关于湖南省辐射应用情况的调查分析以及加强监督管理方面的思考
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摘要
本文通过对我省放射性物质应用现状的调查研究,深入分析了我省放射性物质在医疗领域和工业应用过程中存在的防护方面问题。通过将辐射防护理论和辐射对人体机能的影响方式理论结合起来,综合湖南省面临的放射性物质的应用现状,发现这些问题主要体现在:(1) 监督管理机构设置不合理,相应的监督管理规章制度还没有建立起来,需要系统性的进行组织机构的调整和建立健全相关法律规章制度。(2) 广大消费者对于辐射防护的概念还很淡薄。因为辐射方面的知识比较专业,国内相关管理机构在宣传和教育方面的工作还做的很不够。广大的从业人员和放射性物质应用机构往往因为利益驱动,在防护方面措施都没有到位,相关防护规章制度和防护标准形同虚设。(3) 目前的相关管理部门职责划分不明确,滥用职权和重复执法的现象反复出现;但是在广大基层单位,又形成大量的管理真空,出现“管理缺位”的现象。
结合国内国际正在实行的标准、法律法规和相关的规章制度,借鉴国外在辐射管理方面的成功经验,结合我省放射性物质应用和监督管理的实际情况,在辐射防护评价方面,我提出恶性疾病个体鉴定的方法和危险度分析方法,使得我们的辐射监督管理有了一套科学的评价系统;采用案例研究和比较分析的方法,从机构改革方面我提出:(1) 需要将“监督权”和“检测权”分离,这样才能保证执法管理机构公开公正;(2) 改革后的各个主体需要进行职能再造,即各级卫生监督管理机构是裁判员,重新赋予其裁判员的相关职权;各个放射性物质应用单位是运动员,在游戏规则内从事活动;各个放射卫生检测机构作为中介机构,接受管理机构的委托为“运动员”提供有偿服务。从立法普法方面我提出:(1) 需要大力加强辐射应用方面的立法工作,将所有的辐射应用活动都纳入制度化管理的轨道。工作人员的个人剂量监测、放射性医疗设备的日常防护检测、各类辐射设备的装机防护评价和年度评价等等都需要进入日常工作范畴。(2) 大力加强普法教育,迅速有效的提高广大工作人员特别是消费者的辐射防护意识和知识水平。从消费者的角度强有力的推动我省辐射防护水平的极大提高。
总之,本论文按照“调查研究—发现问题—分析问题—提出解决方案并回归检验”的逻辑结构和分析方法,调查了我省放射性物质的应用现状,分析了存在的问题,并从机构改革、机构职能再造、立法、普法教育的角度,寻找了一条解决问题的系统的途径和方法。
In this article: Current situation of radiative material application in Hunan Province was studied, a deep analysis was made in radiative material protecting in medical treatment and industry application. Problems were come out through Combination of theory of radiative protection with theory of impact of radioactivity on human function and Current situation of radiative material application in Hunan Province:1. Supervising and monitoring organizations are not well constructed, related monitoring system and regulation are not established, a systemic organization reconstruction and related regulation and law establishment are needed.2. Most consumers are not aware of importance of radiative protection. Radiative knowledge is professional and propaganda and education of related supervising organization is not enough are main cause of this problem. Most workers and radiative material application agent are droved by money, no personal protective equipment, related regulation and law are not carried out.3. At present, responsibilities of related department are not clearly divided, rights overuse and repeat execution are often come out. But at gross root, no supervising, phenomena of 'Supervising vacuum' came out.From radiative protection side, my methods of malignant disease diagnosis and dangerous degree analysis are gave out through standards, regulations and laws which are carried out in the world and successful experiences from radiative material management in foreign countries and current situation of material application and management, which will help us have a scientific radiative material management evaluation system. Through cased study and comparison analysis, in organization reformation, I point out:1. Separate 'supervising right' with 'checking right', it will keep lawexecuting open and fair.2. Main body function reforger after reformation, all levels sanitarian organizations are judges, give judge a new right, all radiative application units are athletes, all activity should be under regulations. All radiative test organization is agency, on consignment of supervising organization, provide service for athletes.From lawmaking point:1. Radiative material application lawmaking should be strengthened, all radiative material application activity should be under regulation management. Worker's personal radiative dosage monitoring, radiative medical treatment equipment protection daily
monitoring, all kinds of radiative machine protection evaluation and annual evaluation, etc, should be under daily work area.2. Strengthen law popularization, improve worker's protection consciousness and knowledge, especially in consumer. From consumer side to push radiative protection level in Hunan Province.in one word, logistic contracture and analysis methods of 'explore and study-find problem-analyze problem-solution and proven' are carried out. Study current radiative material application situation in Hunan, analyze existing problems, from organization re-contracture, institution function reforger, lawmaking, law popularization point, to find a systemic problem solving way.
结合国内国际正在实行的标准、法律法规和相关的规章制度,借鉴国外在辐射管理方面的成功经验,结合我省放射性物质应用和监督管理的实际情况,在辐射防护评价方面,我提出恶性疾病个体鉴定的方法和危险度分析方法,使得我们的辐射监督管理有了一套科学的评价系统;采用案例研究和比较分析的方法,从机构改革方面我提出:(1) 需要将“监督权”和“检测权”分离,这样才能保证执法管理机构公开公正;(2) 改革后的各个主体需要进行职能再造,即各级卫生监督管理机构是裁判员,重新赋予其裁判员的相关职权;各个放射性物质应用单位是运动员,在游戏规则内从事活动;各个放射卫生检测机构作为中介机构,接受管理机构的委托为“运动员”提供有偿服务。从立法普法方面我提出:(1) 需要大力加强辐射应用方面的立法工作,将所有的辐射应用活动都纳入制度化管理的轨道。工作人员的个人剂量监测、放射性医疗设备的日常防护检测、各类辐射设备的装机防护评价和年度评价等等都需要进入日常工作范畴。(2) 大力加强普法教育,迅速有效的提高广大工作人员特别是消费者的辐射防护意识和知识水平。从消费者的角度强有力的推动我省辐射防护水平的极大提高。
总之,本论文按照“调查研究—发现问题—分析问题—提出解决方案并回归检验”的逻辑结构和分析方法,调查了我省放射性物质的应用现状,分析了存在的问题,并从机构改革、机构职能再造、立法、普法教育的角度,寻找了一条解决问题的系统的途径和方法。
In this article: Current situation of radiative material application in Hunan Province was studied, a deep analysis was made in radiative material protecting in medical treatment and industry application. Problems were come out through Combination of theory of radiative protection with theory of impact of radioactivity on human function and Current situation of radiative material application in Hunan Province:1. Supervising and monitoring organizations are not well constructed, related monitoring system and regulation are not established, a systemic organization reconstruction and related regulation and law establishment are needed.2. Most consumers are not aware of importance of radiative protection. Radiative knowledge is professional and propaganda and education of related supervising organization is not enough are main cause of this problem. Most workers and radiative material application agent are droved by money, no personal protective equipment, related regulation and law are not carried out.3. At present, responsibilities of related department are not clearly divided, rights overuse and repeat execution are often come out. But at gross root, no supervising, phenomena of 'Supervising vacuum' came out.From radiative protection side, my methods of malignant disease diagnosis and dangerous degree analysis are gave out through standards, regulations and laws which are carried out in the world and successful experiences from radiative material management in foreign countries and current situation of material application and management, which will help us have a scientific radiative material management evaluation system. Through cased study and comparison analysis, in organization reformation, I point out:1. Separate 'supervising right' with 'checking right', it will keep lawexecuting open and fair.2. Main body function reforger after reformation, all levels sanitarian organizations are judges, give judge a new right, all radiative application units are athletes, all activity should be under regulations. All radiative test organization is agency, on consignment of supervising organization, provide service for athletes.From lawmaking point:1. Radiative material application lawmaking should be strengthened, all radiative material application activity should be under regulation management. Worker's personal radiative dosage monitoring, radiative medical treatment equipment protection daily
monitoring, all kinds of radiative machine protection evaluation and annual evaluation, etc, should be under daily work area.2. Strengthen law popularization, improve worker's protection consciousness and knowledge, especially in consumer. From consumer side to push radiative protection level in Hunan Province.in one word, logistic contracture and analysis methods of 'explore and study-find problem-analyze problem-solution and proven' are carried out. Study current radiative material application situation in Hunan, analyze existing problems, from organization re-contracture, institution function reforger, lawmaking, law popularization point, to find a systemic problem solving way.
引文
[1] human expusure to radio frequency radiation. A comprehensina review pertinent to air force operation
[2] henry lai. Vienna report on RFR bioeffects 1998
[3] Lyon RD. mediastinal bronchogenic cyst: demenstration of afluid-afluid Schwarz mz. anen radiologic sign of subpulmonic effusion. chest 1975
[4] ICRP, Pub No. 41, Annals of the ICRP, 14(3), 1984
[5] A. N. B. Stott, AERE-R-6523, 1970
[6] IAEA, ILO, WHO, Medical supervision of radiation on workers, Vienna, 1968
[7] steindler m. j., ANL-6540, 1962
[8] Wick o. j., plutonium handbook, A guide to the technology, Vol, ⅱ, gordon and breach, science publishers, new york, 1967
[9] Unruh c. m., HW-SA-125/59, 1969
[10] Strominger d. et al., revs. mod. phys., 30: 585, 1958
[11] ICRU, Measurement of low-level radiaactivity, report 22, washington D, C., 1972
[12] UNSCEAR, sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation, Unitied Nation, 1988
[13] ICRP Pub. 50, Annals of the ICRP, 17, 1, 1985
[14] Archer V. E. et al., Health Phy., 25: 351, 1973
[15] ROWLAND r. e., Health Phys.,, 44(SUPPL); 15, 1983
[16] IAEA, WHO, Biological effects of ionizing radiation, Unitea Nations, 1977
[17] ICRP, Recommendationgs of the Commission 1990
[18] 高光煌主编,电磁辐射生物效应及其医学应用,军事医学科学出版社
[19] 中华医学会编著,临床技术操作规范,核医学分册,人民军医出版社
[20] 吴德昌,放射医学,军事医学科学出版社
[21] 吴德昌主编,放射生物剂量估计,军事医学科学出版社
[22] 中华放射医学与杂志,2003年7、8、9、10期
[23] 中华放射医学与杂志,2004年3、4、5期
[24] A.奥迪兹等主编,原子能出版社,1987年7月出版
[25] 江腾秀雄等著,辐射防护,原子能出版社,1986年出版
[26] UNSCEAR,1982年报告书,电离辐射:辐射源与生物效应,1984年
[27] 李德平,潘自强主编,辐射防护手册,第五分册,辐射危害与医学监督,原子能出版社,1991年出版
[28] 美国国立卫生院特别工作组报告,北京放射医学研究所翻译,放射流行病学表,1987
[29] 濑尾健,原子力工业,26(3):49,1980
[30] 加藤三三,原子力工业,26(3):41,1980
[31] 马丛智等,放射性同位素手册,科学出版社,1979
[32] 小剂量辐射效应协作组,小剂量辐射效应讨论会会议汇编,1974年
[33] 刘洪翔,放射医学与防护简报,108,1,1987
[34] ICRP,辐射防护,8(3):161,1988
[35] 王鹤槟,原子能科学技术资料汇编,原子能出版社,4,1,1975年
[36] 北自隆,放射线障害,朝仓书局,1968
[37] 国际放射防护委员会(ICRP),1987年莫斯科声明,辐射防护8:161,1988
[38] 孙世荃,中华放射医学与杂志,10(3):209,1990
[39] 孙世荃,辐射防护,2:1,1981
[40] 本文参考的国家法律法规有:《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》,《放射防护器材与含放射性产品卫生管理办法》,《放射工作人员健康管理规定》,《放射工作卫生防护管理办法》以及相关的一些国家标准
[2] henry lai. Vienna report on RFR bioeffects 1998
[3] Lyon RD. mediastinal bronchogenic cyst: demenstration of afluid-afluid Schwarz mz. anen radiologic sign of subpulmonic effusion. chest 1975
[4] ICRP, Pub No. 41, Annals of the ICRP, 14(3), 1984
[5] A. N. B. Stott, AERE-R-6523, 1970
[6] IAEA, ILO, WHO, Medical supervision of radiation on workers, Vienna, 1968
[7] steindler m. j., ANL-6540, 1962
[8] Wick o. j., plutonium handbook, A guide to the technology, Vol, ⅱ, gordon and breach, science publishers, new york, 1967
[9] Unruh c. m., HW-SA-125/59, 1969
[10] Strominger d. et al., revs. mod. phys., 30: 585, 1958
[11] ICRU, Measurement of low-level radiaactivity, report 22, washington D, C., 1972
[12] UNSCEAR, sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation, Unitied Nation, 1988
[13] ICRP Pub. 50, Annals of the ICRP, 17, 1, 1985
[14] Archer V. E. et al., Health Phy., 25: 351, 1973
[15] ROWLAND r. e., Health Phys.,, 44(SUPPL); 15, 1983
[16] IAEA, WHO, Biological effects of ionizing radiation, Unitea Nations, 1977
[17] ICRP, Recommendationgs of the Commission 1990
[18] 高光煌主编,电磁辐射生物效应及其医学应用,军事医学科学出版社
[19] 中华医学会编著,临床技术操作规范,核医学分册,人民军医出版社
[20] 吴德昌,放射医学,军事医学科学出版社
[21] 吴德昌主编,放射生物剂量估计,军事医学科学出版社
[22] 中华放射医学与杂志,2003年7、8、9、10期
[23] 中华放射医学与杂志,2004年3、4、5期
[24] A.奥迪兹等主编,原子能出版社,1987年7月出版
[25] 江腾秀雄等著,辐射防护,原子能出版社,1986年出版
[26] UNSCEAR,1982年报告书,电离辐射:辐射源与生物效应,1984年
[27] 李德平,潘自强主编,辐射防护手册,第五分册,辐射危害与医学监督,原子能出版社,1991年出版
[28] 美国国立卫生院特别工作组报告,北京放射医学研究所翻译,放射流行病学表,1987
[29] 濑尾健,原子力工业,26(3):49,1980
[30] 加藤三三,原子力工业,26(3):41,1980
[31] 马丛智等,放射性同位素手册,科学出版社,1979
[32] 小剂量辐射效应协作组,小剂量辐射效应讨论会会议汇编,1974年
[33] 刘洪翔,放射医学与防护简报,108,1,1987
[34] ICRP,辐射防护,8(3):161,1988
[35] 王鹤槟,原子能科学技术资料汇编,原子能出版社,4,1,1975年
[36] 北自隆,放射线障害,朝仓书局,1968
[37] 国际放射防护委员会(ICRP),1987年莫斯科声明,辐射防护8:161,1988
[38] 孙世荃,中华放射医学与杂志,10(3):209,1990
[39] 孙世荃,辐射防护,2:1,1981
[40] 本文参考的国家法律法规有:《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》,《放射防护器材与含放射性产品卫生管理办法》,《放射工作人员健康管理规定》,《放射工作卫生防护管理办法》以及相关的一些国家标准