大型凸极同步发电机温度场及电磁场的有限元计算
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摘要
本文以大型水轮发电机稳态电磁场和温度场为研究对象，研究电机稳态运行时电机内部的电磁关系和发热机理。大型水轮发电机的实际运行是一个非常复杂的物理过程，为了准确的描述这一物理过程，从包括电磁场、温度场在内的多场耦合的角度进行分析是必要的。基于涡流分布系数法对电机内定子各股线内损耗分布进行较为详细的研究。研究结果表明，采用涡流分布系数法和传统所采用平均法计算损耗进而得到的温度场真实分布基本相同，可在工程中采用更为简便的涡流平均法计算损耗和温度场。大型水轮发电机励磁绕组匝间绝缘很薄，在以往的场计算中常忽略了它的存在。但是转子匝间绝缘整个加起来的面积接近一根导体的面积，因此这样对计算结果的精度有一定的影响。同时，在大型水轮发电机温度场的计算和分析中，绝缘层常常被忽略，但在一个很薄的股线绝缘层上将会有一个显著的温度变化。这将直接影响电机的设计。
本文根据电磁场理论，从耦合场的弱耦合角度首先计算了定子具有分数槽绕组的大型水轮发电机的电磁场，采用付立叶谐波分析的方法把气隙磁密分解为空间基波和一系列谐波，进而计算出气隙磁场波形特征系数。通过对气隙磁场的分析可以计算出转子表面损耗，进而计算出转子的温度场分布。在场的计算中，讨论了转子匝间绝缘对电磁场及温度场的影响。以龙羊峡320MW发电机为例进行了计算，将理论计算结果与实验结果进行了比较，验证了计算的准确性。
In this paper, the electric and magnetic relationship and heat generating principle are researched taking the steady electromagnetic fields and temperature fields of the large salient generator as researched object. The practical operation of large salient synchronous generator is a very complex physical process. To describe this physical process exactly it is necessary to analyze from aspect of coupled fields including electromagnetic and temperature fields. Calculating the distribution of losses in stator strands based on the eddy current distribution coefficient method. It shows that results from this method and the traditional method are nearly same. So, the average method can be applied to calculate the temperature field. Because insulation layers in strands and turns are very thin, they are always be out of consideration when calculating electromagnetic fields. But the whole areas of stator strands insulation may exceed that of one piece of strand and it will have certain of effect on the calculation precision. The same effect occurs for the turn insulation.. Also the insulation layers are always ignored in the calculation and analyze of hydrogenerator. However even a thin insulation layer may have a significant temperature drop and this will have a direct effect on the machine design.
According to the theory of electromagnetic fields, the large salient synchronous generator with fractional stator slot are calculated and analyzed by the Finite Element Method (FEM) in this paper. The Fourier analysis method is applied to decompose the air gap magnetic density into the basic spatial component and a series of harmonic components and wave shape eigen coefficient of air gap magnetic field are calculated. Through analyzing the air gap magnetic field, stray loss on the surface of rotor can be worked out and moreover temperature field distribution in rotor can be obtained. Longyang Gorge 320MW hydrogenerator is taken for example and the calculating results and the measured results are compared to confirm the accuracy of calculation.
本文根据电磁场理论，从耦合场的弱耦合角度首先计算了定子具有分数槽绕组的大型水轮发电机的电磁场，采用付立叶谐波分析的方法把气隙磁密分解为空间基波和一系列谐波，进而计算出气隙磁场波形特征系数。通过对气隙磁场的分析可以计算出转子表面损耗，进而计算出转子的温度场分布。在场的计算中，讨论了转子匝间绝缘对电磁场及温度场的影响。以龙羊峡320MW发电机为例进行了计算，将理论计算结果与实验结果进行了比较，验证了计算的准确性。
In this paper, the electric and magnetic relationship and heat generating principle are researched taking the steady electromagnetic fields and temperature fields of the large salient generator as researched object. The practical operation of large salient synchronous generator is a very complex physical process. To describe this physical process exactly it is necessary to analyze from aspect of coupled fields including electromagnetic and temperature fields. Calculating the distribution of losses in stator strands based on the eddy current distribution coefficient method. It shows that results from this method and the traditional method are nearly same. So, the average method can be applied to calculate the temperature field. Because insulation layers in strands and turns are very thin, they are always be out of consideration when calculating electromagnetic fields. But the whole areas of stator strands insulation may exceed that of one piece of strand and it will have certain of effect on the calculation precision. The same effect occurs for the turn insulation.. Also the insulation layers are always ignored in the calculation and analyze of hydrogenerator. However even a thin insulation layer may have a significant temperature drop and this will have a direct effect on the machine design.
According to the theory of electromagnetic fields, the large salient synchronous generator with fractional stator slot are calculated and analyzed by the Finite Element Method (FEM) in this paper. The Fourier analysis method is applied to decompose the air gap magnetic density into the basic spatial component and a series of harmonic components and wave shape eigen coefficient of air gap magnetic field are calculated. Through analyzing the air gap magnetic field, stray loss on the surface of rotor can be worked out and moreover temperature field distribution in rotor can be obtained. Longyang Gorge 320MW hydrogenerator is taken for example and the calculating results and the measured results are compared to confirm the accuracy of calculation.
引文
1 黄学良.大型水轮发电机物理场理论研究及其进相运行分析.东南大学博士学位论文，1997：3-4
2 А.И.鲍里先科，В.Г.丹科，А.И.亚科夫列夫著，魏书慈，邱建甫译.电机中的空气动力学与热传递.北京：机械工业出版社，1974
3 A.F.Armor.Heat Flow in the Stator Core of Large Turbine Generators by the Method of Three-Dimensional Finite Elements.Part Ⅰ:Analysis by Scaler Potential Formulation;Part Ⅱ:Temperature Distribution in the Stator Iron.IEEE Trans.PAS.1976，95(5)：1648-1668
4 李德基,白亚民.用热路法计算汽轮发电机定子槽部三维温度场.中国电机工程学报.1986,(6)：36-45
5 李德基,白亚民,曹国宣.发电机暂态三维温度场的计算.中国电机工程学报.1989,9(5):56-63
6 李德基,白亚民,王绍禹.绝缘老化对定子温升的影响.大电机技术.1988,(6):25-33
7 李德基,曹国宣.汽轮发电机氢直接冷却转子三维温度场计算.电工技术学报.1986：5-10
8 李德基,邓立平.汽轮发电机间接冷却转子三维温度场计算.大电机技术.1986,(3) ：16-19
9 李德基,徐征雄.利用电子计算机计算发电机定子槽部温度.北京电机工程学会学报.1981,(2) ：33-36
10 H.Ohishi.Analysis of Temperature Distribution in Coil-strands of Rotating Electric Machines.IEEE Trans.EC.1987,l2(3):432-438
11 范永达,苏文印.大型汽轮发电机转子温升计算. 大电机技术.1990,(5) ：36-45
12 张大为,汤蕴璆等.大型水轮发电机定子最热段三维温度场的有限元计算.哈尔滨电工学院学报.1992,(3):186-194
13 S.Doi等.利用流动可视化试验结果对大型汽轮发电机定子铁芯端部进行三维热分析.国外大电机.1986,(5) ：31-38
14 张静,魏永田,刘荣林.大型水轮发电机主要部件表面散热系数的模拟测试与分析.哈尔滨电工学院学报.1994,(2) ：16-20
15 曹国宣.水内冷汽轮发电机转子温度场计算.电工技术学报.1993,17(1):18-21
曹国宣.氢内冷汽轮发电机转子局部风路堵塞时温度场计算.中国电机工程
16 学报.1995,(2):130-136
17 孔祥春,李伟力.股线绝缘对水轮发电机定子绕组最热段温度的影响.电机与控制学报.1997,(4):228-230
18 李伟力,程树康.中型高压防爆电机定子三维温度场的计算.中小型电机.1999,26(2):1-3
19 李伟力、付敏、周封等.基于流体相似理论和三维有限元法计算大中型异步电动机的定子三维温度场.中国电机工程学报.2000,20(5):14-17
20 李伟力,孔祥春,王华.匝间绝缘对水轮发电机转子最热段温度场的影响.哈尔滨理工大学学报.1998,(2):28-31
21 李伟力,宋凯.用三维有限元法计算大中型异步电动机定子三维温度场.黑龙江大学自然科学学报.1999,16(2):33-36
22 李伟力,项欢.汽轮发电机径切两向空冷系统转子温度场的计算.大电机技术.1998,(2):15-18
23 李伟力,周封.汽轮发电机径切两向空冷系统转子温度场的计算方法.中国电机工程学报.2000,20(8):74-78
24 项欢,李伟力,程树康.大型水轮发电机定子径向通风沟与散热.大电机技术.1999,(2):11-14
25 李伟力,侯云鹏,周封,Я.Б.Данилевич,程树康.汽轮发电机径切两向空冷系统转子温度场的计算方法.中国电机工程学报.2000,20(8):74-78
26 李伟力,侯云鹏,周封,程树康.大型水轮发电机定子股线导热的数值分析.中国电机工程学报.2001,21(7):115-119
27 李伟力,侯云鹏,程树康.定子绕组绝缘脱壳后对大型发电机定子铁芯温度场的影响.中国电机工程学报.2001,21:44-47
28 程树康,李伟力,侯云鹏.大型同步发电机三维非线性稳态温度场的数值计算.中国电机工程学报.2001,21:39-43
29 侯云鹏,李伟力,周封,程树康.大型水轮发电机定子三维温度场的等参元计算.大电机技术.2000,(6):14-19
30 侯云鹏,李伟力,周封,程树康.绝缘老化对大型水轮发电机定子最热段温度场的影响.大电机技术.2001,(1):17-22
31 Hou Yunpeng,Li Weili,Zhou Feng,Cheng Shukang.Analysis and Calculation of Nonlinear Flow Field and Stator Temperature Field in Stator Radial Ventilating Grooves for Large Hydro-generator in the Case of Insulation Aging.ICEMS’2001 Proceedings. Shenyang：2001:1140-1144
32 Hou Yunpeng,Li Weili,Zhou Feng,Cheng Shukang.Analysis and Calculation of Stator Windings End Part Temperature Field for Large Synchronous Generator. Proceedings of ICEMS’2001. Shenyang:2001:1145-1148
33 周封,李伟力,侯云鹏.基于涡流分布系数法的发电机定子温度场计算.哈尔滨工业大学学报.2001,33(3):295-299
34 周封,李伟力,侯云鹏.涡流分布对大型同步发电机定子温度场的影响.大电机技术.2001,(3):1-6
35 Li Weili,Zhou Feng,Hou Yunpeng,Cheng Shukang.The Influence of End Part Leakage on Stator Temperature Field.ICEMS’2001 Proceedings.Shenyang:2001:111-115
36 Zhou Feng,Li Weili,Hou Yunpeng,Cheng Shukang.3D Nonlinear Steady-State Temperature Field After Stator Winding Insulation Laminating For Large Hydro-Generator.ICEMS’2001 Proceedings.Shenyang:2001:1149-1152
37 张新波.混合通风隐极同步发电机通风系统和三维温度场仿真研究计算.浙江大学博士学位论文，1998:10-14
38 Wen-Xun Zhang.Engineering Electromagnetism:Functional Method.ELLIS Horwood Limited.1991
39 杨世铭.传热学.北京：人民出版社，1980
40 汤蕴璆.电机内的电磁场.第2版.北京：科学出版社，1998
41 胡之光.电机电磁场的分析与计算.北京：机械工业出版社，1982
42 丁舜年.大型电机的发热与冷却.北京：科学出版社，1992
43 方日杰等.用热网络法计算大型水轮发电机定子温度场.大电机技术.1989,(1):25-29
44 B.C.Mecrow,A.G.Jack and C.S.Cross.Electromagnetic design of turbogenerator stator end regions.IEE PROCEEDINGS.1989,136(6):361-372
45 Demerdsh N A,Nehl T W,Fouad F A,Mohammed O A.Three Dimensional Finite Element Vector Potential Formulation of Magnetic Field in Electrical Apparatus.IEEE on PAS.1981(8)
46 E.Gurevich,P.Oshurkov.Determination of Rotor Winding Temperature of the Turbogenerator with the Brushless Excitation System.ICEM 2000.Espoo Finland.August 2000.Helsinki University of Technology:156-160
47 Eric Chauveau,El Hadi Za?m,Didier Trichet,Javad Fluladgar.A Statistical Approach of Temperature Calculation in Electrical Machines.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.2000,36(4):1826-1829
48 E.Vassent,G.Meunier,A.Foggia,G.Reyne.Simulation of Induction Machine Operation Using a Step by Step Finite-Element Method Coupled with Circuit and Mechanical Equation.IEEE Trans.on Mag.1991, 27:5232-5234
2 А.И.鲍里先科，В.Г.丹科，А.И.亚科夫列夫著，魏书慈，邱建甫译.电机中的空气动力学与热传递.北京：机械工业出版社，1974
3 A.F.Armor.Heat Flow in the Stator Core of Large Turbine Generators by the Method of Three-Dimensional Finite Elements.Part Ⅰ:Analysis by Scaler Potential Formulation;Part Ⅱ:Temperature Distribution in the Stator Iron.IEEE Trans.PAS.1976，95(5)：1648-1668
4 李德基,白亚民.用热路法计算汽轮发电机定子槽部三维温度场.中国电机工程学报.1986,(6)：36-45
5 李德基,白亚民,曹国宣.发电机暂态三维温度场的计算.中国电机工程学报.1989,9(5):56-63
6 李德基,白亚民,王绍禹.绝缘老化对定子温升的影响.大电机技术.1988,(6):25-33
7 李德基,曹国宣.汽轮发电机氢直接冷却转子三维温度场计算.电工技术学报.1986：5-10
8 李德基,邓立平.汽轮发电机间接冷却转子三维温度场计算.大电机技术.1986,(3) ：16-19
9 李德基,徐征雄.利用电子计算机计算发电机定子槽部温度.北京电机工程学会学报.1981,(2) ：33-36
10 H.Ohishi.Analysis of Temperature Distribution in Coil-strands of Rotating Electric Machines.IEEE Trans.EC.1987,l2(3):432-438
11 范永达,苏文印.大型汽轮发电机转子温升计算. 大电机技术.1990,(5) ：36-45
12 张大为,汤蕴璆等.大型水轮发电机定子最热段三维温度场的有限元计算.哈尔滨电工学院学报.1992,(3):186-194
13 S.Doi等.利用流动可视化试验结果对大型汽轮发电机定子铁芯端部进行三维热分析.国外大电机.1986,(5) ：31-38
14 张静,魏永田,刘荣林.大型水轮发电机主要部件表面散热系数的模拟测试与分析.哈尔滨电工学院学报.1994,(2) ：16-20
15 曹国宣.水内冷汽轮发电机转子温度场计算.电工技术学报.1993,17(1):18-21
曹国宣.氢内冷汽轮发电机转子局部风路堵塞时温度场计算.中国电机工程
16 学报.1995,(2):130-136
17 孔祥春,李伟力.股线绝缘对水轮发电机定子绕组最热段温度的影响.电机与控制学报.1997,(4):228-230
18 李伟力,程树康.中型高压防爆电机定子三维温度场的计算.中小型电机.1999,26(2):1-3
19 李伟力、付敏、周封等.基于流体相似理论和三维有限元法计算大中型异步电动机的定子三维温度场.中国电机工程学报.2000,20(5):14-17
20 李伟力,孔祥春,王华.匝间绝缘对水轮发电机转子最热段温度场的影响.哈尔滨理工大学学报.1998,(2):28-31
21 李伟力,宋凯.用三维有限元法计算大中型异步电动机定子三维温度场.黑龙江大学自然科学学报.1999,16(2):33-36
22 李伟力,项欢.汽轮发电机径切两向空冷系统转子温度场的计算.大电机技术.1998,(2):15-18
23 李伟力,周封.汽轮发电机径切两向空冷系统转子温度场的计算方法.中国电机工程学报.2000,20(8):74-78
24 项欢,李伟力,程树康.大型水轮发电机定子径向通风沟与散热.大电机技术.1999,(2):11-14
25 李伟力,侯云鹏,周封,Я.Б.Данилевич,程树康.汽轮发电机径切两向空冷系统转子温度场的计算方法.中国电机工程学报.2000,20(8):74-78
26 李伟力,侯云鹏,周封,程树康.大型水轮发电机定子股线导热的数值分析.中国电机工程学报.2001,21(7):115-119
27 李伟力,侯云鹏,程树康.定子绕组绝缘脱壳后对大型发电机定子铁芯温度场的影响.中国电机工程学报.2001,21:44-47
28 程树康,李伟力,侯云鹏.大型同步发电机三维非线性稳态温度场的数值计算.中国电机工程学报.2001,21:39-43
29 侯云鹏,李伟力,周封,程树康.大型水轮发电机定子三维温度场的等参元计算.大电机技术.2000,(6):14-19
30 侯云鹏,李伟力,周封,程树康.绝缘老化对大型水轮发电机定子最热段温度场的影响.大电机技术.2001,(1):17-22
31 Hou Yunpeng,Li Weili,Zhou Feng,Cheng Shukang.Analysis and Calculation of Nonlinear Flow Field and Stator Temperature Field in Stator Radial Ventilating Grooves for Large Hydro-generator in the Case of Insulation Aging.ICEMS’2001 Proceedings. Shenyang：2001:1140-1144
32 Hou Yunpeng,Li Weili,Zhou Feng,Cheng Shukang.Analysis and Calculation of Stator Windings End Part Temperature Field for Large Synchronous Generator. Proceedings of ICEMS’2001. Shenyang:2001:1145-1148
33 周封,李伟力,侯云鹏.基于涡流分布系数法的发电机定子温度场计算.哈尔滨工业大学学报.2001,33(3):295-299
34 周封,李伟力,侯云鹏.涡流分布对大型同步发电机定子温度场的影响.大电机技术.2001,(3):1-6
35 Li Weili,Zhou Feng,Hou Yunpeng,Cheng Shukang.The Influence of End Part Leakage on Stator Temperature Field.ICEMS’2001 Proceedings.Shenyang:2001:111-115
36 Zhou Feng,Li Weili,Hou Yunpeng,Cheng Shukang.3D Nonlinear Steady-State Temperature Field After Stator Winding Insulation Laminating For Large Hydro-Generator.ICEMS’2001 Proceedings.Shenyang:2001:1149-1152
37 张新波.混合通风隐极同步发电机通风系统和三维温度场仿真研究计算.浙江大学博士学位论文，1998:10-14
38 Wen-Xun Zhang.Engineering Electromagnetism:Functional Method.ELLIS Horwood Limited.1991
39 杨世铭.传热学.北京：人民出版社，1980
40 汤蕴璆.电机内的电磁场.第2版.北京：科学出版社，1998
41 胡之光.电机电磁场的分析与计算.北京：机械工业出版社，1982
42 丁舜年.大型电机的发热与冷却.北京：科学出版社，1992
43 方日杰等.用热网络法计算大型水轮发电机定子温度场.大电机技术.1989,(1):25-29
44 B.C.Mecrow,A.G.Jack and C.S.Cross.Electromagnetic design of turbogenerator stator end regions.IEE PROCEEDINGS.1989,136(6):361-372
45 Demerdsh N A,Nehl T W,Fouad F A,Mohammed O A.Three Dimensional Finite Element Vector Potential Formulation of Magnetic Field in Electrical Apparatus.IEEE on PAS.1981(8)
46 E.Gurevich,P.Oshurkov.Determination of Rotor Winding Temperature of the Turbogenerator with the Brushless Excitation System.ICEM 2000.Espoo Finland.August 2000.Helsinki University of Technology:156-160
47 Eric Chauveau,El Hadi Za?m,Didier Trichet,Javad Fluladgar.A Statistical Approach of Temperature Calculation in Electrical Machines.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.2000,36(4):1826-1829
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