皖南丘陵茶区昆虫种群结构及害虫生态控制的研究
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摘要
本文回顾了茶园害虫生态控制产生的背景。探讨了茶园害虫生态控制的原理和方法,并总结了现有的研究成果和经验。在此基础上确立一套茶园害虫生态控制的基本模式,利用这套模式对十字铺查茶场茶园害虫进行生态控制研究,主要包括以下的研究内容:1.昆虫群落调查,共获得茶树害虫2纲、10目、42科,共88种茶园害虫(螨)。其中,茶园害虫以鳞翅目Lepidoptera食叶性害虫最多,共30种,占34.09%;其次为同翅目Hemiptera吸汁性害虫,共20种,占22.72%;第三大类为鞘翅目包括食叶,钻蛀和食根的多种甲虫共12种占13.63%,余下是直翅目Orthoptera、半翅目Hemiptera、蜱螨目Acarina类等。天敌涉及2纲,10目,30科,60余种,主要是茶园蜘蛛,鞘翅目的捕食性步甲和瓢虫及多种寄生蜂。2.害虫群落季节动态分析,采用系统聚类方法(Hierarchy Cluster)对该场主要害虫发生情况进行分析,将其分为四个阶段,其中1-3月与10-12、4-6月、7月、8-9月各自为一类。各月害虫群落丰富度,多样性、优势度分析表明:丰富度以4-9月最大,多样性指数以4～6月最小,均匀度以4～9月最低,优势度指数4～9月最高。害虫群落主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis)表明:茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua hypulina Wehrli、茶蚜Toxoptera aurantii Boyer etRonscolombe、假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis(Gothe)等是4-7月份发生严重的害虫。茶小卷叶蛾Adoxophyes orana Fischer von Rosl,茶卷叶蛾Honona coffeariaMeyrick等是5-8月份发生严重的害虫;3.害虫及其天敌生态位研究,采用主成分分析将茶园害虫空间分布情况分为3类,其中以新梢部吸汁性和取食叶片害虫最多,在这些部位分布有茶蚜、假眼小绿叶蝉、茶尺蠖、茶毛虫、卷叶蛾类和蓑蛾类等主要害虫。并从生态位角度分别分析了茶蚜与其天敌的空间生态位关系;4.苏特灵生物农药Bt类杀虫剂,具有无公害、杀虫效力强、杀虫谱广等特点。经对茶小绿叶蝉的茶园小区试验和大田应用实验,结果表明:苏特灵浓度400倍液防治假眼小绿叶蝉效果明显,3-5天后虫口减退率达到80-90%,持效性达7天左右;5.佳多频振式杀虫灯在茶园应用实验。调查结果表明:诱杀量最多的害虫分别是假眼小绿叶蝉、小绿叶蝉、茶尺蠖、茶小卷叶蛾、茶毛虫、黑刺粉虱和茶小蓑蛾等。诱杀区茶园和非诱杀区茶园比较,8种主要害虫的数量差异显著。频振式杀虫灯对天敌也有一定的诱集作用,诱集的益虫和害虫个体比为1:736～1:411频振式杀虫灯对茶园害虫诱杀量5月以后逐渐增加。7月达到高峰,8月以后逐渐减少。
The background of the ecological control on tea pests was reviewed in this paper.Ecological control on tea pests is a new strategy of pest management.its pesculiarity,principles and methods were discussed.it is known that ecological control of pests is a piece of systematic works and the pest is just one element of the ecological system in tea garden.we should study all the main fctors in this system carefully and acquire much enough on the structures and functions of this system and then take steps to control them correspondingly.The research of ecological control on tea insect pests in Shizipu tea is the main task in this paper,as follow:
1.Investigation of insect community,there are 88 Species of insect and mite pests from 42 Familias,10 Ordos and 2 Classes in this plantion.Leaf-feeders (Lepidotera:Lymantriidae,Psycidae,Limacodidiae )are the major ones,30 species, 34.09%of the insect pests community,leaf-suckers(Homoptera) are the second ones,20 species,22.72%of the insect pests community,and insect pests of Coleoptera are the third ones,12 species,13.63%of the insect pests community.There are over 60 Species of natural enemy from 30 Familias,10 Ordos,and 2 Classes. Predatory Ladybirds and Carabidae.Parasitic wasps.Spiders are the dominant species.
2.By analysis of seasonal dynamics of insect pests community.The seasonal pattern of the community was divided into 4 phases,One was from October～December the year before to january～March,the second one was April～June,the third one was July,The fourth one is August～September.Some parameters of the community show that species richness of April～September was the hightest,diversity index of April～june was the smallest,evenness of April～September was the smallest,dominant indices of April to Septenber was the highest.So,the phase from April to Septenber was the phase of the number of the comunity increased and decreased greatly,also,it was the key phase of the number of the community increased and decreased greatly,also,it was the key phase for management.Results of principal component analysis showed that Ectropis obliqua hypulina Wehrli,T.aurantill Boyer et Fonscolombe,E.vitis(Gothe) et al occurrence manily from April to July.Adoxophyes orana Fischer von Rosl,Honona coffearia Meyrick et al occurence mainly from May to August.
3.Studying the vertical distrbution of main insect pests and their naturel enemies.The vertical distribution pattern of main insect pests was divided into 3 parts. Insect pests maniy concentrated on the upsides,about 30cm high from the top of the tea vegetation,there were dangerous leaf-feeders and suckers(e.g.E.vitis(Gothe), T.aurantii Boyer et Fonscolombe,E.Spseudoconspersa Strand,C.minuscula Butler,,E.Obligue hypulina Wehrli and so on ) in here.Niche breadth and overlaping between T.aurantii Boyer et Fonscolombe and its natural ememies were calulated,as it did with E.vitis(Gothe)and its natural enemies.
4.Suterling BT biological insecticides had little bad effect on environment after applying,and could kill much more pests,efficiently then others.The tests of Suterling to prevent and control Empoasca vitis(Gothe) in different tea gardens showed that Suterling 400 times diluting solution could exert excellent control effect against E.vitis(Gothe),the population reduce was 80-90%and the long-lasting effects of using suterling to control E.vitis(Gothe) is about 7 days.
5.Using the Jiaduo insect killer lamp to control the tea pest,the result was showed that the pests lured and killed by killer lamp of the largest number are Empoasca vitis(Gothe ),Ectropis obligue hypulina Wehrli,Adoxophyes oranna Fischer on Rosl,Honona offearia Meyrick,Eurproctis pseudoconspersa Strand,Aleurocanthus spiniferus(Quaintance),Acanthopsyche subferalbata Hampsom and so on,it is very different that nine main pests killed from the plantation used of the lamp and its contrast plantation,at the same time,the lamp could atract some natural enemies.the propotion of beneficial insect to pest is from 1:736 to 1:411.the number of insects killed by the lamp increased after the May,the number in July was at peak,and then this number in August started to decrease.
The background of the ecological control on tea pests was reviewed in this paper.Ecological control on tea pests is a new strategy of pest management.its pesculiarity,principles and methods were discussed.it is known that ecological control of pests is a piece of systematic works and the pest is just one element of the ecological system in tea garden.we should study all the main fctors in this system carefully and acquire much enough on the structures and functions of this system and then take steps to control them correspondingly.The research of ecological control on tea insect pests in Shizipu tea is the main task in this paper,as follow:
1.Investigation of insect community,there are 88 Species of insect and mite pests from 42 Familias,10 Ordos and 2 Classes in this plantion.Leaf-feeders (Lepidotera:Lymantriidae,Psycidae,Limacodidiae )are the major ones,30 species, 34.09%of the insect pests community,leaf-suckers(Homoptera) are the second ones,20 species,22.72%of the insect pests community,and insect pests of Coleoptera are the third ones,12 species,13.63%of the insect pests community.There are over 60 Species of natural enemy from 30 Familias,10 Ordos,and 2 Classes. Predatory Ladybirds and Carabidae.Parasitic wasps.Spiders are the dominant species.
2.By analysis of seasonal dynamics of insect pests community.The seasonal pattern of the community was divided into 4 phases,One was from October～December the year before to january～March,the second one was April～June,the third one was July,The fourth one is August～September.Some parameters of the community show that species richness of April～September was the hightest,diversity index of April～june was the smallest,evenness of April～September was the smallest,dominant indices of April to Septenber was the highest.So,the phase from April to Septenber was the phase of the number of the comunity increased and decreased greatly,also,it was the key phase of the number of the community increased and decreased greatly,also,it was the key phase for management.Results of principal component analysis showed that Ectropis obliqua hypulina Wehrli,T.aurantill Boyer et Fonscolombe,E.vitis(Gothe) et al occurrence manily from April to July.Adoxophyes orana Fischer von Rosl,Honona coffearia Meyrick et al occurence mainly from May to August.
3.Studying the vertical distrbution of main insect pests and their naturel enemies.The vertical distribution pattern of main insect pests was divided into 3 parts. Insect pests maniy concentrated on the upsides,about 30cm high from the top of the tea vegetation,there were dangerous leaf-feeders and suckers(e.g.E.vitis(Gothe), T.aurantii Boyer et Fonscolombe,E.Spseudoconspersa Strand,C.minuscula Butler,,E.Obligue hypulina Wehrli and so on ) in here.Niche breadth and overlaping between T.aurantii Boyer et Fonscolombe and its natural ememies were calulated,as it did with E.vitis(Gothe)and its natural enemies.
4.Suterling BT biological insecticides had little bad effect on environment after applying,and could kill much more pests,efficiently then others.The tests of Suterling to prevent and control Empoasca vitis(Gothe) in different tea gardens showed that Suterling 400 times diluting solution could exert excellent control effect against E.vitis(Gothe),the population reduce was 80-90%and the long-lasting effects of using suterling to control E.vitis(Gothe) is about 7 days.
5.Using the Jiaduo insect killer lamp to control the tea pest,the result was showed that the pests lured and killed by killer lamp of the largest number are Empoasca vitis(Gothe ),Ectropis obligue hypulina Wehrli,Adoxophyes oranna Fischer on Rosl,Honona offearia Meyrick,Eurproctis pseudoconspersa Strand,Aleurocanthus spiniferus(Quaintance),Acanthopsyche subferalbata Hampsom and so on,it is very different that nine main pests killed from the plantation used of the lamp and its contrast plantation,at the same time,the lamp could atract some natural enemies.the propotion of beneficial insect to pest is from 1:736 to 1:411.the number of insects killed by the lamp increased after the May,the number in July was at peak,and then this number in August started to decrease.
引文
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