工业与民用建筑智能预应力张拉装置的研制
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摘要
预应力数字化张拉技术是采用数字化张拉设备直接进行预应力张拉的施工技术，是计算机和控制技术在土木工程施工中的具体应用，该技术的研究有着重要的工程背景与广阔的应用前景。
智能预应力张拉仪是本课题组研制的专利产品，本专利产品利用数字化传感技术和PLC可编程控制技术成功地实现了预应力结构施工时预应力筋张拉控制力和张拉伸长值的双重闭环控制，整个预应力张拉施工过程只需一次按键即可完成，并且通过人机界面—触摸屏可实现对预应力筋的张拉控制力和张拉伸长值进行时时动态监测，当张拉过程中出现不合规范要求的情况时，声光报警设备自动报警。复合力传感器是该研究的一个发明点，是根据被测结构专门设计的一种穿心式传感器，与千斤顶做成一体化，可同时完成对中、锚固和测力三项功能。该预应力张拉施工工艺有效地改进了传统的预应力张拉施工工艺，大大提高了预应力施工的张拉精度和效率，能够保证张拉精度在1％的范围内，且有效地避免了工程事故的发生。
本文利用大型有限元分析软件—ANSYS5.7.1对无粘结预应力砼结构中预应力筋在张拉阶段与使用阶段的应力情况进行了研究，主要内容包括：(1)张拉锚固完的单根预应力砼梁，在考虑及不考虑温度变化的影响时，对预应力筋中的有效预应力进行研究；(2)将同一预应力砼梁分别置于一、二、三层预应
太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文
力硅结构中，对该梁施以相同的张拉控制条件，研究锚固后在
该梁中建立的有效预应力;(3)以三层预应力硅结构为例，以
张拉锚固完的底层预应力硅梁为研究对象，研究不同层预应力
筋的张拉顺序及温度变化对底层梁预应力筋建立有效预应力的
影响。通过研究可得以下结论:预应力结构中，不同层预应力
筋张拉施工时，因张拉次序不同而对预应力筋有效应力的影响
可以忽略;但是温度变化对预应力硷结构中预应力筋建立的有
效预应力产生的影响较大，该影响大大超出了《建筑工程质量
验收统一标准》GB50300一2001中对机械张拉时，实测预应力
值与设计规定值偏差士5%的合格标准，因此，在高层钢筋硅框
架结构施工中，若不考虑温度变化对预应力张拉施工的影响，
将无法满足现行的质量标准要求。
为让施工操作人员对智能预应力张拉装置的张拉施工过程
有一个清楚的认识，本文运用三维动画制作软件一3DMAX模拟
了该装置的张拉施工过程，以便该装置在工程实践中大力推广
应用。
本文的计算结果与结论对预应力张拉施工有着重要的理论
指导意义和很高的应用价值。
Digital tension technology of prestressed concrete is to use digitizer in tension construction. It is the particular application of modern computer technology and controlling technology in civil engineering construction. The research on digital tension technology has important backgrounds of engineering and broad prospects of application.
Intelligent tension instrument of prestressed concrete is a patent developed by our subject group. The patent realizes successfully bi-controlling of prestressed reinforcing steel bar's tensioning force and length in construction with digital and sensing technology and PLC controlling technology. The whole prestress tensioning process can finish only once pressing keyboard. Furthermore, prestressed reinforcing steel bar's tensioning force and length are supervised in construction with screen. When prestressed reinforcing steel bar's tensioning force and length do not accord with criterion, sound and light system gives an alarm automatically. Multiple force sensor is a invention according as
measured structure. It is fixuped with jack and can aim at center, fixup and measure force. The achievements of this patent improve greatly construction whose accuracy and efficiency are greatly raised. The tensioning accuracy is confined in one percent. It is digital tension technology that avoids accidents in prestressed construction successively.
In this paper, research and analysis are done about stress of non-bonded prestressed reinforcement in construction phase and utilization phase by finite element analysis software-ANSYS5.71. Main content concludes: (l)The single prestressed concrete beam's effective stress is studied after it is tensioned and fixuped when considering or not considering temperature effect. (2)The same prestressed concrete beam is placed in one, two and three prestressed concrete constructure. Moreover, the beam is tensioned in same conditions. Prestressed reinforcing steel bar's effective stress is studied after fixation. (3)An example of three stories prestressed concrete structure is given and bottom prestressed concrete beam is regarded as research object. Prestressed reinforcing steel bar's effective stress is researched for different tensioning order and temperature variety. Some important conclusions are got in the research: effect in reinforcing steel bar for different tensioning order can be ignored. But effective stress's variety effected by temperature is great, which goes beyond allowable windage standard that is five percent between actual prestress numerical value and designing prestress numerical value in check and accept standard of structure. So it is concluded that prestressing construction of reinforced concrete frame structure of high building without taking the effect of temperature into account can not satisfy the requirement of quality criteria in force.
Motivation simulation is done about prestress tensioning process, which can make users realize prestress tension device's working process in order to popularize the device in engineering practice.
The computing results and conclusions in this paper have great theoretical significance and high-applied value to prestressing construction.
智能预应力张拉仪是本课题组研制的专利产品，本专利产品利用数字化传感技术和PLC可编程控制技术成功地实现了预应力结构施工时预应力筋张拉控制力和张拉伸长值的双重闭环控制，整个预应力张拉施工过程只需一次按键即可完成，并且通过人机界面—触摸屏可实现对预应力筋的张拉控制力和张拉伸长值进行时时动态监测，当张拉过程中出现不合规范要求的情况时，声光报警设备自动报警。复合力传感器是该研究的一个发明点，是根据被测结构专门设计的一种穿心式传感器，与千斤顶做成一体化，可同时完成对中、锚固和测力三项功能。该预应力张拉施工工艺有效地改进了传统的预应力张拉施工工艺，大大提高了预应力施工的张拉精度和效率，能够保证张拉精度在1％的范围内，且有效地避免了工程事故的发生。
本文利用大型有限元分析软件—ANSYS5.7.1对无粘结预应力砼结构中预应力筋在张拉阶段与使用阶段的应力情况进行了研究，主要内容包括：(1)张拉锚固完的单根预应力砼梁，在考虑及不考虑温度变化的影响时，对预应力筋中的有效预应力进行研究；(2)将同一预应力砼梁分别置于一、二、三层预应
太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文
力硅结构中，对该梁施以相同的张拉控制条件，研究锚固后在
该梁中建立的有效预应力;(3)以三层预应力硅结构为例，以
张拉锚固完的底层预应力硅梁为研究对象，研究不同层预应力
筋的张拉顺序及温度变化对底层梁预应力筋建立有效预应力的
影响。通过研究可得以下结论:预应力结构中，不同层预应力
筋张拉施工时，因张拉次序不同而对预应力筋有效应力的影响
可以忽略;但是温度变化对预应力硷结构中预应力筋建立的有
效预应力产生的影响较大，该影响大大超出了《建筑工程质量
验收统一标准》GB50300一2001中对机械张拉时，实测预应力
值与设计规定值偏差士5%的合格标准，因此，在高层钢筋硅框
架结构施工中，若不考虑温度变化对预应力张拉施工的影响，
将无法满足现行的质量标准要求。
为让施工操作人员对智能预应力张拉装置的张拉施工过程
有一个清楚的认识，本文运用三维动画制作软件一3DMAX模拟
了该装置的张拉施工过程，以便该装置在工程实践中大力推广
应用。
本文的计算结果与结论对预应力张拉施工有着重要的理论
指导意义和很高的应用价值。
Digital tension technology of prestressed concrete is to use digitizer in tension construction. It is the particular application of modern computer technology and controlling technology in civil engineering construction. The research on digital tension technology has important backgrounds of engineering and broad prospects of application.
Intelligent tension instrument of prestressed concrete is a patent developed by our subject group. The patent realizes successfully bi-controlling of prestressed reinforcing steel bar's tensioning force and length in construction with digital and sensing technology and PLC controlling technology. The whole prestress tensioning process can finish only once pressing keyboard. Furthermore, prestressed reinforcing steel bar's tensioning force and length are supervised in construction with screen. When prestressed reinforcing steel bar's tensioning force and length do not accord with criterion, sound and light system gives an alarm automatically. Multiple force sensor is a invention according as
measured structure. It is fixuped with jack and can aim at center, fixup and measure force. The achievements of this patent improve greatly construction whose accuracy and efficiency are greatly raised. The tensioning accuracy is confined in one percent. It is digital tension technology that avoids accidents in prestressed construction successively.
In this paper, research and analysis are done about stress of non-bonded prestressed reinforcement in construction phase and utilization phase by finite element analysis software-ANSYS5.71. Main content concludes: (l)The single prestressed concrete beam's effective stress is studied after it is tensioned and fixuped when considering or not considering temperature effect. (2)The same prestressed concrete beam is placed in one, two and three prestressed concrete constructure. Moreover, the beam is tensioned in same conditions. Prestressed reinforcing steel bar's effective stress is studied after fixation. (3)An example of three stories prestressed concrete structure is given and bottom prestressed concrete beam is regarded as research object. Prestressed reinforcing steel bar's effective stress is researched for different tensioning order and temperature variety. Some important conclusions are got in the research: effect in reinforcing steel bar for different tensioning order can be ignored. But effective stress's variety effected by temperature is great, which goes beyond allowable windage standard that is five percent between actual prestress numerical value and designing prestress numerical value in check and accept standard of structure. So it is concluded that prestressing construction of reinforced concrete frame structure of high building without taking the effect of temperature into account can not satisfy the requirement of quality criteria in force.
Motivation simulation is done about prestress tensioning process, which can make users realize prestress tension device's working process in order to popularize the device in engineering practice.
The computing results and conclusions in this paper have great theoretical significance and high-applied value to prestressing construction.
引文
[1] 杜拱辰，现代预应力混凝土结构，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1988
[2] Lin T.Y., Burns N. H., Design of Prestressed Concrete Structure, 3rd Ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons,1981
[3] Nawy E. G., Prestressed Concrete:A Fundamental Approaches, 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1996
[4] Gerwick Ben C., "Chapter 11: Construction of Prestressed Concrete,"Concrete Construction Engineering Handbook, Editor, Nawy E.G., CRC Press, 1997
[5] Breen John E.,The State of the Art in North America, PCI Journal, 1990, 35(6), 62-67
[6] Warszawski A. Navon R., Implementation of Robotics in BuildingCurrent Status and Future Prospects, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, 1998, 124(1),31-38
[7] 陈惠玲，高效预应力结构设计施工实例应用手册，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[8] 美国后张法预应力混凝土学会(PTI)，华东预应力混凝土技术开发中心译，后张预应力混凝土手册，南京：东南大学出版社，1990
[9] 华东预应力中心编，无粘结预应力混凝土的设计与施工，北京：光明日报出版社，1989
[10] 庄军生编译，国外预应力混凝土工程实践指南，北京：中国铁道出版社，1998
[11] 吕志涛，新世纪我国土木工程活动与预应力技术的展望，建筑技术，2000，31(12)，P808-809
[12] 刘永颐，冯大斌，预应力混凝土技术的发展与展望，见：中国
建筑行业科技发展五十年(1949～1999)，中国建筑工业出版社，北京：2000
[13] 建筑技术政策纲要(1996～2010年)，建筑技术开发，1998，25(2)，8-13
[14] John E.Breen, PhD, P.E., Prestressed Concrete: The State of the Art in North America, PCI Journal, 1990, 35 (6), 62-67
[15] 杨宗放，我国预应力技术的现况与展望，建筑技术，1998，29(12)，816-818
[16] AASHTO,Standrd specifications for high-way bridges(16th edition), American Association of Highways and Transportation Officials, Wanshington D.C.:Transpotation Research Borad, 1996
[17] 赵志缙，我国建筑施工技术的进步与展望，施工技术，1999，28(10)，1-4
[18] Walter Podolny Jr. Corrosion of prestressing steels and its mitigation. PCI Journal, 1992, 37(5), 34-35
[19] 李惠民，魏辉，张拉控制应力过高或过低对混凝土预制构件结构性能的影响，混凝土，1999(6)，49-50
[20] 《建筑施工手册》编写组，建筑施工手册(缩印本)(第二版)，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1992
[21] 杜拱辰，预应力工程实例应用手册，北京：中国建材工业出版社，1996
[22] Collins, M. P., and Mitchell, D., Prestressed Concrete Structures,Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1991
[23] 任广建，浅谈信息技术在建设工程中的应用及发展，当代建设，2000(3)，39-40
[24] 任爱珠，土木工程计算机技术新进展及研究热点，土木工程学报，1996，29(6)，53-59
[25] 李珠，李耀，顶部大空间特种结构设计与微机控制无粘结预应力施工，见：杜拱辰，世纪之交的现代预应力技术，北京：专利
文献出版社，1997，76-80
[26] S.J.Fenves, Successes and further challenges in computer-aided structural engineering.Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, New York: A.A.Balkema Publishers, 1995
[27] 周正等，预应力施工配套机具的研制，见：杜拱辰，世纪之交的现代预应力技术，北京：专利文献出版社，1997，844-855
[28] 吕志涛，预应力混凝土结构的未来，建筑技术开发，1988(3)，42-44
[29] A.Warszawski,R.Navon., Implementation of robotics in building:Current status and future prospects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,1998, 124 (1), 31-38
[30] 刘长年，袁子荣，液压控制系统导论，北京：北京科学技术出版社，1987
[31] Dennis S Bernstein, The treatment of inputs in real time digital simulation, Simulation, 1979, 133(2):18-26
[32] 朱善君，周卓伦，可编程序控制系统原理、应用与维护，北京：清华大学出版社，1992
[33] 关肇勋，黄奕振，实用液压回路，上海：上海科技出版社，1982
[34] 汪瑞芳，陈东义，连续系统仿真及应用技术，重庆：重庆大学出版社，1991
[35] John E.Breen, PhD, P.E. Prestressed Concrete:The State of the Art in North America.PCI Journal, Vol.35,1990(6), P62-67
[36] Gui-Ying Wu, Li Zhu etc. Analysis and Spot-test on a Special Combined Structure In-corporating Beams, Plates and Net Shells. Radical Design and Concrete Practices,Inter-national Congress, Creating with Concrete, Thomas Telford, 1999, P185-190
[37] Automating Concrete Work in Japan. Concrete Internationa-l, 1990(6), P27-32
[38] Skibniewski M J.Robotics in Civil Engineering. New Yo rk, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1988
[39] 李珠等．碗状构筑物结构分析与现场实验．建筑与施工，Vo-1．20，1998(1)，P33-35
[40] 李珠等．山西日报社多功能大厅现场实测．第七届全国结构工程学术会议论文集，1998，P55-58
[41] 王远平，魏剑伟等．计算机在预应力混凝土结构张拉中的应用．工程力学增刊2001年，第Ⅱ卷，P400-404
[42] 郭全全，李珠，王远平，杨秋学，张善元．多波曲线预应力瞬时损失的计算与试验研究．施工技术．2002，31(7)：P26-28
[43] 李珠，王远平，杨秋学．高层框架结构中温度对预应力影响的实践研究．山西建筑．2002，28(9)：P1-2
[44] 李珠，高建全，贾敏智等．预应力结构数控张拉技术的研究．施工技术．2003．32(7)：P54-55
[45] 李珠，高建全，贾敏智等．全自动智能预应力数字化张拉装置的初探．工程力学增刊．2003，20(Ⅲ)：P536-539
[46] 李珠，高建全．浅析预应力连续配筋中理论线形与实际线形的差别．太原理工大学学报，2004(3)
[2] Lin T.Y., Burns N. H., Design of Prestressed Concrete Structure, 3rd Ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons,1981
[3] Nawy E. G., Prestressed Concrete:A Fundamental Approaches, 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1996
[4] Gerwick Ben C., "Chapter 11: Construction of Prestressed Concrete,"Concrete Construction Engineering Handbook, Editor, Nawy E.G., CRC Press, 1997
[5] Breen John E.,The State of the Art in North America, PCI Journal, 1990, 35(6), 62-67
[6] Warszawski A. Navon R., Implementation of Robotics in BuildingCurrent Status and Future Prospects, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, 1998, 124(1),31-38
[7] 陈惠玲，高效预应力结构设计施工实例应用手册，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[8] 美国后张法预应力混凝土学会(PTI)，华东预应力混凝土技术开发中心译，后张预应力混凝土手册，南京：东南大学出版社，1990
[9] 华东预应力中心编，无粘结预应力混凝土的设计与施工，北京：光明日报出版社，1989
[10] 庄军生编译，国外预应力混凝土工程实践指南，北京：中国铁道出版社，1998
[11] 吕志涛，新世纪我国土木工程活动与预应力技术的展望，建筑技术，2000，31(12)，P808-809
[12] 刘永颐，冯大斌，预应力混凝土技术的发展与展望，见：中国
建筑行业科技发展五十年(1949～1999)，中国建筑工业出版社，北京：2000
[13] 建筑技术政策纲要(1996～2010年)，建筑技术开发，1998，25(2)，8-13
[14] John E.Breen, PhD, P.E., Prestressed Concrete: The State of the Art in North America, PCI Journal, 1990, 35 (6), 62-67
[15] 杨宗放，我国预应力技术的现况与展望，建筑技术，1998，29(12)，816-818
[16] AASHTO,Standrd specifications for high-way bridges(16th edition), American Association of Highways and Transportation Officials, Wanshington D.C.:Transpotation Research Borad, 1996
[17] 赵志缙，我国建筑施工技术的进步与展望，施工技术，1999，28(10)，1-4
[18] Walter Podolny Jr. Corrosion of prestressing steels and its mitigation. PCI Journal, 1992, 37(5), 34-35
[19] 李惠民，魏辉，张拉控制应力过高或过低对混凝土预制构件结构性能的影响，混凝土，1999(6)，49-50
[20] 《建筑施工手册》编写组，建筑施工手册(缩印本)(第二版)，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1992
[21] 杜拱辰，预应力工程实例应用手册，北京：中国建材工业出版社，1996
[22] Collins, M. P., and Mitchell, D., Prestressed Concrete Structures,Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1991
[23] 任广建，浅谈信息技术在建设工程中的应用及发展，当代建设，2000(3)，39-40
[24] 任爱珠，土木工程计算机技术新进展及研究热点，土木工程学报，1996，29(6)，53-59
[25] 李珠，李耀，顶部大空间特种结构设计与微机控制无粘结预应力施工，见：杜拱辰，世纪之交的现代预应力技术，北京：专利
文献出版社，1997，76-80
[26] S.J.Fenves, Successes and further challenges in computer-aided structural engineering.Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, New York: A.A.Balkema Publishers, 1995
[27] 周正等，预应力施工配套机具的研制，见：杜拱辰，世纪之交的现代预应力技术，北京：专利文献出版社，1997，844-855
[28] 吕志涛，预应力混凝土结构的未来，建筑技术开发，1988(3)，42-44
[29] A.Warszawski,R.Navon., Implementation of robotics in building:Current status and future prospects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,1998, 124 (1), 31-38
[30] 刘长年，袁子荣，液压控制系统导论，北京：北京科学技术出版社，1987
[31] Dennis S Bernstein, The treatment of inputs in real time digital simulation, Simulation, 1979, 133(2):18-26
[32] 朱善君，周卓伦，可编程序控制系统原理、应用与维护，北京：清华大学出版社，1992
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