高温发汗自润滑金属陶瓷的制备、表征及摩擦学特性研究
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摘要
高温发汗自润滑是基于生物体汗腺结构和发汗原理提出的一种新型自润滑技术,其材料是由汗腺式微孔金属陶瓷硬质相和多元润滑剂软质相组成的互穿网络结构复合体,其润滑机理是在高温摩擦热—应力作用下将复合体中的润滑剂沿着汗腺式有序孔通道扩散至摩擦界面实现自补偿润滑:该研究是在国家自然科学基金的资助下完成的。
本文在回顾多孔材料、高温固体自润滑材料以及仿生结构材料的发展与研究现状基础上,基于人体汗腺结构与发汗机理,首次提出高温发汗自润滑的概念;并采用二次复合造孔法,在真空条件下制备出具有汗腺式微孔金属陶瓷基体;通过真空压力熔浸多元固体润滑剂,制备出了高温发汗自润滑复合材料;并对其设计理论、微观结构、摩擦学特性及自润滑机理进行了系统的研究。
为实现汗腺式微孔表层分布的有序化和内胞孔的相互贯通化,文中基于高温扩散自润滑机理和人体汗腺结构特征,通过结构和功能仿生模拟,建立了汗腺式微孔结构特征模型;基于烧结过程中孔隙演化的分析,对该模型进行了统计数学分析,探讨了孔结构形态、尺寸、孔径分布及孔隙度的可控机理。
为实现汗腺式烧结体的孔结构可控和强韧性可控的双重目的,论文在对材料基体组分进行摩擦学设计的同时,组合出一种能在烧结过程中逐级分解的复合造孔剂孔—TiH_2+CaCO_3复合体,并辅以Al_2O_3超细颗粒为弥散质点;创新出一种二次复合造孔的液-固相烧结新工艺,制备出了具有均匀开口于表层且内互贯通的有序孔汗腺式高强度基体。
为实现汗腺式金属陶瓷的高温自润滑,论文基于软金属的成膜特点、湿润性和熔点差,组合出一种以Pb-Sn-Ag-RE为主体的复合固体润滑剂;并采用真空压浸工艺熔渗进汗腺式高强基体中,实现了发汗金属陶瓷的高温自润滑功能。
文中以制备出的TiC-FeCrWMoV系高温发汗自润滑金属陶瓷为典型研究对象,微观分析了其孔隙结构特征、力学性能和摩擦学特性。实验和理论分析表明:所制备的金属陶瓷自润滑材料,其孔隙形态呈规则的圆形或方形,孔径分布均匀且服从瑞利分布规律,硬质相与润滑相互相贯穿成网络状;既具有高的压溃强度和耐磨性,又具有良好的高温自润滑性能(600℃时,平均摩擦系数为0.26～0.29,磨损率为6.3×10~(-6)～9.6×10~(-6)mm~3/Nm)。
EDXA和XRD的磨损表面分析表明,该材料在摩擦磨损过程中,润滑组元可通过微孔通道扩散析出材料基体,在摩擦表面形成一层含有Pb、Sn、Ag、Cu等元素的复合润滑膜。文中基于SEM表面形貌分析,探讨了高温扩散自补偿润滑膜结构特征和成膜机理。
As a new self-lubricating technology,the high temperature sweating selflubrication is put forward based on human's sweat-gland structure and its sweating mechanisms.Its materials are composed of hard phase of metal ceramics with sweatgland structure and soft phase of multi-element solid lubricants.The mechanism of self-lubrication is that the lubricants deposited in the composites were diffused out to the friction interface through orderly pore channels of the composites with sweatgland structure.The research project has been supported financially by National Natural Science Foundation of P.R.China.
Research status and developing trends of porous materials,high temperature solid self-lubrication composites and biomimetic structural materials were reviewed in this dissertation.A new concept of high temperature sweating self-lubrication was brought forward.Using a two-time pore-forming method,a metal ceramic preform with sweat-gland structure was fabricated by powder metallurgy method. Subsequently,a new type high temperature sweating self-lubrication metal ceramics was manufactured successfully through infiltrating molten solid lubricants into the preforms in vacuum.The design theories,micro structure,tribological characteristics and self-lubricating mechanisms were were analyzed systemtically.
For achieving ordering array of the micropores on the surface and the inner interpenetration of sweat gland structure micro pores,a micro-pore model describing the characteristics of the sweat gland structural micro pores was established through structural and functional imitation of human' sweat-gland structure.Based on the study of pore evolution during the powder metallurgy sintering process,the model was statistical approach analyzed.Subsequently,mechanisms for controlling poreshape, pore-structure and pore-size distribution were developed.
To control both the pore structure and the toughness of sweat-gland structural sinteres,besides the tribological design of the composition of composite matrix,a compound pore-forming agent,TiH_2 and CaCO_3,which can decompose sequentially was made.Fine Al_2O_3 particles were included as dispersion.A new solid-liquid sintering technology through two-time pore forming method was innovated.As a result,strong sinters with a sweat gland structure and interconnected and uniformly opened micro-pores on the surface were fabricated.
For achieving high temperature self-lubrication properties of metal ceramics with sweat gland structure,a compound solid lubricants composed of lead,tin,silver and rare earth elements was created based on the characteristics of self-lubrication film forming process,difference in the melting points and wettability of soft metal solid lubricants.The compound solid lubricants were infiltrated into high intensity sinters with sweat gland structure using high pressure infiltrating method in vacuum. Metal ceramic composites fabricated through this method possess good high temperature self-lubrication properties.
Using TiC-FeCrWMoV high temperature self-lubrication metal ceramics with sweat gland structure as the representative objective,the characteristics of the pore structure,mechanical properties and tribological properties were investigated microscopically.The experimental studies and the theoretical analysis reveal that the metal ceramics have homogeneous regular pores as well as a narrower pore size distribution and high pore connectivity.The pore size distribution was approximately fitted by the Rayleigh distribution curve.These materials where both solid lubricant phase and matrix phase were interpenetrating throughout the microstructure possessed high intensity,fine wear resistance and a good self-lubrication properties (at 600℃,the average friction coefficient ranging from 0.26 to 0.29 and the wear rate ranging from 6.3×10~(-6)～9.6×10~(-6)mm~3/Nm).
By means of energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX)and X-ray diffraction (XRD),it was found that the lubricating elements were diffused or squeezed out of the matrix,forming a thin lubricating film consisting of lead,tin,silver,copper et al on the friction surface.A model for describing the forming process of solid lubricating film was established based on the analysis of SEM topography.The mechanism of self-lubrication of the high temperature sweating self-lubrication composites with sweat gland structure was studied.
本文在回顾多孔材料、高温固体自润滑材料以及仿生结构材料的发展与研究现状基础上,基于人体汗腺结构与发汗机理,首次提出高温发汗自润滑的概念;并采用二次复合造孔法,在真空条件下制备出具有汗腺式微孔金属陶瓷基体;通过真空压力熔浸多元固体润滑剂,制备出了高温发汗自润滑复合材料;并对其设计理论、微观结构、摩擦学特性及自润滑机理进行了系统的研究。
为实现汗腺式微孔表层分布的有序化和内胞孔的相互贯通化,文中基于高温扩散自润滑机理和人体汗腺结构特征,通过结构和功能仿生模拟,建立了汗腺式微孔结构特征模型;基于烧结过程中孔隙演化的分析,对该模型进行了统计数学分析,探讨了孔结构形态、尺寸、孔径分布及孔隙度的可控机理。
为实现汗腺式烧结体的孔结构可控和强韧性可控的双重目的,论文在对材料基体组分进行摩擦学设计的同时,组合出一种能在烧结过程中逐级分解的复合造孔剂孔—TiH_2+CaCO_3复合体,并辅以Al_2O_3超细颗粒为弥散质点;创新出一种二次复合造孔的液-固相烧结新工艺,制备出了具有均匀开口于表层且内互贯通的有序孔汗腺式高强度基体。
为实现汗腺式金属陶瓷的高温自润滑,论文基于软金属的成膜特点、湿润性和熔点差,组合出一种以Pb-Sn-Ag-RE为主体的复合固体润滑剂;并采用真空压浸工艺熔渗进汗腺式高强基体中,实现了发汗金属陶瓷的高温自润滑功能。
文中以制备出的TiC-FeCrWMoV系高温发汗自润滑金属陶瓷为典型研究对象,微观分析了其孔隙结构特征、力学性能和摩擦学特性。实验和理论分析表明:所制备的金属陶瓷自润滑材料,其孔隙形态呈规则的圆形或方形,孔径分布均匀且服从瑞利分布规律,硬质相与润滑相互相贯穿成网络状;既具有高的压溃强度和耐磨性,又具有良好的高温自润滑性能(600℃时,平均摩擦系数为0.26～0.29,磨损率为6.3×10~(-6)～9.6×10~(-6)mm~3/Nm)。
EDXA和XRD的磨损表面分析表明,该材料在摩擦磨损过程中,润滑组元可通过微孔通道扩散析出材料基体,在摩擦表面形成一层含有Pb、Sn、Ag、Cu等元素的复合润滑膜。文中基于SEM表面形貌分析,探讨了高温扩散自补偿润滑膜结构特征和成膜机理。
As a new self-lubricating technology,the high temperature sweating selflubrication is put forward based on human's sweat-gland structure and its sweating mechanisms.Its materials are composed of hard phase of metal ceramics with sweatgland structure and soft phase of multi-element solid lubricants.The mechanism of self-lubrication is that the lubricants deposited in the composites were diffused out to the friction interface through orderly pore channels of the composites with sweatgland structure.The research project has been supported financially by National Natural Science Foundation of P.R.China.
Research status and developing trends of porous materials,high temperature solid self-lubrication composites and biomimetic structural materials were reviewed in this dissertation.A new concept of high temperature sweating self-lubrication was brought forward.Using a two-time pore-forming method,a metal ceramic preform with sweat-gland structure was fabricated by powder metallurgy method. Subsequently,a new type high temperature sweating self-lubrication metal ceramics was manufactured successfully through infiltrating molten solid lubricants into the preforms in vacuum.The design theories,micro structure,tribological characteristics and self-lubricating mechanisms were were analyzed systemtically.
For achieving ordering array of the micropores on the surface and the inner interpenetration of sweat gland structure micro pores,a micro-pore model describing the characteristics of the sweat gland structural micro pores was established through structural and functional imitation of human' sweat-gland structure.Based on the study of pore evolution during the powder metallurgy sintering process,the model was statistical approach analyzed.Subsequently,mechanisms for controlling poreshape, pore-structure and pore-size distribution were developed.
To control both the pore structure and the toughness of sweat-gland structural sinteres,besides the tribological design of the composition of composite matrix,a compound pore-forming agent,TiH_2 and CaCO_3,which can decompose sequentially was made.Fine Al_2O_3 particles were included as dispersion.A new solid-liquid sintering technology through two-time pore forming method was innovated.As a result,strong sinters with a sweat gland structure and interconnected and uniformly opened micro-pores on the surface were fabricated.
For achieving high temperature self-lubrication properties of metal ceramics with sweat gland structure,a compound solid lubricants composed of lead,tin,silver and rare earth elements was created based on the characteristics of self-lubrication film forming process,difference in the melting points and wettability of soft metal solid lubricants.The compound solid lubricants were infiltrated into high intensity sinters with sweat gland structure using high pressure infiltrating method in vacuum. Metal ceramic composites fabricated through this method possess good high temperature self-lubrication properties.
Using TiC-FeCrWMoV high temperature self-lubrication metal ceramics with sweat gland structure as the representative objective,the characteristics of the pore structure,mechanical properties and tribological properties were investigated microscopically.The experimental studies and the theoretical analysis reveal that the metal ceramics have homogeneous regular pores as well as a narrower pore size distribution and high pore connectivity.The pore size distribution was approximately fitted by the Rayleigh distribution curve.These materials where both solid lubricant phase and matrix phase were interpenetrating throughout the microstructure possessed high intensity,fine wear resistance and a good self-lubrication properties (at 600℃,the average friction coefficient ranging from 0.26 to 0.29 and the wear rate ranging from 6.3×10~(-6)～9.6×10~(-6)mm~3/Nm).
By means of energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX)and X-ray diffraction (XRD),it was found that the lubricating elements were diffused or squeezed out of the matrix,forming a thin lubricating film consisting of lead,tin,silver,copper et al on the friction surface.A model for describing the forming process of solid lubricating film was established based on the analysis of SEM topography.The mechanism of self-lubrication of the high temperature sweating self-lubrication composites with sweat gland structure was studied.
引文
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