北京房山区黄院采石场松散堆积体生态修复技术研究
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摘要
生态修复技术是治理矿业废弃地水土流失、快速恢复植被的关键技术。长期以来,无序开山采石造成的采石场山体破坏严重威胁着区域的生态安全,而采石场土壤条件差、水分渗漏严重、植被成活率低等问题也严重制约着该区植被恢复和水土流失治理研究的开展。尤其是开采后剩余的大量废弃渣土和粒径大小不一的砾石等松散堆积物随意倾倒并形成的裸露坡面等立地环境,是采石场水土流失治理及植被恢复的重点和难点。为此,本研究在北京山区(房山区黄院采石场)经过人工整地后的松散堆积体平台及坡面中,从土壤、水分和植被等因素的角度开展了生态修复技术野外试验,在昌平区,利用一定粒径大小的废弃渣土(取自房山区)开展了室内、盆栽及大田试验生态修复技术试验,并提出了北京山区采石场一系列的生态修复技术。主要研究结论如下：
1)通过指标测定发现,黄院采石场松散堆积物(粒径小于2mm)的理化性能较差,重金属含量极低,松散堆积体坡面的坡度越大,水土流失现象越严重,高度相差越大,漏水现象越明显。
2)通过盆栽、大田和野外压实试验得出：粒径小于40mm的细角砾土的最大干密度为1.95g/cm3,最优含水量为6.1%。随着压实度的增加,干密度逐渐增大,含水量逐渐减小,孔隙比逐渐减小,饱和度(持水度)呈上升趋势。压实技术能够提高约50%的土壤体积含水量,水坠处理和压实度为70%两种压实技术效果最优,且适宜生长的植物为：紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa Linn.)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)和刺槐(Black Locust)。压实度相同的前提下,采用压实深度为1m-3m的压实工艺效果最优,适宜生长的植物为火炬树(Rhus typhina)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)。
3)抗旱保水袋应用技术试验得出：抗旱保水袋具有良好的吸水和保水性能,应用抗旱保水袋能够显著增加松散堆积体的土壤体积含水量23.3%-48.5%,提高成活率25.6%-69.5%。选用不同规格及用量的保水袋进行造林,要针对该地区是否缺水严重及苗木规格进行选择。
4)通过盆栽、大田和野外覆盖试验得出：局部覆盖条件下,地膜覆盖优于有机废弃物覆盖优于粗砾石覆盖；全部覆盖条件下,有机废弃物覆盖优于地膜覆盖优于粗砾石覆盖,能有效降低地表温度19.1%、减少土壤蒸发14.8%、能够提高8%-30%的土壤体积含水量,使华山松(Pinus armandii)的当年生长量增加22.8%,油松和火炬树的平均成活率和保存率提高20%左右,生长指标平均增加17.2%-20.3%。因此,宜采用有机废弃物覆盖+火炬树或油松、粗砾石覆盖+火炬树或油松以及地膜覆盖+火炬树或油松3种保水覆盖技术模式。
5)松散堆积物资源化技术试验得出：种植土、矿化垃圾和风干污水污泥能够为松散堆积物提供必要的化学营养成分,有效调节松散堆积物的pH值。种植土含量为10%-40%时,对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和侧柏的生长最有利；矿化垃圾和风干污水污泥含量越高,松散堆积物的土壤体积含水量越大,油松的成活率和保存率越高,生长量也越大；在采石场困难立地应用比例为30%-50%的矿化垃圾改良技术和比例为40%-60%的风干污水污泥改良技术可行而且效果显著。
6)平铺生态袋绿化技术试验得出：生态袋技术减少松散体坡面径流和泥沙的效应均与平均雨强和坡度基本呈正相关,随着平均雨强和坡度的增大,生态袋防治水土流失的效应逐渐增强。其中当平均雨强为5.1mm/h和坡度为35°时,生态袋的减流效应最显著；当平均雨强为12.0mm/h和坡度为25°时,生态袋的减沙效应最显著。随着恢复时间的增长,径流量随着年降雨量的增加而增大,产沙量随着年降雨量的增加而减小。
7)通过植物选择与配置试验得出：通过样方调查法研究发现,采石场植被的植物种数虽然较多,但种类比较单一,随着恢复时间的增长,植物种数差异不大,乔木和灌木稍有增加,草本植物稍有减少,生活型逐渐多样化,多年生植物逐渐占据优势,且有着逐渐向草灌层及乔灌层演变的趋势。通过综合优势比较法总结出适宜于采石场植被演替的2种主要群丛类型：火炬树-荆条(Vitex negundo Linn.)-狗尾草(Setaria viridis (Linn.) Beauv.)群丛；臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)-沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens Pall.)-狗尾草(Setaria viridis(Linn.) Beauv.)群丛。通过成活率、生长高度和覆盖度的综合分析,筛选得出23种适生性强的优势植物。
综上分析,本研究结论形成了一套较为完善的北京山区采石场生态修复技术。
Ecological restoration technology is important to the mining wasteland for soil erosion and water Loss control and fast revegatation. For many years, the destruction of the quarry mountain by disordered quarrying caused serious threat to the regional ecological security. The problem of barren soil, serious water drainage and low survival rate seriously restrict the study of vegetation construction and control of soil and water erosion in this area. In particular, the site environment of the mixture of large loose deposits with different particle diameter gravels by random dumping on the natural slope is the emphasis and difficulty to vegetation construction and control of soil and water erosion.
So, based on the artificial preparation condition of the platform and slope of loose accumulation, the author did the field experiment of ecological technology system from the degree of soil, water and revegatation factor in southwest mountain of Fangshan region; and developed the laboratory, pot and farmland experiment research of the ecological technology in Changping region by loose deposits of Fangshan region; and put forward a series of ecological technologies. The results are as follows:
1) Through the study, the author found the basic physical and chemical properties of loose deposits were bad, the heavy metal content was very low. By the steeper slope, the condition of soil and water loss was more serious. By the bigger difference in elevation, the phenomenon of water leakage was more obvious.
2) The author did a pot, farmland and field experiment to conclude that the maximum dry density was1.95g/cm3and the optimum moisture content was6.1%. With increasing compaction degree, dry density was increased; the water content and the porosity ratio were decreased gradually; the soil saturation (water retention) was an upward trend. The compaction technology could increase the volumetric soil and water content of50%; the two treatments of hydraulic fill of water and the compaction degree of70%were better; the suitable plants were Medicago sativa Linn., Platycladus orientalis and Black Locust. In the same compaction degree of70%, the author proposed the best compaction process of the compaction depth of1-3meters which could grow two plants of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. and Rhus typhina Nutt.
3) The author concluded that the drought resisting water retention bag had the best water absorption and water retention capability. The technology could increase the volumetric soil and water content of23.3%-48.5%, and improving the survival rate of25.6%-69.5%. The author suggested choosing different kinds of resisting water retention bags according to the water condition of the region.
4) The author did a pot, farmland and field experiment to conclude that the plastic film mulching was better than the organic waste and gravel mulching treatments in the part mulching condition. With the complete mulching condition, the effect of the organic waste mulching was best. Using the mulching technology could decrease the surface temperature of19.1%, and reducing the soil evaporation of14.8%, and increasing the volumetric soil moisture content of8%-30%, and increasing Pimts armandii biomass of22.8%. The survival rate and the growth index were increased about20%and17.2%-20.3%of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. and Rhus typhina Nutt, In all, there were there mulching technologies: organic waste mulching+Rhus typhina or Pinus tabulaeformis, gravel mulching+Rhus typhina or Pinus tabulaeformis. and plastic film mulching+Rhus typhina or Pinus tabulaeformis.
5) The experiment of loose deposits improvement resource concluded that farmland soil, aged refused humus soil and sewage sludge could provide the necessary chemical nutrients, and adjust the pH of the loose debris effectively. They could improve the volumetric soil and water content, the survival rate and the growth of Platycladus orientalis, Festuca arundinacea and Pinus tabulaeformis. In all, there were the ratio accounted for10%-40%,30%-50%and40%-60%of farmland soil, aged refused humus soil and sewage sludge improving technologies.
6) It was found that it could reduce water losses and soil erosion observably with ecological bag technology, and there had good correlation basically with the good effect of reducing runoff and sediment yield and the rainfall intensity and slope. With the increase of rainfall intensity and slope, the values of runoff and sediment with ecological bag technology were lower than the contrast. The effect of reducing runoff was notable with the rainfall intensity of5.1mm/h and the slope of35°. The effect of reducing sediment yield was notable with the rainfall intensity of12.0mm/h and the slope of25°.The value of runoff was higher and the sediment yield was lower by the increasing annual rainfall by using the ecological bag technology.
7) The experiment of selection and configuration of the plants concluded that the species numbers were more but little kinds. By the restoration years increased, there were no difference in the species numbers, but had some arbor and shrubs increased. The herb reduced slightly, and the life form diversify, and the perennials plants take advantage gradually. The plants would success from herb layer to herb and shrub layer and arbor, shrub layer. The author summarized two primary plant communities by the method of summed dominance ratio:Rhus typhina-Vitex negundo Linn.-Setaria viridis (Linn.) Beauw; Ailanthus altissima-Astragalus adsurgens Pall.-Setaria viridis (Linn.) Beauv. By the comprehensive analysis of the survival rate and the growth height and coverage, the author screened23strong adaptability dominant plants.
By analysis, the conclusions of this study formed a set of perfect ecological restoration technologies in deserted quarry in the mountain of Beijing.
1)通过指标测定发现,黄院采石场松散堆积物(粒径小于2mm)的理化性能较差,重金属含量极低,松散堆积体坡面的坡度越大,水土流失现象越严重,高度相差越大,漏水现象越明显。
2)通过盆栽、大田和野外压实试验得出：粒径小于40mm的细角砾土的最大干密度为1.95g/cm3,最优含水量为6.1%。随着压实度的增加,干密度逐渐增大,含水量逐渐减小,孔隙比逐渐减小,饱和度(持水度)呈上升趋势。压实技术能够提高约50%的土壤体积含水量,水坠处理和压实度为70%两种压实技术效果最优,且适宜生长的植物为：紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa Linn.)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)和刺槐(Black Locust)。压实度相同的前提下,采用压实深度为1m-3m的压实工艺效果最优,适宜生长的植物为火炬树(Rhus typhina)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)。
3)抗旱保水袋应用技术试验得出：抗旱保水袋具有良好的吸水和保水性能,应用抗旱保水袋能够显著增加松散堆积体的土壤体积含水量23.3%-48.5%,提高成活率25.6%-69.5%。选用不同规格及用量的保水袋进行造林,要针对该地区是否缺水严重及苗木规格进行选择。
4)通过盆栽、大田和野外覆盖试验得出：局部覆盖条件下,地膜覆盖优于有机废弃物覆盖优于粗砾石覆盖；全部覆盖条件下,有机废弃物覆盖优于地膜覆盖优于粗砾石覆盖,能有效降低地表温度19.1%、减少土壤蒸发14.8%、能够提高8%-30%的土壤体积含水量,使华山松(Pinus armandii)的当年生长量增加22.8%,油松和火炬树的平均成活率和保存率提高20%左右,生长指标平均增加17.2%-20.3%。因此,宜采用有机废弃物覆盖+火炬树或油松、粗砾石覆盖+火炬树或油松以及地膜覆盖+火炬树或油松3种保水覆盖技术模式。
5)松散堆积物资源化技术试验得出：种植土、矿化垃圾和风干污水污泥能够为松散堆积物提供必要的化学营养成分,有效调节松散堆积物的pH值。种植土含量为10%-40%时,对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和侧柏的生长最有利；矿化垃圾和风干污水污泥含量越高,松散堆积物的土壤体积含水量越大,油松的成活率和保存率越高,生长量也越大；在采石场困难立地应用比例为30%-50%的矿化垃圾改良技术和比例为40%-60%的风干污水污泥改良技术可行而且效果显著。
6)平铺生态袋绿化技术试验得出：生态袋技术减少松散体坡面径流和泥沙的效应均与平均雨强和坡度基本呈正相关,随着平均雨强和坡度的增大,生态袋防治水土流失的效应逐渐增强。其中当平均雨强为5.1mm/h和坡度为35°时,生态袋的减流效应最显著；当平均雨强为12.0mm/h和坡度为25°时,生态袋的减沙效应最显著。随着恢复时间的增长,径流量随着年降雨量的增加而增大,产沙量随着年降雨量的增加而减小。
7)通过植物选择与配置试验得出：通过样方调查法研究发现,采石场植被的植物种数虽然较多,但种类比较单一,随着恢复时间的增长,植物种数差异不大,乔木和灌木稍有增加,草本植物稍有减少,生活型逐渐多样化,多年生植物逐渐占据优势,且有着逐渐向草灌层及乔灌层演变的趋势。通过综合优势比较法总结出适宜于采石场植被演替的2种主要群丛类型：火炬树-荆条(Vitex negundo Linn.)-狗尾草(Setaria viridis (Linn.) Beauv.)群丛；臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)-沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens Pall.)-狗尾草(Setaria viridis(Linn.) Beauv.)群丛。通过成活率、生长高度和覆盖度的综合分析,筛选得出23种适生性强的优势植物。
综上分析,本研究结论形成了一套较为完善的北京山区采石场生态修复技术。
Ecological restoration technology is important to the mining wasteland for soil erosion and water Loss control and fast revegatation. For many years, the destruction of the quarry mountain by disordered quarrying caused serious threat to the regional ecological security. The problem of barren soil, serious water drainage and low survival rate seriously restrict the study of vegetation construction and control of soil and water erosion in this area. In particular, the site environment of the mixture of large loose deposits with different particle diameter gravels by random dumping on the natural slope is the emphasis and difficulty to vegetation construction and control of soil and water erosion.
So, based on the artificial preparation condition of the platform and slope of loose accumulation, the author did the field experiment of ecological technology system from the degree of soil, water and revegatation factor in southwest mountain of Fangshan region; and developed the laboratory, pot and farmland experiment research of the ecological technology in Changping region by loose deposits of Fangshan region; and put forward a series of ecological technologies. The results are as follows:
1) Through the study, the author found the basic physical and chemical properties of loose deposits were bad, the heavy metal content was very low. By the steeper slope, the condition of soil and water loss was more serious. By the bigger difference in elevation, the phenomenon of water leakage was more obvious.
2) The author did a pot, farmland and field experiment to conclude that the maximum dry density was1.95g/cm3and the optimum moisture content was6.1%. With increasing compaction degree, dry density was increased; the water content and the porosity ratio were decreased gradually; the soil saturation (water retention) was an upward trend. The compaction technology could increase the volumetric soil and water content of50%; the two treatments of hydraulic fill of water and the compaction degree of70%were better; the suitable plants were Medicago sativa Linn., Platycladus orientalis and Black Locust. In the same compaction degree of70%, the author proposed the best compaction process of the compaction depth of1-3meters which could grow two plants of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. and Rhus typhina Nutt.
3) The author concluded that the drought resisting water retention bag had the best water absorption and water retention capability. The technology could increase the volumetric soil and water content of23.3%-48.5%, and improving the survival rate of25.6%-69.5%. The author suggested choosing different kinds of resisting water retention bags according to the water condition of the region.
4) The author did a pot, farmland and field experiment to conclude that the plastic film mulching was better than the organic waste and gravel mulching treatments in the part mulching condition. With the complete mulching condition, the effect of the organic waste mulching was best. Using the mulching technology could decrease the surface temperature of19.1%, and reducing the soil evaporation of14.8%, and increasing the volumetric soil moisture content of8%-30%, and increasing Pimts armandii biomass of22.8%. The survival rate and the growth index were increased about20%and17.2%-20.3%of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. and Rhus typhina Nutt, In all, there were there mulching technologies: organic waste mulching+Rhus typhina or Pinus tabulaeformis, gravel mulching+Rhus typhina or Pinus tabulaeformis. and plastic film mulching+Rhus typhina or Pinus tabulaeformis.
5) The experiment of loose deposits improvement resource concluded that farmland soil, aged refused humus soil and sewage sludge could provide the necessary chemical nutrients, and adjust the pH of the loose debris effectively. They could improve the volumetric soil and water content, the survival rate and the growth of Platycladus orientalis, Festuca arundinacea and Pinus tabulaeformis. In all, there were the ratio accounted for10%-40%,30%-50%and40%-60%of farmland soil, aged refused humus soil and sewage sludge improving technologies.
6) It was found that it could reduce water losses and soil erosion observably with ecological bag technology, and there had good correlation basically with the good effect of reducing runoff and sediment yield and the rainfall intensity and slope. With the increase of rainfall intensity and slope, the values of runoff and sediment with ecological bag technology were lower than the contrast. The effect of reducing runoff was notable with the rainfall intensity of5.1mm/h and the slope of35°. The effect of reducing sediment yield was notable with the rainfall intensity of12.0mm/h and the slope of25°.The value of runoff was higher and the sediment yield was lower by the increasing annual rainfall by using the ecological bag technology.
7) The experiment of selection and configuration of the plants concluded that the species numbers were more but little kinds. By the restoration years increased, there were no difference in the species numbers, but had some arbor and shrubs increased. The herb reduced slightly, and the life form diversify, and the perennials plants take advantage gradually. The plants would success from herb layer to herb and shrub layer and arbor, shrub layer. The author summarized two primary plant communities by the method of summed dominance ratio:Rhus typhina-Vitex negundo Linn.-Setaria viridis (Linn.) Beauw; Ailanthus altissima-Astragalus adsurgens Pall.-Setaria viridis (Linn.) Beauv. By the comprehensive analysis of the survival rate and the growth height and coverage, the author screened23strong adaptability dominant plants.
By analysis, the conclusions of this study formed a set of perfect ecological restoration technologies in deserted quarry in the mountain of Beijing.
引文
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