南海中部深水区上层海洋潮流和环流特征分析与模拟
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摘要
本文首先应用南海深海盆中3个ATLAS定点浮标的长周期温度和海流资料进行分析,探讨南海中部深水区温跃层及温度短周期振动与海流潮流的变化规律特征。然后利用HYCOM模式模拟了南海环流系统的季节变化,并结合T/P高度计资料分析了南海深海盆海区环流的季节变化规律和机制。
南海深水区终年存在强度在0.1℃/m左右的温度跃层,且跃层受海面净热通量和中尺度涡的影响存在季节变化。进入春季,由于温度的回升,南海中部有双跃层现象的出现。南海深水区50米-500米水深,温度存在半日潮和全日潮周期的振动,而且以全日潮周期的振动为主导,说明南海中部内潮波的存在。两种周期的振动在时空上存在一定的变化。温度跃层的核心深度基本在50米-100米之间,该深度上温度半日潮或全日潮周期的振动的时空变化与温度跃层的时空结构是一致的。
南海深水区海流的主要周期是日周期,惯性周期和半日周期。惯性周期在深海盆南部站点要更加显著。海流主要是顺时针旋转的,符合地转效应特征。海流中占主要的频率信号的强弱随深度变化,说明海流存在斜压性,是EOF分解所揭示的多种垂向模态存在的反映。潮流在南海深水区海流中占很大比重,尤其是在北部站点。全日分潮振幅最大,且随深度逐渐减小。潮流椭圆随水深也发生旋转,长短轴的大小也随之变化,这与海洋的密度层结结构有关。密度层结导致了海流的斜压性,会产生能量的传播和扩散,导致内潮的产生,影响南海深水区上层海洋的混合,从而影响该海区的环流结构。三个站点平均流的流速和流向存在季节变化,尤其是在ST1和ST2站点。总体来说,三个站点的平均流的流向变化与南海海盆中环流系统相一致。
南海中部深水区上层流场存在显著的季节变化。冬季,海盆北部基本呈气旋式环流。黑潮入侵流相比其他季节要强一些。海盆南部有一个中尺度的气旋式环流。夏季海盆基本为一个反气旋式环流。在南海中部深海盆,东北向流很显著,在南部海区整个为一个反气旋式环流。海盆西侧海流存在显著的西向强化现象。春季和秋季出于季风转换季节,环流较弱。
从海盆中层流场分布来看,仍存在一定的季节变化。在巴士海峡西侧形成一个终年存在的反气旋式环流,它可能是由其东侧巴士海峡处的太平洋水入侵诱发产生。海盆下层流场分布基本不存在季节变化,在12 N ,113E终年存在一个气旋式涡旋。吕宋海峡断面在500 m深度以浅,全年海峡中部和南部基本为西向流,即海水从吕宋海峡流入南海。海峡北部基本为东向流,海水流出南海。500 m以深,纬向流速基本为西向流,流速较小,说明中下层海水流入南海。秋季和冬季吕宋海峡100 m以浅流量明显大于春季和夏季,但在次表层和中层,四个季节海峡处流量差距不大。
海面高度距平在冬季和夏季、春季和秋季的空间变化形态相反。冬季,南海海盆SSHA较其他季节低,在吕宋岛西侧19 N ,119E和越南东侧14 N ,112E各存在一个低值中心。夏季南海深海盆SSHA与冬季形式相反,在吕宋岛西北侧21 N ,116E和越南东侧14 N ,110E各有一个高值中心。
模拟得到的SSH和SSHA与上层环流结构对应。冬季南海海盆西侧向南的沿岸流在Ekman输运的作用下海水在西岸堆积,海盆西侧SSH得到全年最高。吕宋岛西侧和越南东南侧存在两个气旋式环流,对应SSH在附近海域出现低值中心,SSHA出现负的距平区。夏季在整个海盆呈现东高西低的现象,海盆南部反气旋环流对应着正的距平区。
Current and temperature observations from three moored Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System (ATLAS) buoys are analyzed to examine the seasonal thermocline variability and tidal currents in the center deep basin of South China Sea (SCS). And HYCOM model is used to simulate the seasonal variation of ocean circulation in SCS, and in combination with T/P altimeter data, simulation results were used to analyze the character and mechanism of seasonal variation of ocean circulation and sea surface height (SSH) in SCS deep water area.
In the center deep basin of SCS, thermocline with intensity of 0.1℃/m exits for the whole year. The seasonal variation of the thermocline is mainly controlled by sea surface heat and geophysical vorticity. In spring, the double thermocline structure occurs in all the three buoy location in SCS a result of the back-rise of temperature.
During the depth of 50m to 500m, there are two remarkable short-term period oscillations in temperature, which is diurnal and semi-diurnal period respectively, especially the diurnal period. These two period oscillation change both in spatial an time. And this indicates that internal tide exits in the central basin of SCS. The center depth of the thermocline is between 50m and 100m, and on that depth the spatial and time variations of semi-diurnal or diurnal period oscillation are in agreement with those in thermocline. In the central depth of thermocline, the diurnal (semi-diurnal) period oscillation in temperature is more obvious in the time zone where the intensity of thermocline is larger.
Spectrum analysis of current data shows that diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal constituents play an important role in the total current, especially the diurnal tidal constituents. Inertial period is more evident in the southern part of SCS deep basin. Wavelet analysis reveals that the main period of current varies with depth, which indicates that the current is mainly baroclinic, as the results of EOF analysis. From north to south, the magnitude of diurnal tidal constituents to the total current decrease while that of semi-diurnal tidal constituents remain similar. The magnitude, direction and contribution of most tidal currents, except the semi-diurnal tidal current in the northern part, vary significantly with water depth. This indicates that the tidal current is mainly baroclinic in the SCS deep basin, the same as the result of Wavelet analysis and EOF analysis. The tidal ellipses whirl round along with depth, also with the length of major and minor axis. It has some relation with the structure of the density stratification. The density stratification causes the baroclinity of current, which may yield the energy transmission and dissipation and affect the generation of the internal tides and mixing of SCS at the upper layer. And it can make a large influence on the ocean circulation. Velocity and direction of the mean current varies with seasons at all three buoy location, especially at ST1 and ST2. In general, seasonal variation of the current direction at the three stations agrees with the basin circulation in SCS.
Surface circulation of the SCS deep basin has remarkable seasonal variation. Northern part of the SCS deep basin is mainly dominated by a cyclonic circulation in winter. The Kuroshio intrusion current is stronger than other reasons. And a meso-scale cyclonic gyre exists in the southern part in winter. In summer, SCS deep basin is dominated by an anti-cyclonic gyre, and the northeast current is quit remarkable in the central deep area. In all the southern part of SCS deep basin, the circulation is mainly anti-cyclonic. Current in the western part of central SCS is quite strong because of the western intensification. In spring and autumn, the circulations are relatively weaker due to reversal of the SCS monsoon.
Middle layer circulation has a little seasonal variation. But to the west of Bashi Channel, an anti-cyclonic eddy persists regardless of season, which may be caused by the Pacific water intrusion to the east of Bashi Channel. Around 12 N ,113E, a cyclonic eddy exists for the whole year and hardly changes with time in the bottom layer of SCS deep basin. Also the bottom circulation has little seasonal variation. In the Luzon strait section, zonal velocity is mainly westward above 500 m in the middle and southern part of the strait, which means that the water flows into SCS through the strait. And in the northern part, zonal velocity is mainly eastward which means that the water flows out SCS to the Pacific Ocean. Beneath 500 m, zonal velocity is small and mainly westward. This indicates that water flows into SCS in all the middle and bottom layers. In autumn and winter, flow through the Luzon strait above 100 m is much larger than it in spring and summer in surface layers. However, in subsurface and middle layer, flow is hardly changed all the year.
Simulated sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) is completely opposite between winter and summer, as well as between spring and autumn. In winter, SSHA in the deep basin reach the lowest value of the year. There are two negative SSHA centers in the western of Luzon around 19 N ,119Eand east to Vietnam near 14 N ,112E, respectively. Oppositely, in summer near the similar area there are two positive SSHA centers in 21 N ,116Eand 14 N ,110E.
The simulated SSH and SSHA correspond with the current field exactly. In winter, SSH in the western of deep basin reaches it highest value of a year because of Ekman Transports; Luzon cold eddy and the cyclonic gyre on the southeast of Vietnam coast is corresponded with two negative SSHA centers and a low SSH center. In summer, SSH in the eastern part is higher than that in the western part, and the anti-cyclonic gyre in the southern part of deep basin is corresponded with a positive SSHA center.
南海深水区终年存在强度在0.1℃/m左右的温度跃层,且跃层受海面净热通量和中尺度涡的影响存在季节变化。进入春季,由于温度的回升,南海中部有双跃层现象的出现。南海深水区50米-500米水深,温度存在半日潮和全日潮周期的振动,而且以全日潮周期的振动为主导,说明南海中部内潮波的存在。两种周期的振动在时空上存在一定的变化。温度跃层的核心深度基本在50米-100米之间,该深度上温度半日潮或全日潮周期的振动的时空变化与温度跃层的时空结构是一致的。
南海深水区海流的主要周期是日周期,惯性周期和半日周期。惯性周期在深海盆南部站点要更加显著。海流主要是顺时针旋转的,符合地转效应特征。海流中占主要的频率信号的强弱随深度变化,说明海流存在斜压性,是EOF分解所揭示的多种垂向模态存在的反映。潮流在南海深水区海流中占很大比重,尤其是在北部站点。全日分潮振幅最大,且随深度逐渐减小。潮流椭圆随水深也发生旋转,长短轴的大小也随之变化,这与海洋的密度层结结构有关。密度层结导致了海流的斜压性,会产生能量的传播和扩散,导致内潮的产生,影响南海深水区上层海洋的混合,从而影响该海区的环流结构。三个站点平均流的流速和流向存在季节变化,尤其是在ST1和ST2站点。总体来说,三个站点的平均流的流向变化与南海海盆中环流系统相一致。
南海中部深水区上层流场存在显著的季节变化。冬季,海盆北部基本呈气旋式环流。黑潮入侵流相比其他季节要强一些。海盆南部有一个中尺度的气旋式环流。夏季海盆基本为一个反气旋式环流。在南海中部深海盆,东北向流很显著,在南部海区整个为一个反气旋式环流。海盆西侧海流存在显著的西向强化现象。春季和秋季出于季风转换季节,环流较弱。
从海盆中层流场分布来看,仍存在一定的季节变化。在巴士海峡西侧形成一个终年存在的反气旋式环流,它可能是由其东侧巴士海峡处的太平洋水入侵诱发产生。海盆下层流场分布基本不存在季节变化,在12 N ,113E终年存在一个气旋式涡旋。吕宋海峡断面在500 m深度以浅,全年海峡中部和南部基本为西向流,即海水从吕宋海峡流入南海。海峡北部基本为东向流,海水流出南海。500 m以深,纬向流速基本为西向流,流速较小,说明中下层海水流入南海。秋季和冬季吕宋海峡100 m以浅流量明显大于春季和夏季,但在次表层和中层,四个季节海峡处流量差距不大。
海面高度距平在冬季和夏季、春季和秋季的空间变化形态相反。冬季,南海海盆SSHA较其他季节低,在吕宋岛西侧19 N ,119E和越南东侧14 N ,112E各存在一个低值中心。夏季南海深海盆SSHA与冬季形式相反,在吕宋岛西北侧21 N ,116E和越南东侧14 N ,110E各有一个高值中心。
模拟得到的SSH和SSHA与上层环流结构对应。冬季南海海盆西侧向南的沿岸流在Ekman输运的作用下海水在西岸堆积,海盆西侧SSH得到全年最高。吕宋岛西侧和越南东南侧存在两个气旋式环流,对应SSH在附近海域出现低值中心,SSHA出现负的距平区。夏季在整个海盆呈现东高西低的现象,海盆南部反气旋环流对应着正的距平区。
Current and temperature observations from three moored Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System (ATLAS) buoys are analyzed to examine the seasonal thermocline variability and tidal currents in the center deep basin of South China Sea (SCS). And HYCOM model is used to simulate the seasonal variation of ocean circulation in SCS, and in combination with T/P altimeter data, simulation results were used to analyze the character and mechanism of seasonal variation of ocean circulation and sea surface height (SSH) in SCS deep water area.
In the center deep basin of SCS, thermocline with intensity of 0.1℃/m exits for the whole year. The seasonal variation of the thermocline is mainly controlled by sea surface heat and geophysical vorticity. In spring, the double thermocline structure occurs in all the three buoy location in SCS a result of the back-rise of temperature.
During the depth of 50m to 500m, there are two remarkable short-term period oscillations in temperature, which is diurnal and semi-diurnal period respectively, especially the diurnal period. These two period oscillation change both in spatial an time. And this indicates that internal tide exits in the central basin of SCS. The center depth of the thermocline is between 50m and 100m, and on that depth the spatial and time variations of semi-diurnal or diurnal period oscillation are in agreement with those in thermocline. In the central depth of thermocline, the diurnal (semi-diurnal) period oscillation in temperature is more obvious in the time zone where the intensity of thermocline is larger.
Spectrum analysis of current data shows that diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal constituents play an important role in the total current, especially the diurnal tidal constituents. Inertial period is more evident in the southern part of SCS deep basin. Wavelet analysis reveals that the main period of current varies with depth, which indicates that the current is mainly baroclinic, as the results of EOF analysis. From north to south, the magnitude of diurnal tidal constituents to the total current decrease while that of semi-diurnal tidal constituents remain similar. The magnitude, direction and contribution of most tidal currents, except the semi-diurnal tidal current in the northern part, vary significantly with water depth. This indicates that the tidal current is mainly baroclinic in the SCS deep basin, the same as the result of Wavelet analysis and EOF analysis. The tidal ellipses whirl round along with depth, also with the length of major and minor axis. It has some relation with the structure of the density stratification. The density stratification causes the baroclinity of current, which may yield the energy transmission and dissipation and affect the generation of the internal tides and mixing of SCS at the upper layer. And it can make a large influence on the ocean circulation. Velocity and direction of the mean current varies with seasons at all three buoy location, especially at ST1 and ST2. In general, seasonal variation of the current direction at the three stations agrees with the basin circulation in SCS.
Surface circulation of the SCS deep basin has remarkable seasonal variation. Northern part of the SCS deep basin is mainly dominated by a cyclonic circulation in winter. The Kuroshio intrusion current is stronger than other reasons. And a meso-scale cyclonic gyre exists in the southern part in winter. In summer, SCS deep basin is dominated by an anti-cyclonic gyre, and the northeast current is quit remarkable in the central deep area. In all the southern part of SCS deep basin, the circulation is mainly anti-cyclonic. Current in the western part of central SCS is quite strong because of the western intensification. In spring and autumn, the circulations are relatively weaker due to reversal of the SCS monsoon.
Middle layer circulation has a little seasonal variation. But to the west of Bashi Channel, an anti-cyclonic eddy persists regardless of season, which may be caused by the Pacific water intrusion to the east of Bashi Channel. Around 12 N ,113E, a cyclonic eddy exists for the whole year and hardly changes with time in the bottom layer of SCS deep basin. Also the bottom circulation has little seasonal variation. In the Luzon strait section, zonal velocity is mainly westward above 500 m in the middle and southern part of the strait, which means that the water flows into SCS through the strait. And in the northern part, zonal velocity is mainly eastward which means that the water flows out SCS to the Pacific Ocean. Beneath 500 m, zonal velocity is small and mainly westward. This indicates that water flows into SCS in all the middle and bottom layers. In autumn and winter, flow through the Luzon strait above 100 m is much larger than it in spring and summer in surface layers. However, in subsurface and middle layer, flow is hardly changed all the year.
Simulated sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) is completely opposite between winter and summer, as well as between spring and autumn. In winter, SSHA in the deep basin reach the lowest value of the year. There are two negative SSHA centers in the western of Luzon around 19 N ,119Eand east to Vietnam near 14 N ,112E, respectively. Oppositely, in summer near the similar area there are two positive SSHA centers in 21 N ,116Eand 14 N ,110E.
The simulated SSH and SSHA correspond with the current field exactly. In winter, SSH in the western of deep basin reaches it highest value of a year because of Ekman Transports; Luzon cold eddy and the cyclonic gyre on the southeast of Vietnam coast is corresponded with two negative SSHA centers and a low SSH center. In summer, SSH in the eastern part is higher than that in the western part, and the anti-cyclonic gyre in the southern part of deep basin is corresponded with a positive SSHA center.
引文
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