渤海潮汐预报及流场特性分析
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摘要
在现有的潮流研究中,由于观测条件以及资料的局限,对于潮流性质的认识往往较多侧重于两个方面:一是对潮流调和常数的计算和讨论,二是对局部海域潮流特征的了解。这两种方法都缺乏对整个海域潮流性质的系统认识。本文通过建立渤海潮波数学模型,对整个渤海海域的潮流场进行特性分析,并编制了渤海潮汐预报系统,为渤海海域港口海岸工程的潮流模拟提供了条件,本文的具体内容和结论如下。
1.本文建立了中国近海潮波数学模型,尝试通过调整模型验证合理后,为渤海潮波数学模型提供准确的边界条件。中国近海潮波数学模型是基于球面坐标系下的二维垂线平均潮波运动方程,模型区域包括渤海、黄海、东海、南海、泰国湾和环台湾岛海域,网格剖分为基于有限体积法的三角形网格。计算模拟了中国近海的复合潮波运动,然而,由于浅水地形资料的不准确导致模型验证结果不理想,渤海以半日潮占优的M2分潮潮位偏小,而南中国海则是以全日潮占优的K1分潮偏大。因此,直接从全球潮汐预报系统中提取潮位作为渤海潮波数学模型的驱动边界。
2.渤海潮波数学模型分别使用MIKE21软件中基于有限体积法的二维水动力数学模型,和基于有限元法的ADCIRC模型进行网格剖分与数值模拟。两种模型计算出来的结果基本一致,其M2分潮与K1分潮的振幅和迟角与实测值吻合较好。针对计算结果绘制了主要分潮(包括浅水分潮)的潮汐同潮图,对分布于渤海潮汐表上的12个潮汐预报站、13个潮流预报站进行了潮位以及流速和流向的对比分析,并对大潮期间渤海湾和莱州湾的实测与计算潮流结果分别进行了分析。对渤海潮汐和潮流分布即潮波运动进行了系统的讨论,与前人的结果基本吻合。在对渤海湾的流场分析中,发现渤海湾北部湾顶的潮流旋转方向以及涨落潮方向与渤海湾其他海域有所不同。
3.最后,基于渤海潮波数学模型计算出来的7个分潮的振幅和初相位编制了渤海潮汐预报系统。通过与现有两年内的潮位资料的比较验证,表明该潮汐预报系统非常实用,而且对于浅水区具有较高的准确性。
Because of the limitation of observing conditions and availible data, the previous research about characteristics of tidal current has been emphasized on two aspects. The first one is the calculation and discussion on the tidal harmonic constant, and the other is the comprehension of characteristics of tidal current in local sea area. However, both of them are lack of systemic inspection about the characteristics of tidal current in the whole sea area. Based on numerical models for the tidal wave of Bohai Sea, the characteristics of real tidal flow field in the whole Bohai Sea are analyzed and a tidal forecasting system for Bohai Sea is designed, which will provide a valuble data for applicated simulation of port and coastal engineering in Bohai Sea. The main contents and conclusions are as followings.
1. Firstly, a numerical model for the tidal wave of margin seas near China coasts is constructed for trying to provide an exact boundary condition for the numerical model of the tidal wave in Bohai Sea. The numerical model of margin seas near China coasts is developed in this paper based on the 2-D depth-averaged tidal wave motion equation in spherical coordinates, and region in study included the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, Thailand Bay and waters around Taiwan Island. The computational grid is generated as triangular grid base on finite volume method. The model simulated the compound tidal wave movement of margin seas near China coasts. However, because of the inaccurate data on the bathymetry in the shallow water, the result is not satisfying. The surface elevation of M2 tide components dominated by semidiumal tide in Bohai Sea seems to be smaller than actual value, but the surface elevation of K1 tide components dominated by diurnal tide in Nanhai Sea seems to be larger than actual value. Therefore the surface elevations obtained from global tidal forecasting system are taken as the driving boundary for numerical models of the tidal wave in the Bohai Sea.
2. For the simulation of the tidal wave in Bohai Sea, two models are employed: 2D-hydrodynamic numerical model in the software of MIKE21 based on the finite volume method and ADCIRC model base on finite element method. The results tend to be consistent with each other. The amplitude and phase of M2 and K1 tide components fit well with actual observed value. Based on the result, the cotidal charts for the main tide components including the shallow water tide components (M4 as an examle) are drawn, and a comparative analysis about the surface elevation, current speed and current direction in 12 tidal forecasting stations and 13 tidal current forecasting stations listed on the Bohai Sea tide table is carried out. Also the results and observations of the tide in Bohai Bay and Laizhouwan are respectively analyzed in detail. A systemic discussion on the distribution of tide and current in Bohai Sea is made, which is consistent with the previous researches. In the analysis about the flow field in Bohai Bay, it is found that the direction of current curl and spring-ebb tide in the northern top of Bohai Bay is different from other sea area in Bohai Bay.
3. Finally, the tide forecasting system of Bohai Sea is designed based on the result of tidal wave numerical model of Bohai Sea. The comparison between the simulated and measured data during two years further validates the practicability of the forecasting system with high accuracy in shallow water.
1.本文建立了中国近海潮波数学模型,尝试通过调整模型验证合理后,为渤海潮波数学模型提供准确的边界条件。中国近海潮波数学模型是基于球面坐标系下的二维垂线平均潮波运动方程,模型区域包括渤海、黄海、东海、南海、泰国湾和环台湾岛海域,网格剖分为基于有限体积法的三角形网格。计算模拟了中国近海的复合潮波运动,然而,由于浅水地形资料的不准确导致模型验证结果不理想,渤海以半日潮占优的M2分潮潮位偏小,而南中国海则是以全日潮占优的K1分潮偏大。因此,直接从全球潮汐预报系统中提取潮位作为渤海潮波数学模型的驱动边界。
2.渤海潮波数学模型分别使用MIKE21软件中基于有限体积法的二维水动力数学模型,和基于有限元法的ADCIRC模型进行网格剖分与数值模拟。两种模型计算出来的结果基本一致,其M2分潮与K1分潮的振幅和迟角与实测值吻合较好。针对计算结果绘制了主要分潮(包括浅水分潮)的潮汐同潮图,对分布于渤海潮汐表上的12个潮汐预报站、13个潮流预报站进行了潮位以及流速和流向的对比分析,并对大潮期间渤海湾和莱州湾的实测与计算潮流结果分别进行了分析。对渤海潮汐和潮流分布即潮波运动进行了系统的讨论,与前人的结果基本吻合。在对渤海湾的流场分析中,发现渤海湾北部湾顶的潮流旋转方向以及涨落潮方向与渤海湾其他海域有所不同。
3.最后,基于渤海潮波数学模型计算出来的7个分潮的振幅和初相位编制了渤海潮汐预报系统。通过与现有两年内的潮位资料的比较验证,表明该潮汐预报系统非常实用,而且对于浅水区具有较高的准确性。
Because of the limitation of observing conditions and availible data, the previous research about characteristics of tidal current has been emphasized on two aspects. The first one is the calculation and discussion on the tidal harmonic constant, and the other is the comprehension of characteristics of tidal current in local sea area. However, both of them are lack of systemic inspection about the characteristics of tidal current in the whole sea area. Based on numerical models for the tidal wave of Bohai Sea, the characteristics of real tidal flow field in the whole Bohai Sea are analyzed and a tidal forecasting system for Bohai Sea is designed, which will provide a valuble data for applicated simulation of port and coastal engineering in Bohai Sea. The main contents and conclusions are as followings.
1. Firstly, a numerical model for the tidal wave of margin seas near China coasts is constructed for trying to provide an exact boundary condition for the numerical model of the tidal wave in Bohai Sea. The numerical model of margin seas near China coasts is developed in this paper based on the 2-D depth-averaged tidal wave motion equation in spherical coordinates, and region in study included the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, Thailand Bay and waters around Taiwan Island. The computational grid is generated as triangular grid base on finite volume method. The model simulated the compound tidal wave movement of margin seas near China coasts. However, because of the inaccurate data on the bathymetry in the shallow water, the result is not satisfying. The surface elevation of M2 tide components dominated by semidiumal tide in Bohai Sea seems to be smaller than actual value, but the surface elevation of K1 tide components dominated by diurnal tide in Nanhai Sea seems to be larger than actual value. Therefore the surface elevations obtained from global tidal forecasting system are taken as the driving boundary for numerical models of the tidal wave in the Bohai Sea.
2. For the simulation of the tidal wave in Bohai Sea, two models are employed: 2D-hydrodynamic numerical model in the software of MIKE21 based on the finite volume method and ADCIRC model base on finite element method. The results tend to be consistent with each other. The amplitude and phase of M2 and K1 tide components fit well with actual observed value. Based on the result, the cotidal charts for the main tide components including the shallow water tide components (M4 as an examle) are drawn, and a comparative analysis about the surface elevation, current speed and current direction in 12 tidal forecasting stations and 13 tidal current forecasting stations listed on the Bohai Sea tide table is carried out. Also the results and observations of the tide in Bohai Bay and Laizhouwan are respectively analyzed in detail. A systemic discussion on the distribution of tide and current in Bohai Sea is made, which is consistent with the previous researches. In the analysis about the flow field in Bohai Bay, it is found that the direction of current curl and spring-ebb tide in the northern top of Bohai Bay is different from other sea area in Bohai Bay.
3. Finally, the tide forecasting system of Bohai Sea is designed based on the result of tidal wave numerical model of Bohai Sea. The comparison between the simulated and measured data during two years further validates the practicability of the forecasting system with high accuracy in shallow water.
引文
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