吕宋海峡黑潮形变的机制及其与Rossby波和涡旋的相互作用
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摘要
在吕宋海峡处，黑潮失去陆坡支持后其流径的位置和形态是西边界流动力学中的一个重要科学问题，引起了众多海洋学者的关注。本文针对目前研究中存在的争论，通过对观测数据分析和一系列的数值模式实验，运用准地转2.5层模型不稳定性分析、雷诺平均的能量诊断办法以及基于小波的MS-EVA分析方法等，澄清了前人研究中存在的争论和问题，得到以下有创新性的成果：
再次证实了平均态黑潮是以“跨隙”路径跃过吕宋海峡。指出由于地形效应特别是巴林塘海峡附近的底地形和岛屿，决定了黑潮失去陆坡支持时的初始入射角；在外强迫涡度输入较弱的情况下，在黑潮流出巴林塘海峡失去陆坡支持后北上过程中，由于环境涡度增加，依据绝对涡度守恒黑潮必定会在台湾岛以南流出吕宋海峡。该结果解释了在不能准确分辨巴林塘海峡附近的底地形和岛屿的海洋数值模拟中会出现黑潮呈现流套路径进入南海的物理本质。
首次提出了冬季风产生Ekman输运和输入的风应力负涡度是黑潮冬季在吕宋海峡以流套形式出现的主要原因；该结果纠正了前人提出的冬季黑潮流量小、惯性小，则导致黑潮在吕宋海峡以流套形式入侵的观点。
研究证实黑潮“跨隙”路径和对应的温跃层向西抬升在吕宋海峡建立起很强的位势涡度（PV）纬向梯度，该PV梯度比行星PV梯度高一个量级，因此“跨隙”路径的黑潮能有效地阻碍西传的Rossby波和涡旋穿过吕宋海峡；而一旦黑潮呈流套路径进入南海，黑潮在吕宋海峡对Rossby波和涡旋能量西传的阻挡效应马上消失。
通过对数值模式结果的能量分析指出，黑潮锋面处平均流向中尺度扰动的斜压能量输入是黑潮锋面西侧气旋涡成长和反气旋涡从黑潮主体脱落的能量来源；斜压能量转化大值区位于黑潮主轴西侧、黑潮反气旋式弯曲的上游；在黑潮出现反气旋弯曲并逐渐发展阶段，黑潮锋面处平均流同时向黑潮西侧的反气旋涡和诱生的气旋涡提供有效位能促其成长；在反气旋涡脱落阶段，黑潮锋面处平均流的能量转换逐渐偏移到气旋涡上，导致气旋涡的成长，使其足够强大将反气旋涡从黑潮主体上切断下来。
Kuroshio's pathway in the Luzon Strait when losing western boundary support isan important scientific issue in western boundary current dynamics and has drawn alot of oceanographers' attentions, as it plays a very important role in determining themomentum, vorticity as well as mass exchange between Pacific and South China Sea(SCS). In view of existing debates, in this paper, we analyzed the observations, did aseries of numerical experiments, and applied instability and energy conversiondiagnosis using2.5-layer quasi-geostrophic (QG) model, Reynold-averaging methodas well as wavelet-based Muti-Scale Energy and Vorticity Analysis (MS-EVA)method. Finally, we clarified the debates and arrived at some innovative conclusionsas follows.
This paper proved again that the mean-state Kuroshio has a gap-leaping pathwayin the Luzon Strait. We pointed out that the topography, especially the bottomtopography and islands near Balintang Channel, constrains the initial incident angle ofKuroshio. When Kuroshio develops into an inertial jet after losing support from thewestern boundary, in the absence of external vorticity forcing, the conservation ofabsolute vorticity determines the gap-leaping pathway of Kuroshio in the Luzon Strait.This result also explains the physical essence for Kuroshio looping into SCS in lots ofnumerical simulations which do not fully resovle the bottom topography and islandsnear Balintang Channel.
We first pointed out that the Kuroshio pathway transition to looping state inwinter is dominated by the Ekman transport and negative wind stress curl exerted bywinter Monsoon. This result corrects the previous viewpoint that Kuroshio loopinginto SCS in winter is determined by the week inertial effect associated with smallKuroshio transport in winter.
Our research proved the gap-leaping Kuroshio and corresponding westwardshoaling of thermocline in Luzon Strait builds up very intense zonal potential vorticity(PV) gradient, which is one order higher than-induced planetary PV gradient.According to QG dynamics, this zonal PV gradient will be a strong constraint forRossby wave and eddy propagation, preventing them penetrating through Luzon Strait.While in looping state, Kuroshio's blocking effect vanishes.
Through instability and energy diagnosis using numerical model results, we pointed out that baroclinic energy conversion from mean flow to eddy/perturbationfield is the energy source of anticyclonic eddy shedding and associated cyclonic eddygrowth west of Kuroshio front. High baroclinic energy conversion locates upstream ofthe anticyclonic loop on the western flank of Kuroshio axis. During Kuroshiodeformation and anticyclonic eddy growing stage, the energy source straddles boththe anticyclonic and accompanied cyclonic eddies, and the mean flow suppliespotential energy to both of them for growth; during the anticyclonic eddy sheddingstage, the energy source moves upon cyclonic eddy, and the mean flow suppliespotential energy only to the cyclonic eddy, makeing it strong enough to cut off theanticyclonic eddy from Kuroshio.
再次证实了平均态黑潮是以“跨隙”路径跃过吕宋海峡。指出由于地形效应特别是巴林塘海峡附近的底地形和岛屿，决定了黑潮失去陆坡支持时的初始入射角；在外强迫涡度输入较弱的情况下，在黑潮流出巴林塘海峡失去陆坡支持后北上过程中，由于环境涡度增加，依据绝对涡度守恒黑潮必定会在台湾岛以南流出吕宋海峡。该结果解释了在不能准确分辨巴林塘海峡附近的底地形和岛屿的海洋数值模拟中会出现黑潮呈现流套路径进入南海的物理本质。
首次提出了冬季风产生Ekman输运和输入的风应力负涡度是黑潮冬季在吕宋海峡以流套形式出现的主要原因；该结果纠正了前人提出的冬季黑潮流量小、惯性小，则导致黑潮在吕宋海峡以流套形式入侵的观点。
研究证实黑潮“跨隙”路径和对应的温跃层向西抬升在吕宋海峡建立起很强的位势涡度（PV）纬向梯度，该PV梯度比行星PV梯度高一个量级，因此“跨隙”路径的黑潮能有效地阻碍西传的Rossby波和涡旋穿过吕宋海峡；而一旦黑潮呈流套路径进入南海，黑潮在吕宋海峡对Rossby波和涡旋能量西传的阻挡效应马上消失。
通过对数值模式结果的能量分析指出，黑潮锋面处平均流向中尺度扰动的斜压能量输入是黑潮锋面西侧气旋涡成长和反气旋涡从黑潮主体脱落的能量来源；斜压能量转化大值区位于黑潮主轴西侧、黑潮反气旋式弯曲的上游；在黑潮出现反气旋弯曲并逐渐发展阶段，黑潮锋面处平均流同时向黑潮西侧的反气旋涡和诱生的气旋涡提供有效位能促其成长；在反气旋涡脱落阶段，黑潮锋面处平均流的能量转换逐渐偏移到气旋涡上，导致气旋涡的成长，使其足够强大将反气旋涡从黑潮主体上切断下来。
Kuroshio's pathway in the Luzon Strait when losing western boundary support isan important scientific issue in western boundary current dynamics and has drawn alot of oceanographers' attentions, as it plays a very important role in determining themomentum, vorticity as well as mass exchange between Pacific and South China Sea(SCS). In view of existing debates, in this paper, we analyzed the observations, did aseries of numerical experiments, and applied instability and energy conversiondiagnosis using2.5-layer quasi-geostrophic (QG) model, Reynold-averaging methodas well as wavelet-based Muti-Scale Energy and Vorticity Analysis (MS-EVA)method. Finally, we clarified the debates and arrived at some innovative conclusionsas follows.
This paper proved again that the mean-state Kuroshio has a gap-leaping pathwayin the Luzon Strait. We pointed out that the topography, especially the bottomtopography and islands near Balintang Channel, constrains the initial incident angle ofKuroshio. When Kuroshio develops into an inertial jet after losing support from thewestern boundary, in the absence of external vorticity forcing, the conservation ofabsolute vorticity determines the gap-leaping pathway of Kuroshio in the Luzon Strait.This result also explains the physical essence for Kuroshio looping into SCS in lots ofnumerical simulations which do not fully resovle the bottom topography and islandsnear Balintang Channel.
We first pointed out that the Kuroshio pathway transition to looping state inwinter is dominated by the Ekman transport and negative wind stress curl exerted bywinter Monsoon. This result corrects the previous viewpoint that Kuroshio loopinginto SCS in winter is determined by the week inertial effect associated with smallKuroshio transport in winter.
Our research proved the gap-leaping Kuroshio and corresponding westwardshoaling of thermocline in Luzon Strait builds up very intense zonal potential vorticity(PV) gradient, which is one order higher than-induced planetary PV gradient.According to QG dynamics, this zonal PV gradient will be a strong constraint forRossby wave and eddy propagation, preventing them penetrating through Luzon Strait.While in looping state, Kuroshio's blocking effect vanishes.
Through instability and energy diagnosis using numerical model results, we pointed out that baroclinic energy conversion from mean flow to eddy/perturbationfield is the energy source of anticyclonic eddy shedding and associated cyclonic eddygrowth west of Kuroshio front. High baroclinic energy conversion locates upstream ofthe anticyclonic loop on the western flank of Kuroshio axis. During Kuroshiodeformation and anticyclonic eddy growing stage, the energy source straddles boththe anticyclonic and accompanied cyclonic eddies, and the mean flow suppliespotential energy to both of them for growth; during the anticyclonic eddy sheddingstage, the energy source moves upon cyclonic eddy, and the mean flow suppliespotential energy only to the cyclonic eddy, makeing it strong enough to cut off theanticyclonic eddy from Kuroshio.
引文
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