利用非合作信号无源雷达技术的研究
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摘要
无源雷达是一种新体制雷达,它本身并不发射电磁波,而是借助空中已有的各种电磁波信号来检测目标,因而在现代电子战中具有重要意义。
本文通过分析和比较各种卫星信号的具体参数,包括载波频率、调制方式、码率等,确定有利于目标成像和系统优化设计的信号作为外辐射源信号,并在双基地雷达理论的基础上,从能量、距离、多普勒等方面分析了GPS信号的性能。然后利用基于GPS卫星作为辐射源的无源定位体制,研究了该体制下的最大探测距离和信号杂波功率比,并给出了定位算法。最后通过选取最优算法,对目标进行成像和跟踪,从而确定系统工作体制。
根据GPS目标信号在大地测绘中的应用,本文探讨了双基地合成孔径雷达成像算法在适当情况下的成像可行性,并在此基础上建立了被动目标的运动模型,比较了线性和非线性跟踪方法在无源雷达体制下的性能,结果表明非线性滤波算法较适合于该雷达体系。
The passive radar is a new radar which emits nothing but can detect objects with the help of outer electromagnetic waves. So it plays an important role in modern ECM.
By analysing and comparing parameters of satellite signals, including carrier frequency, modulation, code sampling and so on, the dissertation ascertains the illuminating sources, which could be propitious to imaging and system designing. On the theory of bistatic radar, the research reveals the merits of GPS signal in terms of energy, range and doppler resolution. Then the maximum detection range and the clutter to reflected signal ratio(in dB) are investigated in the mode of passive location, which takes GPS as the illuminator, while the location algorithm is detailed. Upon choosing the propest arithmetic for targets imaging and tracking, we completes the methods of the whole system finally.
According to the applications of geodesic surveying, this thesis studys the possibility of bistatic synthetic aperture arithmetic in relevant cases, and sets up models of passive moving points. The results show that non-linear filtering arithmetic is mostly suitable in such passive situation by evaluating the performances of linear and non-linear filtering tracking methods.
本文通过分析和比较各种卫星信号的具体参数,包括载波频率、调制方式、码率等,确定有利于目标成像和系统优化设计的信号作为外辐射源信号,并在双基地雷达理论的基础上,从能量、距离、多普勒等方面分析了GPS信号的性能。然后利用基于GPS卫星作为辐射源的无源定位体制,研究了该体制下的最大探测距离和信号杂波功率比,并给出了定位算法。最后通过选取最优算法,对目标进行成像和跟踪,从而确定系统工作体制。
根据GPS目标信号在大地测绘中的应用,本文探讨了双基地合成孔径雷达成像算法在适当情况下的成像可行性,并在此基础上建立了被动目标的运动模型,比较了线性和非线性跟踪方法在无源雷达体制下的性能,结果表明非线性滤波算法较适合于该雷达体系。
The passive radar is a new radar which emits nothing but can detect objects with the help of outer electromagnetic waves. So it plays an important role in modern ECM.
By analysing and comparing parameters of satellite signals, including carrier frequency, modulation, code sampling and so on, the dissertation ascertains the illuminating sources, which could be propitious to imaging and system designing. On the theory of bistatic radar, the research reveals the merits of GPS signal in terms of energy, range and doppler resolution. Then the maximum detection range and the clutter to reflected signal ratio(in dB) are investigated in the mode of passive location, which takes GPS as the illuminator, while the location algorithm is detailed. Upon choosing the propest arithmetic for targets imaging and tracking, we completes the methods of the whole system finally.
According to the applications of geodesic surveying, this thesis studys the possibility of bistatic synthetic aperture arithmetic in relevant cases, and sets up models of passive moving points. The results show that non-linear filtering arithmetic is mostly suitable in such passive situation by evaluating the performances of linear and non-linear filtering tracking methods.
引文
[1]崔伟建,戴国宪.无源雷达浅析.电子对抗,2003(2):41-46
[2]唐小明,何友,夏明革.基于机会发射的无源雷达系统发展评述.现代雷达,2002.3(3):1-6
[3]胡贵中.基于调频广播信号的无源雷达部分关键技术的研究.硕士论文,南京理工大学,June 2004,pp.1-60
[4]王雄才.基于数字卫星信号的无源雷达关键技术研究.硕士论文,南京理工大学,June.2004.pp.1-63
[5]朱庆明,吴曼青.一种新型无源探测与跟踪雷达系统—“沉默哨兵”.现代电子,Vol.70,No.1,2000,pp.1-4
[6]L.M.Kaplan.MATLAB Code for Plotting Ambiguity Functions.IEEE Trans.On Aerospace and Electronic System,Vol.38,No.3,July 2002,pp.1064-1068
[7]陶建义.基于外辐射源的无源雷达技术.现代电子,Vol.80,No.3,2002,pp.5-9
[8]杨进佩,刘中,朱晓华.用于无源雷达的商业无线电信号模糊函数分析.火力与指挥控制,Vol.32,No.9,2007,pp.43-46
[9]H.D.Griffiths.Television-based bistatic radar.IEE Proceedings,Vol.133,No.7,1986,pp.649-657
[10]赵春梅,欧吉坤,文援兰.基于GALILEO及GPS-GALILEO组合系统的仿真分析[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(14):1008-1011
[11]Hein G.W,Godet J.Status of Galileo frequency and signal design.Pro.Of ION Galileo 2002[c].Brussels,2002
[12]Xiyuan Chen,Kunpeng Zhang.Simulation and analysis of GPS and Galileo signals in space.Vol.15,No.6,Dec.2007,pp.653-657
[13]宋辉.组合GPS/GLONASS系统及其应用分析.天津航海,No.1,2002,pp.42-45
[14]Russia federal Space Agency.GLONASS:Policy,Status and Modernization Plan[C].Proc of the Satellite Navigation Summit.Munich,2006
[15]Foks A,Nawrocki J,Lewandowski W.Latest Calibration of GLONASS P-code Time Receivers[C].Proc of the 36th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval(PTTI)Meeting,2005,pp.99-104
[16]张守信,等.GPS技术与应用.北京:国防工业出版社,1999
[17]刘基余.GPS卫星导航定位原理与应用.北京:科学出版社,2003
[18]李天文.GPS原理及应用.北京:科学出版社,2001
[19]杨俊,武奇生.GPS基本原理及其Matlab仿真.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2006
[20]Kaplan E D.Understanding GPS Principles and Applications[M].Artech House Norwood,[M],1996
[21]James Bao,Yen Tsui.Fundamentals of Global Positioning System Receivese.John Wiley & Sons,Hoboken,New Jersey,2005
[22]Kaplan E D.Understanding GPS Principles and Applications.Artech House,Norwood,MA,1996
[23]A.R.Maurice,J.F.Gordon.Waveform analysis of transmissions of opportunity for passive radar.Fifth International Symposium on Signal Processing and its Applications,Brisbance Australia,1999,pp.511-514
[24]M.A.Ringer,et al.Waveform analysis of transmitters of opportunity for passive radar.US Defence Science& Technology Organisation DSTO-TR-0809,1999,pp.1-59
[25]杨振起,张永顺,骆永军.双(多)基地雷达系统.北京:国防工业出版社,2001
[26]丁鹭飞,张平.雷达系统.西安:西北电讯工程学院出版社,1984
[27]Wills N J.Bistatic Radar.Artech House,1991
[28]王俊,保铮,张守宏.无源探测与跟踪雷达系统技术及其发展.雷达科学技术,Vol.2,No.3,2004,pp.129-135
[29]刘立东等.基于GPS照射源的天地双基地雷达探测系统.电波科学学报,Vol.19,No.1,2004,pp.109-113
[30]J.Mchintosh.U.S Patent 1 passive three dimensional track of non-cooperative targets through opportunistic use of global positional system(GPS)and GLONASS signals.USA:310808,Sept.1991
[31]P.E.Howland.Target tracking using television based bistatic radar.IEE Proceeding Part F,Vol.146,No.3,1999,pp.166-172
[32]T.Stephen,et.al.First spaceborne observation of an earth-reflected GPS signal.Radio Science,Vol.37,No.l,2002,pp.7-1-7-28
[33]Manuel Martin-Neira,et al.The PARIS concept:an experimental Demonstration of sea surface altimetry using GPS reflected signals.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,Vol.39,No.1,January 2001,pp.142-150
[34]戴剑华,尹成友.利用GPS星际照射源的无源定位系统研究.航天电子对抗,Apr.2001,pp.8-12
[35]B.Mojarrabi,J.Homer,K.Kubik.Power budget study for passive target detection and imaging using secondary applications of GPS signals in bistatic radar systems.IEEE International Conference on Systems Engineering,2002,pp.449-451
[36]Wang Jun.How to Use the C/A Code of GPS to Detect the Exospheric Passive Radar Target.ICSP'04 Proceedings,2002,pp.2194-2197
[37]Wang Jun.Development of ballistic target space counter-recognition,System Engineering and Electronics,2002,24(7):53-57
[38]汤子跃,张守融.双站合成孔径雷达系统原理.北京:科学出版社,2003
[39]保铮,邢孟道,王彤.雷达成像技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2006
[40]Bamler R.A Comparision of Range-Doppler and Wavenumber Domain SAR Focusing Algorithms.IEEE Trans.On GRS,1992,30(4):706-713
[41]林明森,王其茂,彭海龙.GPS反射信号的海洋应用.海洋湖沼通报,Apr.2004,pp.32-39
[42]Yonghong Li.3D Multi-static SAR for terrain imaging based on reflected GPS signals.Journal of Global Positioning System,Vol.1,No.1,2002,pp.34-39
[43]M.Soumekh,J.Choi.Target imaging using a synthetic bistatic radar.IEEE International Conference on Systems Engineering,1989,pp.39-42
[44]L.Tine,B.Herman,D.S.Joris.Comment on:a new method for the nonlinear transformation of means and covariances in filters and estimators.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,Vol.47,No.8,2002,pp.1406-1409
[45]徐世友,陈曾平.非线性滤波算法在无源双基地雷达目标跟踪中的比较研究.系统仿真学报.Vol.20,No.1,Jan.2008,pp.128-131
[46]S.Julier,J.Durrant.A new method for the nonlinear transformation of means and covariances in filters and estimators.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,AC-45,March 2002
[47]韩崇昭,朱洪艳,段战胜.多源信息融合.北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[48]孙仲康.雷达数据处理。北京:国防工业出版社,1983
[49]周宏仁,敬忠良,王培德.机动目标跟踪.北京:国防工业出版社,1991
[50]何友,修建娟,张晶炜,关欣等.雷达数据处理及应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2006
[51]刘波,文忠,曾涯.MATLAB信号处理.北京:电子工业出版社,2006
[52]葛哲学,陈仲生.Matlab时频分析技术及其应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,2006
[53]张志涌,等.精通MATLAB 6.5版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2007
[2]唐小明,何友,夏明革.基于机会发射的无源雷达系统发展评述.现代雷达,2002.3(3):1-6
[3]胡贵中.基于调频广播信号的无源雷达部分关键技术的研究.硕士论文,南京理工大学,June 2004,pp.1-60
[4]王雄才.基于数字卫星信号的无源雷达关键技术研究.硕士论文,南京理工大学,June.2004.pp.1-63
[5]朱庆明,吴曼青.一种新型无源探测与跟踪雷达系统—“沉默哨兵”.现代电子,Vol.70,No.1,2000,pp.1-4
[6]L.M.Kaplan.MATLAB Code for Plotting Ambiguity Functions.IEEE Trans.On Aerospace and Electronic System,Vol.38,No.3,July 2002,pp.1064-1068
[7]陶建义.基于外辐射源的无源雷达技术.现代电子,Vol.80,No.3,2002,pp.5-9
[8]杨进佩,刘中,朱晓华.用于无源雷达的商业无线电信号模糊函数分析.火力与指挥控制,Vol.32,No.9,2007,pp.43-46
[9]H.D.Griffiths.Television-based bistatic radar.IEE Proceedings,Vol.133,No.7,1986,pp.649-657
[10]赵春梅,欧吉坤,文援兰.基于GALILEO及GPS-GALILEO组合系统的仿真分析[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(14):1008-1011
[11]Hein G.W,Godet J.Status of Galileo frequency and signal design.Pro.Of ION Galileo 2002[c].Brussels,2002
[12]Xiyuan Chen,Kunpeng Zhang.Simulation and analysis of GPS and Galileo signals in space.Vol.15,No.6,Dec.2007,pp.653-657
[13]宋辉.组合GPS/GLONASS系统及其应用分析.天津航海,No.1,2002,pp.42-45
[14]Russia federal Space Agency.GLONASS:Policy,Status and Modernization Plan[C].Proc of the Satellite Navigation Summit.Munich,2006
[15]Foks A,Nawrocki J,Lewandowski W.Latest Calibration of GLONASS P-code Time Receivers[C].Proc of the 36th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval(PTTI)Meeting,2005,pp.99-104
[16]张守信,等.GPS技术与应用.北京:国防工业出版社,1999
[17]刘基余.GPS卫星导航定位原理与应用.北京:科学出版社,2003
[18]李天文.GPS原理及应用.北京:科学出版社,2001
[19]杨俊,武奇生.GPS基本原理及其Matlab仿真.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2006
[20]Kaplan E D.Understanding GPS Principles and Applications[M].Artech House Norwood,[M],1996
[21]James Bao,Yen Tsui.Fundamentals of Global Positioning System Receivese.John Wiley & Sons,Hoboken,New Jersey,2005
[22]Kaplan E D.Understanding GPS Principles and Applications.Artech House,Norwood,MA,1996
[23]A.R.Maurice,J.F.Gordon.Waveform analysis of transmissions of opportunity for passive radar.Fifth International Symposium on Signal Processing and its Applications,Brisbance Australia,1999,pp.511-514
[24]M.A.Ringer,et al.Waveform analysis of transmitters of opportunity for passive radar.US Defence Science& Technology Organisation DSTO-TR-0809,1999,pp.1-59
[25]杨振起,张永顺,骆永军.双(多)基地雷达系统.北京:国防工业出版社,2001
[26]丁鹭飞,张平.雷达系统.西安:西北电讯工程学院出版社,1984
[27]Wills N J.Bistatic Radar.Artech House,1991
[28]王俊,保铮,张守宏.无源探测与跟踪雷达系统技术及其发展.雷达科学技术,Vol.2,No.3,2004,pp.129-135
[29]刘立东等.基于GPS照射源的天地双基地雷达探测系统.电波科学学报,Vol.19,No.1,2004,pp.109-113
[30]J.Mchintosh.U.S Patent 1 passive three dimensional track of non-cooperative targets through opportunistic use of global positional system(GPS)and GLONASS signals.USA:310808,Sept.1991
[31]P.E.Howland.Target tracking using television based bistatic radar.IEE Proceeding Part F,Vol.146,No.3,1999,pp.166-172
[32]T.Stephen,et.al.First spaceborne observation of an earth-reflected GPS signal.Radio Science,Vol.37,No.l,2002,pp.7-1-7-28
[33]Manuel Martin-Neira,et al.The PARIS concept:an experimental Demonstration of sea surface altimetry using GPS reflected signals.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,Vol.39,No.1,January 2001,pp.142-150
[34]戴剑华,尹成友.利用GPS星际照射源的无源定位系统研究.航天电子对抗,Apr.2001,pp.8-12
[35]B.Mojarrabi,J.Homer,K.Kubik.Power budget study for passive target detection and imaging using secondary applications of GPS signals in bistatic radar systems.IEEE International Conference on Systems Engineering,2002,pp.449-451
[36]Wang Jun.How to Use the C/A Code of GPS to Detect the Exospheric Passive Radar Target.ICSP'04 Proceedings,2002,pp.2194-2197
[37]Wang Jun.Development of ballistic target space counter-recognition,System Engineering and Electronics,2002,24(7):53-57
[38]汤子跃,张守融.双站合成孔径雷达系统原理.北京:科学出版社,2003
[39]保铮,邢孟道,王彤.雷达成像技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2006
[40]Bamler R.A Comparision of Range-Doppler and Wavenumber Domain SAR Focusing Algorithms.IEEE Trans.On GRS,1992,30(4):706-713
[41]林明森,王其茂,彭海龙.GPS反射信号的海洋应用.海洋湖沼通报,Apr.2004,pp.32-39
[42]Yonghong Li.3D Multi-static SAR for terrain imaging based on reflected GPS signals.Journal of Global Positioning System,Vol.1,No.1,2002,pp.34-39
[43]M.Soumekh,J.Choi.Target imaging using a synthetic bistatic radar.IEEE International Conference on Systems Engineering,1989,pp.39-42
[44]L.Tine,B.Herman,D.S.Joris.Comment on:a new method for the nonlinear transformation of means and covariances in filters and estimators.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,Vol.47,No.8,2002,pp.1406-1409
[45]徐世友,陈曾平.非线性滤波算法在无源双基地雷达目标跟踪中的比较研究.系统仿真学报.Vol.20,No.1,Jan.2008,pp.128-131
[46]S.Julier,J.Durrant.A new method for the nonlinear transformation of means and covariances in filters and estimators.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,AC-45,March 2002
[47]韩崇昭,朱洪艳,段战胜.多源信息融合.北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[48]孙仲康.雷达数据处理。北京:国防工业出版社,1983
[49]周宏仁,敬忠良,王培德.机动目标跟踪.北京:国防工业出版社,1991
[50]何友,修建娟,张晶炜,关欣等.雷达数据处理及应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2006
[51]刘波,文忠,曾涯.MATLAB信号处理.北京:电子工业出版社,2006
[52]葛哲学,陈仲生.Matlab时频分析技术及其应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,2006
[53]张志涌,等.精通MATLAB 6.5版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2007
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