压电纤维OPCM传感元件设计分析、制备与性能测试研究
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摘要
1-3型压电复合材料既具有PZT高压电性能，又具有聚合物的低声阻抗、一定柔韧性等特点，是近年来研究最多的一种压电纤维复合材料，其优越的独特的性能在声学、医疗、控制、航空航天等领域得到了广泛的应用。同样，压电纤维复合材料传感元件是声发射技术中(AE)普遍采用的元件。有鉴于此，本文针对1-3型压电纤维复合材料的传感性能进行了理论仿真，试验并制作出压电纤维复合材料元件，进行了其传感性能测试等方面的研究。主要的工作内容如下：
1．简要介绍了压电效应的基础知识和理论；论述了有限单元法在压电复合材料分析中的基本理论和方法，及其一般步骤。
2．基于有限单元法对压电纤维复合材料进行了初步的静力学分析，重点分析了影响复合材料性能的几个因素：压电纤维直径、分支电极间距、分支电极面的宽度、压电相和聚合物相的体积比，以及两相材料的几个物理量，如弹性模量、泊松比、介电常数等。通过计算仿真初步得出，采用直径较小的压电纤维，较宽的分支电极间距、较窄的分支电极面和一定的体积比，可以获得较好的传感性能，而两相材料的物理参量对复合材料性能影响较小。基于计算结论，建立了一些实体模型。
3．探讨出一套简单实用制作复合材料的工艺流程。研制出高性能压电纤维，设计并制作了铜交叉电极，较为成功的进行了材料的复合、固化、热极化、封装成型等一系列试验。
4．对压电纤维复合材料元件进行传感性能和驱动性能以及正交异性等特性的测试。结果表明压电纤维复合材料具有显著的正交异性特性，良好的传感性能和驱动件能。
1-3 piezoelectric composite material has as the same as PZT's high piezoelectricity performance, as the polymer's low acoustics impedance. It is one of the most piezoelectricity composite materials studied. The predominant and unique porformance has been broadly used in many spheres: acoustics, medical treatment, control, aeronautics and astronautics. Also, Piezoelectric sensor has been widely adopted for it's excellence in AE testing. Now 1-3 sensor/actuator of piezoelectricity composite material is one of composite materials transducers that have been researched most thoroughly and most commonly applied. With this background, the theory and experimentation about piezoelectricity ceramics composite materials shaped in fiber are studied in this paper. The main contents of this dissertation are following.
1．The basic information and theories of piezoelectric effects are concisely introduced. The fundamental theory and common practice of finite element in studying piezoelectric materials are presented.
2．Based on FE method, piezoelectric fiber composite materials are primary statically analyzed, and the analyses are focused on the key points that influence the performance of composite materials. For example, the size of piezoelectricity fiber's section, space between offset electrodes, width of offset electrodes, volume ratio of piezoelectricity and polymer, as well as two materials' several physical quantities, such as elastic modulus, poison's ratio, permittivity, and so on. Based on the results gained by the ANSYS FE imitated software, some entity modes are established.
3．The fabrication of composite materials is experimentally studied using the analytical results and model data. The following are the main work: developing high performance piezoelectric fiber; designing and making copper interdigitated electrodes; the entire materials being composed, solidified, thermally polarized, encapsulation molding etc, a series of experimentation.
4．By filtrating detection, piezoelectric fiber composite material elements eligible to demarcate on the AE technology are found, and the performance of this kind of elements on orthotropic characteristic, sensor, actuator performance, etc are tested.
1．简要介绍了压电效应的基础知识和理论；论述了有限单元法在压电复合材料分析中的基本理论和方法，及其一般步骤。
2．基于有限单元法对压电纤维复合材料进行了初步的静力学分析，重点分析了影响复合材料性能的几个因素：压电纤维直径、分支电极间距、分支电极面的宽度、压电相和聚合物相的体积比，以及两相材料的几个物理量，如弹性模量、泊松比、介电常数等。通过计算仿真初步得出，采用直径较小的压电纤维，较宽的分支电极间距、较窄的分支电极面和一定的体积比，可以获得较好的传感性能，而两相材料的物理参量对复合材料性能影响较小。基于计算结论，建立了一些实体模型。
3．探讨出一套简单实用制作复合材料的工艺流程。研制出高性能压电纤维，设计并制作了铜交叉电极，较为成功的进行了材料的复合、固化、热极化、封装成型等一系列试验。
4．对压电纤维复合材料元件进行传感性能和驱动性能以及正交异性等特性的测试。结果表明压电纤维复合材料具有显著的正交异性特性，良好的传感性能和驱动件能。
1-3 piezoelectric composite material has as the same as PZT's high piezoelectricity performance, as the polymer's low acoustics impedance. It is one of the most piezoelectricity composite materials studied. The predominant and unique porformance has been broadly used in many spheres: acoustics, medical treatment, control, aeronautics and astronautics. Also, Piezoelectric sensor has been widely adopted for it's excellence in AE testing. Now 1-3 sensor/actuator of piezoelectricity composite material is one of composite materials transducers that have been researched most thoroughly and most commonly applied. With this background, the theory and experimentation about piezoelectricity ceramics composite materials shaped in fiber are studied in this paper. The main contents of this dissertation are following.
1．The basic information and theories of piezoelectric effects are concisely introduced. The fundamental theory and common practice of finite element in studying piezoelectric materials are presented.
2．Based on FE method, piezoelectric fiber composite materials are primary statically analyzed, and the analyses are focused on the key points that influence the performance of composite materials. For example, the size of piezoelectricity fiber's section, space between offset electrodes, width of offset electrodes, volume ratio of piezoelectricity and polymer, as well as two materials' several physical quantities, such as elastic modulus, poison's ratio, permittivity, and so on. Based on the results gained by the ANSYS FE imitated software, some entity modes are established.
3．The fabrication of composite materials is experimentally studied using the analytical results and model data. The following are the main work: developing high performance piezoelectric fiber; designing and making copper interdigitated electrodes; the entire materials being composed, solidified, thermally polarized, encapsulation molding etc, a series of experimentation.
4．By filtrating detection, piezoelectric fiber composite material elements eligible to demarcate on the AE technology are found, and the performance of this kind of elements on orthotropic characteristic, sensor, actuator performance, etc are tested.
引文
1．陶宝祺，熊克，袁慎芳等．智能材料结构．北京：国防工业出版社，1997
2．陈勇，熊克，王鑫伟，飞行器智能结构系统研究进展与关键问题．航空学报，2004，25(1)：21-25
3．田蔚．智能材料系统和结构中的压电材料．功能材料，1996，27(2)：103-109
4．王树彬，韩杰才，杜善义．压电陶瓷／聚合物的制备工艺及其性能研究进展．功能材料，1999，30(2)：113-117
5．张福学，王丽坤．现代压电学(上)．北京：科学出版社，2002
6．贾德昌，周劲松，王文等．电工材料．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2000
7．李运，秦自凯，周志刚等．压电蔚铁电的测量．北京：科学出版社，1984
8．张福学，王丽坤．现代压电学(下)．北京：科学出版社，2002
9．骆英．正交异性压电复合材料功能元件的研究．南京：南京航空航天大学博士论文，2000
10．万建国．压电复合材料及其在智能材料结构中的研究．南京：南京航空航天大学博士论文，1997
11. Newnham R E, Skinner D P, Cross L E. Connectivity and piezoelectric pyroelectric composites. Materials Research Bulletin, 1978, 13: 525-535
12. Glenn Whitworth. Discussion of one-d piezoelectric transducer models with loss. IEEE transaction on utrasonic, ferroelectrics and frequency control, 2000, 48(3): 844-846
13. Newham R E, Safari A, Davanzo S. Perforated PZT composites for hydrophone applications. American ceramic society bulletin, 1983, 62 (8): 855-855
14. Sherrit S, Wiederick H D, Mukherjee B K. Stress isolation PZT air composites. Ferroelectrics, 1992, 132(1-4): 61-68
15. Sherrit S, wiederick H D, Mukherjee BK. 0-3 Piezoelectric-glass composites ferroelectrics, 1992, 134(1-4): 65-69
16. Dias C, Das-Gupta D K, Yolanda Hinton et al. Polymer/ceramic composites for piezoelectric sensors. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 1993, 37-38(7-8): 343-347
17. Auld B A, Kunkel K A, Shui Y A et al. Proc. 1983 IEEE Ultrasonic Symposium, 1983, 554-558
18．耿学仓，李明栓．检测超声换能器用1-3型压电PZT／环氧复合材料及换能器的研究．应用声学，1992，10(5)：10-14
19．党长久，李明轩．1-3型压电复合材料．应用声学，1994，14(1)：1-6
20. Wang B. Three-dimensional Analysis of an Ellipsoidal Inclusion in a Piezoelectric Material. Int. J. Solids Structures, 1992, 29(3): 293-308
21. Wang B. Effective Behavior of Piezoelectric Composites. A SME Appl. Mech. Rev., 1994, 47(1), part2: s112-s121
22. Wilkie W, High J, Mirick P, et al. Low-Cost Piezocomposite Actuator for Structural Control Applications, Proceedings, SPIE's 7th International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, Newport Beach, California, March 5-9, 2000
23. Rossetti Jr G, Pizzochero A, Bent A. Recent Advances in Active Fiber Composites Technology, Proceedings of the 2000 12th IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics, 753-756, 2000
24. High J, Wilkie W. Method of Fabricating NASA-Standard Macro-Fiber Piezocomposite Actuators, NASA/TM-2003-212427, ARL TR2833, June 2003
25. Wilkie W. Piezoelectric Macro-Fiber Composite Actuator and Method for Making Same, U.S. Patent No. 6, 629341, October 7, 2003
26. Bent A A, Hagood N W, Rodgers J P. Anisotropic Actuation with Piezoelectric Fiber Composites. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 1995, 6(3): 338～349
27. Hagood N W, Bent A A. Development of Piezoelectric Fiber Composites for Structural Actuation. AIAA Paper No. 93-1717-cp, 1993
28. Bent A A. Active Fiber Composite Material Systems for Structural Control Applications. 1999, SPIE Vol. 3674: 166-177
29. Wickramasinghe V K, Hagood N W. Durability Characterization of Active Fiber Composite Actuators for Helicopter Rotor Blade Applications. 44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Con. 7-10, April 2003
30. Bent A A, Hagood N W. Improved Performance In Piezoelctric Fiber Composites Using Interdigitated Electrodes. SPIE Vol. 2441: 196-211
31．栾桂冬，张金铎，王仁乾．压电换能器和换能器阵．北京：北京大学出版社，2005
32．宋道仁，肖鸣山．压电效应及其应用．北京：科学普及出版社，1987
33．张福学，孙慷．压电学．北京：国防工业出版社，1984
34. L.J.Nelson. Smart piezoelectric fibre composites. Materials Science and Technology, 2002, Vol.18, 1245-1256
35. Hagood N W, Kindel R, Ghandi K. Improving transverse actuation of piezoceramics using interdigitated surface electrodes. 1993, SPIE, 1917(25): 341-352
36．刘永刚．基于ANSYS的交叉指形电极压电纤维复合材料仿真研究．南京：南京航空航天大学硕士论文，2005
37．沈毅．压电正交异性复合材料用于AE传感的初步研究．镇江：江苏大学硕士论文，2005
38．王树彬，韩杰才，杜善义．PZT／PVDF压电复合材料的合金化制备技术及其性能研究．宇航材料工艺，1999，6：314-317
39．陈平，刘胜平．环氧树脂．北京：化学工业出版社，1999
40. Jinhao Qiu, Junji Tani, Naoki Yanada, et al. fabrication of Pb(Nb,Ni)O_3-Pb(Zr, Ti)O_3 piezoelectric ceramic fibers by extrusion of a Sol-Powder mixture. Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2004, 15(8): 643-653
41．贾静茹，杨丽珍，马坤．实用丝网印刷技术．北京：化学工业出版社，2001
42. Henry A. Sodano. Macro-Fiber Composites for Sensing, Actuation and Power Generation. Master of Science. 2003, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
43．张有风．声发射传感器设计与标定．北京：清华大学硕士论文，2005
44．沈毅，骆英，朱建国．OPCM动态传感性能有限元分析与实验研究．传感技术学报，2004，17(3)：399-402
45．徐玲芳，陈文，周静．1-3型压电纤维复合材料研究现状与展望．陶瓷学报，2006，27(1)：145-150
2．陈勇，熊克，王鑫伟，飞行器智能结构系统研究进展与关键问题．航空学报，2004，25(1)：21-25
3．田蔚．智能材料系统和结构中的压电材料．功能材料，1996，27(2)：103-109
4．王树彬，韩杰才，杜善义．压电陶瓷／聚合物的制备工艺及其性能研究进展．功能材料，1999，30(2)：113-117
5．张福学，王丽坤．现代压电学(上)．北京：科学出版社，2002
6．贾德昌，周劲松，王文等．电工材料．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2000
7．李运，秦自凯，周志刚等．压电蔚铁电的测量．北京：科学出版社，1984
8．张福学，王丽坤．现代压电学(下)．北京：科学出版社，2002
9．骆英．正交异性压电复合材料功能元件的研究．南京：南京航空航天大学博士论文，2000
10．万建国．压电复合材料及其在智能材料结构中的研究．南京：南京航空航天大学博士论文，1997
11. Newnham R E, Skinner D P, Cross L E. Connectivity and piezoelectric pyroelectric composites. Materials Research Bulletin, 1978, 13: 525-535
12. Glenn Whitworth. Discussion of one-d piezoelectric transducer models with loss. IEEE transaction on utrasonic, ferroelectrics and frequency control, 2000, 48(3): 844-846
13. Newham R E, Safari A, Davanzo S. Perforated PZT composites for hydrophone applications. American ceramic society bulletin, 1983, 62 (8): 855-855
14. Sherrit S, Wiederick H D, Mukherjee B K. Stress isolation PZT air composites. Ferroelectrics, 1992, 132(1-4): 61-68
15. Sherrit S, wiederick H D, Mukherjee BK. 0-3 Piezoelectric-glass composites ferroelectrics, 1992, 134(1-4): 65-69
16. Dias C, Das-Gupta D K, Yolanda Hinton et al. Polymer/ceramic composites for piezoelectric sensors. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 1993, 37-38(7-8): 343-347
17. Auld B A, Kunkel K A, Shui Y A et al. Proc. 1983 IEEE Ultrasonic Symposium, 1983, 554-558
18．耿学仓，李明栓．检测超声换能器用1-3型压电PZT／环氧复合材料及换能器的研究．应用声学，1992，10(5)：10-14
19．党长久，李明轩．1-3型压电复合材料．应用声学，1994，14(1)：1-6
20. Wang B. Three-dimensional Analysis of an Ellipsoidal Inclusion in a Piezoelectric Material. Int. J. Solids Structures, 1992, 29(3): 293-308
21. Wang B. Effective Behavior of Piezoelectric Composites. A SME Appl. Mech. Rev., 1994, 47(1), part2: s112-s121
22. Wilkie W, High J, Mirick P, et al. Low-Cost Piezocomposite Actuator for Structural Control Applications, Proceedings, SPIE's 7th International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, Newport Beach, California, March 5-9, 2000
23. Rossetti Jr G, Pizzochero A, Bent A. Recent Advances in Active Fiber Composites Technology, Proceedings of the 2000 12th IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics, 753-756, 2000
24. High J, Wilkie W. Method of Fabricating NASA-Standard Macro-Fiber Piezocomposite Actuators, NASA/TM-2003-212427, ARL TR2833, June 2003
25. Wilkie W. Piezoelectric Macro-Fiber Composite Actuator and Method for Making Same, U.S. Patent No. 6, 629341, October 7, 2003
26. Bent A A, Hagood N W, Rodgers J P. Anisotropic Actuation with Piezoelectric Fiber Composites. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 1995, 6(3): 338～349
27. Hagood N W, Bent A A. Development of Piezoelectric Fiber Composites for Structural Actuation. AIAA Paper No. 93-1717-cp, 1993
28. Bent A A. Active Fiber Composite Material Systems for Structural Control Applications. 1999, SPIE Vol. 3674: 166-177
29. Wickramasinghe V K, Hagood N W. Durability Characterization of Active Fiber Composite Actuators for Helicopter Rotor Blade Applications. 44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Con. 7-10, April 2003
30. Bent A A, Hagood N W. Improved Performance In Piezoelctric Fiber Composites Using Interdigitated Electrodes. SPIE Vol. 2441: 196-211
31．栾桂冬，张金铎，王仁乾．压电换能器和换能器阵．北京：北京大学出版社，2005
32．宋道仁，肖鸣山．压电效应及其应用．北京：科学普及出版社，1987
33．张福学，孙慷．压电学．北京：国防工业出版社，1984
34. L.J.Nelson. Smart piezoelectric fibre composites. Materials Science and Technology, 2002, Vol.18, 1245-1256
35. Hagood N W, Kindel R, Ghandi K. Improving transverse actuation of piezoceramics using interdigitated surface electrodes. 1993, SPIE, 1917(25): 341-352
36．刘永刚．基于ANSYS的交叉指形电极压电纤维复合材料仿真研究．南京：南京航空航天大学硕士论文，2005
37．沈毅．压电正交异性复合材料用于AE传感的初步研究．镇江：江苏大学硕士论文，2005
38．王树彬，韩杰才，杜善义．PZT／PVDF压电复合材料的合金化制备技术及其性能研究．宇航材料工艺，1999，6：314-317
39．陈平，刘胜平．环氧树脂．北京：化学工业出版社，1999
40. Jinhao Qiu, Junji Tani, Naoki Yanada, et al. fabrication of Pb(Nb,Ni)O_3-Pb(Zr, Ti)O_3 piezoelectric ceramic fibers by extrusion of a Sol-Powder mixture. Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2004, 15(8): 643-653
41．贾静茹，杨丽珍，马坤．实用丝网印刷技术．北京：化学工业出版社，2001
42. Henry A. Sodano. Macro-Fiber Composites for Sensing, Actuation and Power Generation. Master of Science. 2003, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
43．张有风．声发射传感器设计与标定．北京：清华大学硕士论文，2005
44．沈毅，骆英，朱建国．OPCM动态传感性能有限元分析与实验研究．传感技术学报，2004，17(3)：399-402
45．徐玲芳，陈文，周静．1-3型压电纤维复合材料研究现状与展望．陶瓷学报，2006，27(1)：145-150
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