很
可能是静电引起了油轮爆炸。
二十世纪70年代，一些大型油轮又因压载水（又称压舱水）的激涌或排放产生
的静电引起了爆炸。
自二十世纪50年代以来，因装卸油的速率过高等其他原因引起的油轮静电事
故，也从未间断过。
正因为如此，油轮静电成了影响航运安全的重要问题之一。许多国家纷纷投入
力量，进行油轮静电的研究。
随着油轮静电的逐步深入和整个静电学科的发展，油轮静电起电机理和起电规
律逐渐被人们所认识。防治油轮静电灾害的各种技术措施不断被开发。一系列油轮
静电安全技术法规逐步制订出来。
我国因静电引起的油轮事故也时有发生。造成的财产损失或人员伤亡也比较严
重。因此，加强对油轮静电的研究，制订切合我国实际的油轮静电综合防治对策，
重视对广大船员进行静电安全技术教育，特别是在高级船员的培养教育阶段就使他
们树立防范静电的安全意识，无疑是我国航运安全的重要课题之一。
本论文运用目前较成熟的揭示油轮静电起电机理的偶电层理论，详细论证了输
油管线中、洗舱时、船舶压舱水的静电起电机理，严密推证了矩形油舱和圆柱形油
舱内的电位和电场强度，在此基础上，提出了切合我国实际的油轮静电防爆技术措
施。
在严格的理论基础上，本论文重点解决了我国油轮静电防爆技术之一：船—岸
电气安全连接新技术的研究。该课题是上海市自然科学基金项目之一。
通过一年的努力，考虑到亚导体防静电绝缘法兰的结构及技术要求，选择了绝
缘橡胶做基本材料，通过在绝缘橡胶中添加导电碳黑对其进行改性试验，就导电碳
黑的添加量、混炼成型方法、加工的温度、混炼的时间等通过反复的实验和推敲，
终于成功地研制出符合“国际油船和石油终端站安全指南（ISGOT）”所规定的8
英寸输油管用的亚导体防静电绝缘法兰样品。经测试，该样品完全能够满足国际标
准的规定，同时也符合我国操作规程的规定。
为了使防静电绝缘法兰既能有效阻断船岸之间的杂散电流，又能对静电泄放提
供有效通道，在保证防静电绝缘法兰电阻值满足国际标准的同时，必须保证其朝海
一侧输油管线中的所有金属不与码头上的金属构件接触，以及朝岸一侧输油管线中
的所有金属不与船体接触。这样，防静电绝缘法兰对敲螺栓的绝缘保护就尤其重要。
通过实际的调研和反复的实验，也成功地解决了这一问题。至此，该课题才得以圆
满解决。从而为我国全面落实ISGOTT的安全措施，填补国内空白，进而制订与国
际标准接轨的技术法规提供硬件支持与技术支撑，对提高海上交通安全水平，维护
上海港口的安全与畅通具有重大的社会效益和经济效益。
Though Shell Petroleum Corporation began researching electrostatic problems
of tankers during filling from 1933, yet people hadn't paid enough attention to the
electrostatic hazards to tankers. Until Dec.1969, three VLCC (very large crude
carrier) exploded in less than three weeks, which shook the shipping field in the
world.
After these accidents, a lot of corporations and industrial groups, especially,
ICS (the international chamber of shipping) and API (American Petroleum Institute),
took on or imbursed the research on these accidents. A lot of countries, for
example, Europe, America and Japan, their specialists and scholars carried
through experiments for a variety of possible ignitable sources in order to find the
explosive causes, including to mechanical bouncing, dropping objects in the cabin
and throwing metals when spraying seawater to wash the cabin or personal blames.
But at last, they focused on the static electricity. It is very possible to cause the
tankers explosion by electrostatic discharge.
In 1970's, some large tankers exploded because of the static electricity from
ballasting water's surging or letting out.
Since 1950's, the tankers electrostatic accidents hadn't been interrupted due
to the velocity of loading and unloading oils is very high and other causes.
With a view to these description above, apparently the tankers electrostatics
became the one of important problems which affects shipping safety. A lot of
countries carried through the research on the tanker electrostatics.
With the tanker electrostatics and the whole electrostatics developing, the
charging mechanism and law of tankers have been found by people. A variety of
technical protective measures to prevent tankers static hazards have been
developed continually. A series of safe technical codes have been set down.
In China, the tankers static accidents also happen usually, which results in
belongings loss or personnel casualty severely. So it is the one of important tasks
for Chinese shipping safety to strengthen to research electrostatics of tankers, to
draw appropriate protective measures and to pay much attention to educate a large
number of sailors.
The paper describes the basic principle ?electric double layer theory,
discusses in detail the mechanism of the static electricity in conveying oil tubes,
washing the cabin and the ship ballasting water. At the same time, the potential and
the electric field intensity in the rectangle oil cabin and the column oil cabin have
been discussed. Based on these, the paper brings forward the static explosion-
proof measures and safety suggestions.
Above all, based on strict theory, the paper resolves the one of explosion-proof
technique of tankers in China: the new technique of ship-shore electric safety
joining. The subject is sponsored by the Shanghai natural science fund.
By a year hard work, considering the configuration and technical demands of
the insulating flange, we selected the insulating rubber as basic materials, and then,
we tried to change functions of the insulating rubber by adding the conductive
carbon black in the insulating rubber. At the same time, we did experiments on the
adding quantity of the conductive carbon black, refine and molding methods, the
电对油轮的危害，并未引起人们的重视。直到1969年12月，不到三星期的时间内，
有三艘超级油轮相继发生了爆炸，这才震动了世界航运界。
事后，许多公司和工业集团，特别是国际海运联盟（ICS）和美国石油学会（API），
承担或资助了对这些事故的调查研究。欧洲、美国、日本等许多国家的专家学者为
了查清事故爆炸原因，对各种可能点火源进行了试验，包括机械撞击、落进舱内的
物体、喷射海水洗舱时掷出的金属或人的过失等等。但是最后却集中在静电上。很
可能是静电引起了油轮爆炸。
二十世纪70年代，一些大型油轮又因压载水（又称压舱水）的激涌或排放产生
的静电引起了爆炸。
自二十世纪50年代以来，因装卸油的速率过高等其他原因引起的油轮静电事
故，也从未间断过。
正因为如此，油轮静电成了影响航运安全的重要问题之一。许多国家纷纷投入
力量，进行油轮静电的研究。
随着油轮静电的逐步深入和整个静电学科的发展，油轮静电起电机理和起电规
律逐渐被人们所认识。防治油轮静电灾害的各种技术措施不断被开发。一系列油轮
静电安全技术法规逐步制订出来。
我国因静电引起的油轮事故也时有发生。造成的财产损失或人员伤亡也比较严
重。因此，加强对油轮静电的研究，制订切合我国实际的油轮静电综合防治对策，
重视对广大船员进行静电安全技术教育，特别是在高级船员的培养教育阶段就使他
们树立防范静电的安全意识，无疑是我国航运安全的重要课题之一。
本论文运用目前较成熟的揭示油轮静电起电机理的偶电层理论，详细论证了输
油管线中、洗舱时、船舶压舱水的静电起电机理，严密推证了矩形油舱和圆柱形油
舱内的电位和电场强度，在此基础上，提出了切合我国实际的油轮静电防爆技术措
施。
在严格的理论基础上，本论文重点解决了我国油轮静电防爆技术之一：船—岸
电气安全连接新技术的研究。该课题是上海市自然科学基金项目之一。
通过一年的努力，考虑到亚导体防静电绝缘法兰的结构及技术要求，选择了绝
缘橡胶做基本材料，通过在绝缘橡胶中添加导电碳黑对其进行改性试验，就导电碳
黑的添加量、混炼成型方法、加工的温度、混炼的时间等通过反复的实验和推敲，
终于成功地研制出符合“国际油船和石油终端站安全指南（ISGOT）”所规定的8
英寸输油管用的亚导体防静电绝缘法兰样品。经测试，该样品完全能够满足国际标
准的规定，同时也符合我国操作规程的规定。
为了使防静电绝缘法兰既能有效阻断船岸之间的杂散电流，又能对静电泄放提
供有效通道，在保证防静电绝缘法兰电阻值满足国际标准的同时，必须保证其朝海
一侧输油管线中的所有金属不与码头上的金属构件接触，以及朝岸一侧输油管线中
的所有金属不与船体接触。这样，防静电绝缘法兰对敲螺栓的绝缘保护就尤其重要。
通过实际的调研和反复的实验，也成功地解决了这一问题。至此，该课题才得以圆
满解决。从而为我国全面落实ISGOTT的安全措施，填补国内空白，进而制订与国
际标准接轨的技术法规提供硬件支持与技术支撑，对提高海上交通安全水平，维护
上海港口的安全与畅通具有重大的社会效益和经济效益。
Though Shell Petroleum Corporation began researching electrostatic problems
of tankers during filling from 1933, yet people hadn't paid enough attention to the
electrostatic hazards to tankers. Until Dec.1969, three VLCC (very large crude
carrier) exploded in less than three weeks, which shook the shipping field in the
world.
After these accidents, a lot of corporations and industrial groups, especially,
ICS (the international chamber of shipping) and API (American Petroleum Institute),
took on or imbursed the research on these accidents. A lot of countries, for
example, Europe, America and Japan, their specialists and scholars carried
through experiments for a variety of possible ignitable sources in order to find the
explosive causes, including to mechanical bouncing, dropping objects in the cabin
and throwing metals when spraying seawater to wash the cabin or personal blames.
But at last, they focused on the static electricity. It is very possible to cause the
tankers explosion by electrostatic discharge.
In 1970's, some large tankers exploded because of the static electricity from
ballasting water's surging or letting out.
Since 1950's, the tankers electrostatic accidents hadn't been interrupted due
to the velocity of loading and unloading oils is very high and other causes.
With a view to these description above, apparently the tankers electrostatics
became the one of important problems which affects shipping safety. A lot of
countries carried through the research on the tanker electrostatics.
With the tanker electrostatics and the whole electrostatics developing, the
charging mechanism and law of tankers have been found by people. A variety of
technical protective measures to prevent tankers static hazards have been
developed continually. A series of safe technical codes have been set down.
In China, the tankers static accidents also happen usually, which results in
belongings loss or personnel casualty severely. So it is the one of important tasks
for Chinese shipping safety to strengthen to research electrostatics of tankers, to
draw appropriate protective measures and to pay much attention to educate a large
number of sailors.
The paper describes the basic principle ?electric double layer theory,
discusses in detail the mechanism of the static electricity in conveying oil tubes,
washing the cabin and the ship ballasting water. At the same time, the potential and
the electric field intensity in the rectangle oil cabin and the column oil cabin have
been discussed. Based on these, the paper brings forward the static explosion-
proof measures and safety suggestions.
Above all, based on strict theory, the paper resolves the one of explosion-proof
technique of tankers in China: the new technique of ship-shore electric safety
joining. The subject is sponsored by the Shanghai natural science fund.
By a year hard work, considering the configuration and technical demands of
the insulating flange, we selected the insulating rubber as basic materials, and then,
we tried to change functions of the insulating rubber by adding the conductive
carbon black in the insulating rubber. At the same time, we did experiments on the
adding quantity of the conductive carbon black, refine and molding methods, the
引文
1．孙可平，宋广成．工业静电．中国石化出版社，1994
2．孙可平主编．船舶静电安全技术．上海海运学院教材，1996
3．孔令黄．油船靠码头时船岸间连接问题的探讨．船检科技，1995，2
4. Journal of Electrostatics. Elsevier publishers. 1990～1999
5. ICS, OCIMF, IAPH. International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers & Terminals. Third edition. 1991. Fourth edition. 1996
6. IMO. Safe Transport Handling and Storage of Dangerous Substances in Port Areas. 1983
7. ICS, OCIMF. Ship to Ship Transfer Guide (petroleum). 1988
8. British Standards Institution BS 5958.Code of Practice for Control of Undesirable Static Electricity. 1989
9．吴长仲，李治平．水上油运管理．1998
10．王显章．油轮安全管理．大连海运学院出版社．1989
11．孙可平．舱内分割导线最优化配置的研究．静电杂志，1997，3
12．国际油船和石油终端站安全指南．广州泰华油运公司，1996
13．散货船和油船检验期间加强检验程序指南，国际海事组织 A．744(18)(IMO)．中华人民共和国船舶检验局译，人民交通出版社，1995，7
14．范莘耕编．油轮静电．大连海运学院出版社，1988
15．陈君义主编．船艺．人民交通出版社，1992，8
16．简明学主编．现代船舶消防．广西科学技术出版社．1992，4
17．任德俊编著．现代大型油船实务．大连海事大学出版社，1995，4
18．数学手册编写组．数学手册．北京：高等教育出版社，1979
19．A.J.Davies,The Finite Element Method.Clarendon Press Oxford, 1980
20．马文淦，张文平．计算物理学．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1992
21．南京大学数学系计算数学专业．偏微分方程数值解法．北京：科学出版社，1979
22．扬有启．静电安全技术．化学工业出版社，1983，9
23．北京工业学院静电科研组编．静电起电问题，1980
24．[日]菅义夫主编，静电手册翻译组．静电手册．科学出版社，1981
25．A.D.Moore,Electrostatic and Its Application.1973
26．鲍重光．现代静电技术．万国学术出版社，1988
27．[日]壳牌石油株式会社编，陈有义译．防止静电灾害手册．中国石化总公司大连安全技术培训试验站，1984
28．[日]劳动省产业安全研究所编，吉林化学工业公司设计院劳动人事部劳动保护局译．静电安全指南．劳动出版社，1984
29．[日]劳动省产业安全研究所编，中国石化总公司安全技术研究所译．静电安全指南．辽宁科技出版社，1988
30．中国物理学会静电专业委员会．静电学术报告会论文集．1987
31．[西德]弗·巴尔特克纳西特著，何宏达译．爆炸过程和防护措施．化学工业出版社，1985
32. Edited by Sun keping. Development in applied electrostatics (proceedings of the third international conference on applied electrostatics). Shanghai popular science press, Nov. 1997
33. Sun keping. Research on field calculation and safety evaluation in power silo. Journal of Electrostatics, 44(1998), 119-123
34. Li Ruinian. Modem Electrostatics. International Academic Publishers, 1988
35．上海市物理学会静电专业委员会．静电技术．1983～1986
36．天津市物理学会静电专业委员会．静电．1985～1998
37．上海市物理学会静电专业委员会．静电译丛．第1～第5辑，1983～1986
38. W.M.Bustin, W.G.Dukek. Electrostatic Hazards in the Petroleum Industry. 1983
39. Heinz Haase. Electrostatic Hazards-Their Evaluation and Control. 1977
40．孙可平．散装液体运输时船-岸连接的防静电安全对策．静电，1996，9
41．范永清．关于油轮拆装船岸接地电缆发生火花问题．海运科技，第102期，1982
2．孙可平主编．船舶静电安全技术．上海海运学院教材，1996
3．孔令黄．油船靠码头时船岸间连接问题的探讨．船检科技，1995，2
4. Journal of Electrostatics. Elsevier publishers. 1990～1999
5. ICS, OCIMF, IAPH. International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers & Terminals. Third edition. 1991. Fourth edition. 1996
6. IMO. Safe Transport Handling and Storage of Dangerous Substances in Port Areas. 1983
7. ICS, OCIMF. Ship to Ship Transfer Guide (petroleum). 1988
8. British Standards Institution BS 5958.Code of Practice for Control of Undesirable Static Electricity. 1989
9．吴长仲，李治平．水上油运管理．1998
10．王显章．油轮安全管理．大连海运学院出版社．1989
11．孙可平．舱内分割导线最优化配置的研究．静电杂志，1997，3
12．国际油船和石油终端站安全指南．广州泰华油运公司，1996
13．散货船和油船检验期间加强检验程序指南，国际海事组织 A．744(18)(IMO)．中华人民共和国船舶检验局译，人民交通出版社，1995，7
14．范莘耕编．油轮静电．大连海运学院出版社，1988
15．陈君义主编．船艺．人民交通出版社，1992，8
16．简明学主编．现代船舶消防．广西科学技术出版社．1992，4
17．任德俊编著．现代大型油船实务．大连海事大学出版社，1995，4
18．数学手册编写组．数学手册．北京：高等教育出版社，1979
19．A.J.Davies,The Finite Element Method.Clarendon Press Oxford, 1980
20．马文淦，张文平．计算物理学．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1992
21．南京大学数学系计算数学专业．偏微分方程数值解法．北京：科学出版社，1979
22．扬有启．静电安全技术．化学工业出版社，1983，9
23．北京工业学院静电科研组编．静电起电问题，1980
24．[日]菅义夫主编，静电手册翻译组．静电手册．科学出版社，1981
25．A.D.Moore,Electrostatic and Its Application.1973
26．鲍重光．现代静电技术．万国学术出版社，1988
27．[日]壳牌石油株式会社编，陈有义译．防止静电灾害手册．中国石化总公司大连安全技术培训试验站，1984
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