城市区域空间的文化性研究
|
摘要
城市是人类文明发展到高级阶段的产物,是现代人类生活的空间载体,也是人类文化的重要组成。随着我国城市化进程的加快,过分追求经济效益的城市建设活动,很少顾及到城市空间所应传达出的文化信息。在信息化和生态化的时代背景下,文化对于城市的长期发展将起到越来越重要的作用。在西方社会逐渐由地产导向转向文化导向的城市发展策略时,我国的城市建设依然遵循过时的模式前行。城市空间趋同而缺乏特色,呆板而缺乏归属,杂乱而缺乏秩序等诸多现象,已经成为我们迫切需要面对与解决的问题。
本文以文化为视角展开对城市空间的探讨,引入文化地理学、马克思主义地理学以及人本主义地理学,利用学科交叉的研究方法洞察城市空间的本质,寻找问题产生的根源。城市空间由物质空间、心理空间以及社会空间构成,即物质属性、精神属性和社会属性是城市空间的三大基本属性,其中社会属性起到关联物质空间和心理空间的作用。文化作为人类社会的意识形态,与城市空间社会属性具有同一所指。因此,城市空间的文化性是统一城市空间主客体的本质属性,根据文化差异性而分化的城市区域空间是研究城市空间文化性的基本空间单元。本文分别从文化差异性、文化开放性以及文化主题性三个方面展开对城市空间构成、秩序和特色的针对性研究。
文化差异性反映在空间客体的文化表征差异和空间主体的文化背景差异两个方面,城市人文区域则相应分化为形式区域和社会区域两种基本构成。城市物质空间由各种形式区域拼接镶嵌而成,社会区域分布则揭示了城市社会空间结构特征。文中对形式区域和社会区域的分化原因及形成过程进行了论述,并指出文化的价值差异使得已经分化的人文区域不断的发生形态、内容和功能等多方面的演变,从而成为人文区域再塑造的重要原因。文化开放性具体表现为文化的扩散过程,通过对文化在线性空间中的纵延、区域空间中的拓展以及不同文化交互作用的现象研究,探讨城市空间的序列、层次和格局秩序的具体建构过程。指出依托于文化开放性的空间建构策略,是形成城市空间整体性和秩序性的有效途径。文化主题性是从地方文化、主体文化和产业文化中提炼而成的文化精髓,城市区域空间特色的形成,很大程度上依赖于文化主题的空间表达。文中通过对文化主题特质、文化主题形象和文化主题氛围三个方面的论述,指出基于反映区域文化主题性的特色空间建构,需要充分挖掘文化主题特质,将其物化为具体形式素材,应用于城市区域空间的建构活动之中,从而营造出具有差异性、独特性、文化认同感与大众归属感的特色城市空间。
City is the product when mankind civilization developed to the advanced stage, it is the spatial carrier of modern people`s lives, and also the main part of human culture. With the urbanization process grow faster,people pursuit too much more economic benefits,and almost never consider cultural information communicated by urban space. Under the time background of informatization and ecological trend, culture will be more and more important during the long-term development of city. When western society gradually steering estate orientation into culture orientation as city development strategy, urban construction in china still follows the old mode. The convergence urban space lack of features, boring, no ownership, unorganized and disorderliness, so many phenomenon has become urgent problem which we need face with and solution.
This article studies on the urban space from the viewpoint of culture,and introduces the cultural geography ,Marxist geography and humanistic geography, it insights into the essence of urban space by using the research method of subject cross, and searching the causes of problems. The urban space consists of material space, mental space, and social space, namely the three basic Attribute of urban space are material property, spiritual property and social property, in which the social property is the part of interaction. As the ideology of human society, culture has the same meaning with the social property of the urban space. Therefore, the cultural characteristic is essential attribute to unity the subject and object of the urban space, and the urban regional space which is differentiated by the difference of culture is the basic spatial unit to study the cultural characteristic of urban space composition, space order, and space characteristics have been studied in this paper from difference, openness, and the thematic treatment of culture.
Cultural difference reflects in two aspects:the cultural characteristic difference of spatial object and the cultural background difference of spatial subject, urban humanistic area corresponding differentiation into formal regional and social regional two basic structures. Urban material space is composed by every kind of formal area, and the social area distribution reveals urban social space structural characteristics. This paper discusses the differentiation reason and the formation process of formal area and social area, and it points out that culture value variance already make the humanistic area unceasing evolution among the aspects of ideology, content and function, and it becomes the important reason of the humanistic area rebuilding. The openness of culture manifested as a diffusion process of culture, by researching the phenomenon of culture extension in linear space, development in regional space, and interaction effection among different culture, it studies on the specific constructive process of sequence, level, and order of pattern in the urban space. Indicating the space construction strategy which relys on the openness of culture is the effective way to form the integrity and the order of urban space. Thematic character of culture is a culture essence which is extracted from local culture, host culture and industry culture, to form the characteristic of urban regional space, it depends on the space expression of the thematic character of culture. through the discussion of trait,image and atmosphere of culture thematic, it points that basing on the space construction method which reflects the regional thematic character of culture, we should excavate the trait of culture thematic fully, materialize them to be concrete material, and then apply to construct activity of urban regional space, in order to build a kind of characteristic urban space which have difference, uniqueness, culture identity and sense of belonging.
本文以文化为视角展开对城市空间的探讨,引入文化地理学、马克思主义地理学以及人本主义地理学,利用学科交叉的研究方法洞察城市空间的本质,寻找问题产生的根源。城市空间由物质空间、心理空间以及社会空间构成,即物质属性、精神属性和社会属性是城市空间的三大基本属性,其中社会属性起到关联物质空间和心理空间的作用。文化作为人类社会的意识形态,与城市空间社会属性具有同一所指。因此,城市空间的文化性是统一城市空间主客体的本质属性,根据文化差异性而分化的城市区域空间是研究城市空间文化性的基本空间单元。本文分别从文化差异性、文化开放性以及文化主题性三个方面展开对城市空间构成、秩序和特色的针对性研究。
文化差异性反映在空间客体的文化表征差异和空间主体的文化背景差异两个方面,城市人文区域则相应分化为形式区域和社会区域两种基本构成。城市物质空间由各种形式区域拼接镶嵌而成,社会区域分布则揭示了城市社会空间结构特征。文中对形式区域和社会区域的分化原因及形成过程进行了论述,并指出文化的价值差异使得已经分化的人文区域不断的发生形态、内容和功能等多方面的演变,从而成为人文区域再塑造的重要原因。文化开放性具体表现为文化的扩散过程,通过对文化在线性空间中的纵延、区域空间中的拓展以及不同文化交互作用的现象研究,探讨城市空间的序列、层次和格局秩序的具体建构过程。指出依托于文化开放性的空间建构策略,是形成城市空间整体性和秩序性的有效途径。文化主题性是从地方文化、主体文化和产业文化中提炼而成的文化精髓,城市区域空间特色的形成,很大程度上依赖于文化主题的空间表达。文中通过对文化主题特质、文化主题形象和文化主题氛围三个方面的论述,指出基于反映区域文化主题性的特色空间建构,需要充分挖掘文化主题特质,将其物化为具体形式素材,应用于城市区域空间的建构活动之中,从而营造出具有差异性、独特性、文化认同感与大众归属感的特色城市空间。
City is the product when mankind civilization developed to the advanced stage, it is the spatial carrier of modern people`s lives, and also the main part of human culture. With the urbanization process grow faster,people pursuit too much more economic benefits,and almost never consider cultural information communicated by urban space. Under the time background of informatization and ecological trend, culture will be more and more important during the long-term development of city. When western society gradually steering estate orientation into culture orientation as city development strategy, urban construction in china still follows the old mode. The convergence urban space lack of features, boring, no ownership, unorganized and disorderliness, so many phenomenon has become urgent problem which we need face with and solution.
This article studies on the urban space from the viewpoint of culture,and introduces the cultural geography ,Marxist geography and humanistic geography, it insights into the essence of urban space by using the research method of subject cross, and searching the causes of problems. The urban space consists of material space, mental space, and social space, namely the three basic Attribute of urban space are material property, spiritual property and social property, in which the social property is the part of interaction. As the ideology of human society, culture has the same meaning with the social property of the urban space. Therefore, the cultural characteristic is essential attribute to unity the subject and object of the urban space, and the urban regional space which is differentiated by the difference of culture is the basic spatial unit to study the cultural characteristic of urban space composition, space order, and space characteristics have been studied in this paper from difference, openness, and the thematic treatment of culture.
Cultural difference reflects in two aspects:the cultural characteristic difference of spatial object and the cultural background difference of spatial subject, urban humanistic area corresponding differentiation into formal regional and social regional two basic structures. Urban material space is composed by every kind of formal area, and the social area distribution reveals urban social space structural characteristics. This paper discusses the differentiation reason and the formation process of formal area and social area, and it points out that culture value variance already make the humanistic area unceasing evolution among the aspects of ideology, content and function, and it becomes the important reason of the humanistic area rebuilding. The openness of culture manifested as a diffusion process of culture, by researching the phenomenon of culture extension in linear space, development in regional space, and interaction effection among different culture, it studies on the specific constructive process of sequence, level, and order of pattern in the urban space. Indicating the space construction strategy which relys on the openness of culture is the effective way to form the integrity and the order of urban space. Thematic character of culture is a culture essence which is extracted from local culture, host culture and industry culture, to form the characteristic of urban regional space, it depends on the space expression of the thematic character of culture. through the discussion of trait,image and atmosphere of culture thematic, it points that basing on the space construction method which reflects the regional thematic character of culture, we should excavate the trait of culture thematic fully, materialize them to be concrete material, and then apply to construct activity of urban regional space, in order to build a kind of characteristic urban space which have difference, uniqueness, culture identity and sense of belonging.
引文
1潘家华,牛凤瑞等.中国城市发展报告NO2 (2009版).社会科学文献出版社, 2009: 2, 9
2 Lewis Mumford. The city in history: its origins, its transformations, and its prospects. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1961:116~117
3 [美]爱德华·W.苏贾.后现代地理学——重申批判社会理论中的空间.王文斌译.商务印书馆, 2007: 77, 182~183
4 R. J. Johnston. City and Society-An Outline for Urban Geography. Dover, 1984
5 http: //static. chinavisual. com
6冯骥才.我们的城市形象陷入困惑.北京规划建设. 2006, (2): 37~38
7 [美]罗杰·特兰西克.寻找失落空间——城市设计的理论.朱子瑜等译.中国建筑工业出版社, 2008: 2~3
8 Iain Begg. Investability: the key to competitive cities? , Regional Studies, 2002, VOL36(2): 187~193
9 Clara H. Greed. Social Town Planning. New York: Routledge, 1999: 197
10 [英]查理斯·兰德利.创意城市——如何打造都市创意生活圈.杨幼兰译.清华大学出版社, 2009: 12
11吴良镛.建筑文化与地区建筑学.华中建筑. 1997, (2): 14
12 [德]卡尔·马克思.政治经济学批判.马克思恩格斯全集第46卷(上).人民出版社, 1979: 480
13 [德]R·J·约翰斯顿.人文地理学词典.柴彦威等译.商务印书馆, 2005: 774, 308, 674, 759, 106, 589, 84
14 Edward. B. Tylor. Primitive Culture. London: J Murray, 1871: 1
15 Hal Foster, ed. The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture, Port Townsend, Wash: Bay Press
16 D. Frisdy, ed. Georg Simmel. Critical Assessments. Routledge, 1994, (1): 331
17 [德]大卫·哈维.论地理学的历史和现状:一个历史唯物主义的宣言.蔡运龙译.地理科学进展. 1990, (3): 31
18吴宁.列斐伏尔的城市空间社会学理论及其中国意义.社会. 2008, (2)
19 [法]亨利·列斐伏尔.空间:社会产物与使用价值.王志弘译.见:包亚明主编.现代性与空间生产.上海教育出版社, 2003: 49, 57
20 Michael J. Dear. The Postmodern Urban Condition. Blackwell Publishers Inc,2000: 48
21 Kenneth Frampton. Modern Architecture: A Critical History. Thames and Hudson Ltd London. 1980
22顾朝林,于涛方李平等编著.人文地理学流派.高等教育出版社, 2008: 103
23王兴中刘永刚.人文地理学研究方法论的进展与“文化转向”以来的流派.人文地理. 2007, (3): 1~6
24柴彦威,张艳.应对全球气候变化,重新审视中国城市单位社区.国际城市规划. 2010, (1): 20~23
25张京祥编著.西方城市规划史纲.东南大学出版社, 2005: 212, 37, 192
26 Phall. Urban&Regional Planning, Routleddge, 1992, New York
27 [美]凯文·林奇.城市意象.芳益萍,何晓军译.华夏出版社, 2001: 36
28张伶伶.关注城市淡化建筑. 1999年9月“建筑论坛第五次会议”发言稿
29 [英]麦克·克朗.文化地理学.杨淑华,宋慧敏译.南京大学出版社, 2005: 3
30周尚意,孔翔,朱竑编著.文化地理学.高等教育出版社, 2004: 230, 206
31胡兆量,阿尔斯朗,琼达等编著.中国文化地理概述.北京大学出版社, 2003
32 Graeme Evans. Cultural Planning: An Urban Renaissance. Routledge: London and New York, 2001: 17
33段进.城市空间发展论.江苏科学技术出版社, 2006: 80, 149, 105, 60, 159
34 Alexander Christopher, HajoNei, et al. A New Theory of Urban Design. Oxford University Press, 1987
35侯幼彬.中国建筑美学.黑龙江科学技术出版社, 1997: 194
36李玉堂,曾真.租借之于武汉.华中建筑. 2010(7): 8
37董鉴泓主编.中国城市建设史.中国建筑工业出版社, 2004: 297, 74, 138, 247
38 [美]保罗·诺斯克,琳达·麦克卡西.城市化.顾朝林,汤培源,杨兴柱等译.科学出版社, 2009: 37, 345, 365, 185~186, 254
39孙施文编著.现代城市规划理论.中国建筑工业出版社, 2007: 98, 230~231
40 Spiro Kostof. The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1991: 155
41周春山编著.城市空间结构与形态.科学出版社, 2007: 119, 197, 198, 224, 226, 259~261
42 [意]阿尔多·罗西.城市建筑学.中国建筑工业出版社, 2006: 64~65, 68, 128, 26
43汪芳,严琳,吴必虎.城市记忆规划研究——以北京市宣武区为例.国际城市规划. 2010, (1): 71~76
44卞广萌.基于拼贴理论的青岛城市空间形态演变与发展研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文, 2007: 19
45翁芳玲.租界对上海城市结构演变影响研究.浙江大学硕士学位论文, 2006: 13
46艾大宾,王力.我国城市社会空间结构特征及其演变趋势.人文地理. 2001, (4): 7~11
47修春亮,夏长君.中国城市社会区域的形成过程与发展趋势.城市规划汇刊. 1997, (4): 59~62
48王兴中.中国城市社会空间结构研究.科学出版社, 2000: 19, 20~21, 31
49 DMU. Course Prospectus for MA in European Cultural Planning. Leicester: De Montfort Universitv.1995
50 Franco Bianchini. Cultural Planning for Urban Sustainability. Swedish Urban Environment Council, 1999
51董卫.城市族群社区及其现代转型.规划师. 2000, (6): 86~87
52 [加]戴维·李.城市社会空间结构.王兴中编译.西安地图出版社, 1992
53张菲菲.北京半城市化地区外来农民生境研究.中国科学院研究生院硕士论文, 2007: 86
54邱友良,陈田.外来人口聚集区土地利用特征与形成机制研究.城市规划. 1999, (4): 18~22
55 Peter Hall, Cities in Civilization. Weidenfeld&Nicolson, 1998
56夏军,马西恒等.人类汇聚与现代文明.学林出版社, 2006: 130, 196
57徐永祥.社区发展论.华东理工大学出版社, 2000: 33
58孙健.“菊儿胡同住区模式”研究.湖南大学硕士学位论文, 2008: 13
59陈蝶.菊儿胡同,摇曳与传统与现代之间.中国建筑信息. 2004(11): 29
60张帆.社会转型期的单位大院形态演变?问题及对策研究——以北京市为例.东南大学硕士学位论文, 2004: 13
61于文波,王竹,孟海宁.中国的“单位制社区”vs美国的TOD社区.城市规划. 2007, (5). 57~61
62 http: //baike. baidu. com
63李沛新.文化资本论——关于文化资本运营的理论与实务研究.中央民族大学博士学位论文, 2006
64 Art Council. An Urban Renaissance: the Role of the Arts in Inner CityRegeneration, 1989: 2
65 http: //ditu. google. cn
66 http: //www. 023tn. com
67 http: //subject. syd. com. Cn
68 Taggart, J. Cultute and Planning.Glasgow, Glasgow School of Art, Department of Planning.1987
69 Hal Foster, ed. The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture, Port Townsend, Wash: Bay Press, 1983
70 William 0'Reilly:Architecture Knowledge and Cultural Diversity, Lausanne, 1999
71罗小未.上海新天地广场——旧区改造的建筑历史?人文历史与开发模式的研究.东南大学出版社, 2002
72张杰,庞骏.论消费文化涌动下城市文化遗产的克隆.城市规划. 2009, (6): 81~87
73 Sharon Zukin. Loft Living: Cultural and Capital in Urban Change. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1982
74刘成付.视觉文化传播:从现代性到后现代性.现代传播. 2005, (1): 27~29
75杨继梅.城市再生的文化催化研究.同济大学博士学位论. 2008: 224
76易晓峰.从地产导向到文化导向.城市规划. 2009, (6): 66~71
77 Charles Landry. Imagination and regeneration: Cultural Policy and the future of Cities. Cultural Policy and Action Department, January 2003
78刘伯英,黄静.成都宽窄巷子历史文化保护区的保护策略.建筑学报. 2010, (2): 44~49
79 Sharon Zukin. The Cultures of Citise. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishres, 1995:11
80 http: //cs. soart. com
81 Charles Landry.创意城市:如何打造都市创意生活圈.杨幼兰译.清华大学出版社, 2009: 135-141
82 CABE. Better Places ToWork. Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, 2005: 36
83周尚意,孔翔,朱竑编著.文化地理学.高等教育出版社, 2004: 177
84王建波,阮仪三.作为遗产类型的文化线路——《文化线路宪章》解读.城市规划学刊. 2009, (4): 86~92
85 [美]罗杰·特兰西克.寻找失落空间——城市设计的理论.朱子瑜等译.中国建筑工业出版社, 2009: 106, 112~113, 122, 76, 65, 153
86袁敬诚.欧洲城市滨河景观规划的生态思想与实践.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文, 2008: 127~129
87郭海博.哈尔滨市何家沟景观规划设计研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文, 2007: 10
88成亮.浅析城市轴线在城市规划中的运用.城市规划与设计. 2009, (1): 35~42
89张伶伶,李存东.建筑创作思维的过程与表达.中国建筑工业出版社, 2001: 205~221
90胡泳.居住在没有灵魂的城市——畸形欲望下的都市空间主张.易国均编.后现代城市:重组建筑.西南师范大学出版社, 2007: 125
91 http: //image. baidu. com
92高线公园,纽约,纽约州,美国.项琳裴译.世界建筑. 2010, (1): 35
93 James Corner Field Operations.高线铁路.景观建筑学. 2009, (5): 72~79
94 Craig Whitaker. Architecture and the American Dream. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1996: 250
95 Graeme Evans, Phyllida Shaw. The Contribution of Culture To Regenetion in the UK. London Metropolitan University, January 2004: 16
96 Thoth.荷兰城市规划.王莹,刘晓涵,蒋丽莉译.辽宁科学技术出版社, 2006: 74~79
97魏伟,李博寻,焦永利.藏区中心城市的演变及格局研究.建筑学报. 2007, (7): 83
98朴龙虎.我国城市中民族聚居区的居住模式研究——以天津回族聚居区为例.天津大学硕士学位论文, 2007: 29
99 Spiro Kostof. THE CITY ASSEMBLED: The Elements of Urban Form Through History. London. Thames & Hudson. 1992: 124
100 Redesigning City Squares and Plazas. New York: Hearst Books International. 1997.
101 http: //www. ln. xinhuanet. com
102沈磊,赵国裕.城市时代的特色之路.建筑学报. 2007, (1): 40
103何镜堂,陈晓红,何正强.公共空间改造为切入点的岭南旧城更新——以东莞可园历史片区为例.建筑学报. 2010, (2): 38~43
104区域规划&城市设计·美国.华中科技大学出版社, 2010: 74~92, 159~170
105齐康.江南水乡一个点——乡镇规划的理论与实践四南京.江苏科学技术出版社, 1990: 28
106崔凯.本土设计.清华大学出版社, 2008: 38~43
107 [德]托马斯·霍夫曼—库恩特主编.当代建筑竞赛02.赵学德,王坤译.中国建筑业出版社, 2009: 148~151
108范雪.苏州博物馆新馆.建筑学报. 2007, (2): 36~42
109成泰宁,王大鹏.通感·意象·构建——浙江美术馆建筑创作后记.建筑学报. 2010(6): 67
110俞孔坚.新唐人街—波士顿的中国城公园.建筑学报. 2008, (3): 60~63
111 William J. R. Curtis. Modern Architecture Sine 1990. Phaidon Press, 1996: 243
112 Frank Lloyd Wright. Broadace City: A New Communtiy Plan. Architectural Record. 1935: 347
113 [俄]А.В.布宁,Т.Ф.萨瓦连斯卡娅.城市建设艺术史——20世纪资本主义国家的城市建设.黄海华译.中国建筑工业出版社, 1992: 88
114 [日]黑川纪章.共生的都市. [日]石井和紘主编.都市地球学.谢宏哲译. (台)田园城市出版社, 2004: 178~206
115 A Blowers. Planning for a Sustainable Environment: A Report by the Town and Country Planning Association. Earthscan, 1993
116 [美]伊恩·伦诺克斯·麦克哈格.设计结合自然.芮经纬译.天津大学出版社, 2006: 72
117 Lefebvre, H. The Production of Space. Blackwell Publishing, 1991: 154
118 David Harvey. Between Space and Time: Reflections on the Geographical Imagination. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 1990(3): 418~434
119 [美]克里斯·亚伯.建筑与个性——对文化与技术变化的回应.张磊等译.中国建筑工业出版社, 2003: 194
120 http: //www. lyzn. com
121夏柏树.东北城市旧工业区形态更新策略研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文, 2007: 147
122锐步集团全球总部.世界建筑导报. 2001, (01/02): 74
123艾侠,王海.万科中心:水平线上的“低碳”宣言.世界建筑. 2010, (2): 89
124余柏椿.非常城市设计——思想·系统·细节.中国建筑工业出版社, 2008:
125王小东.播种的历程—新疆国际大巴扎建筑群创作补记.城市建筑. 2004, (3): 23~28
126王澍.自然形态的叙事与几何——宁波博物馆创作笔记.时代建筑. 2009, (3): 73
127郑文东.文化符号域理论研究.武汉大学出版社, 2007: 27
128戴晓旭.呼伦贝尔市建筑风格控制研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文, 2008: 21~25
129 Raymond Williams. Keyworda-A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Revised Edition. Oxford Umr Prier,1976: 87-93
130 [美]鲁道夫·阿恩海姆.视觉思维——审美直觉心理学.腾守尧译.四川人民出版社, 1998: 187
131 [英]E. H.贡布里希.秩序感——装饰艺术的心理学研究.范景中等译.湖南科学技术出版社, 1999: 198
132陆邵明.建筑体验——空间中的情节.中国建筑工业出版社, 2007: 43
133邱文杰.缝合大地的伤口——921地震博物馆.世界建筑. 2007, (2): 38
134 [美]阿摩斯·拉普卜特.文化特性与建筑设计.常青,张昕,张鹏译.中国建筑工业出版社, 2004: 24~25
135陈宇琳.基于“山—水—城”理念的历史文化环境保护发展模式探索.城市规划,2009, 33(11): 58~63
136吴良镛.人居环境科学导论.中国建筑工业出版社, 2001: 31
2 Lewis Mumford. The city in history: its origins, its transformations, and its prospects. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1961:116~117
3 [美]爱德华·W.苏贾.后现代地理学——重申批判社会理论中的空间.王文斌译.商务印书馆, 2007: 77, 182~183
4 R. J. Johnston. City and Society-An Outline for Urban Geography. Dover, 1984
5 http: //static. chinavisual. com
6冯骥才.我们的城市形象陷入困惑.北京规划建设. 2006, (2): 37~38
7 [美]罗杰·特兰西克.寻找失落空间——城市设计的理论.朱子瑜等译.中国建筑工业出版社, 2008: 2~3
8 Iain Begg. Investability: the key to competitive cities? , Regional Studies, 2002, VOL36(2): 187~193
9 Clara H. Greed. Social Town Planning. New York: Routledge, 1999: 197
10 [英]查理斯·兰德利.创意城市——如何打造都市创意生活圈.杨幼兰译.清华大学出版社, 2009: 12
11吴良镛.建筑文化与地区建筑学.华中建筑. 1997, (2): 14
12 [德]卡尔·马克思.政治经济学批判.马克思恩格斯全集第46卷(上).人民出版社, 1979: 480
13 [德]R·J·约翰斯顿.人文地理学词典.柴彦威等译.商务印书馆, 2005: 774, 308, 674, 759, 106, 589, 84
14 Edward. B. Tylor. Primitive Culture. London: J Murray, 1871: 1
15 Hal Foster, ed. The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture, Port Townsend, Wash: Bay Press
16 D. Frisdy, ed. Georg Simmel. Critical Assessments. Routledge, 1994, (1): 331
17 [德]大卫·哈维.论地理学的历史和现状:一个历史唯物主义的宣言.蔡运龙译.地理科学进展. 1990, (3): 31
18吴宁.列斐伏尔的城市空间社会学理论及其中国意义.社会. 2008, (2)
19 [法]亨利·列斐伏尔.空间:社会产物与使用价值.王志弘译.见:包亚明主编.现代性与空间生产.上海教育出版社, 2003: 49, 57
20 Michael J. Dear. The Postmodern Urban Condition. Blackwell Publishers Inc,2000: 48
21 Kenneth Frampton. Modern Architecture: A Critical History. Thames and Hudson Ltd London. 1980
22顾朝林,于涛方李平等编著.人文地理学流派.高等教育出版社, 2008: 103
23王兴中刘永刚.人文地理学研究方法论的进展与“文化转向”以来的流派.人文地理. 2007, (3): 1~6
24柴彦威,张艳.应对全球气候变化,重新审视中国城市单位社区.国际城市规划. 2010, (1): 20~23
25张京祥编著.西方城市规划史纲.东南大学出版社, 2005: 212, 37, 192
26 Phall. Urban&Regional Planning, Routleddge, 1992, New York
27 [美]凯文·林奇.城市意象.芳益萍,何晓军译.华夏出版社, 2001: 36
28张伶伶.关注城市淡化建筑. 1999年9月“建筑论坛第五次会议”发言稿
29 [英]麦克·克朗.文化地理学.杨淑华,宋慧敏译.南京大学出版社, 2005: 3
30周尚意,孔翔,朱竑编著.文化地理学.高等教育出版社, 2004: 230, 206
31胡兆量,阿尔斯朗,琼达等编著.中国文化地理概述.北京大学出版社, 2003
32 Graeme Evans. Cultural Planning: An Urban Renaissance. Routledge: London and New York, 2001: 17
33段进.城市空间发展论.江苏科学技术出版社, 2006: 80, 149, 105, 60, 159
34 Alexander Christopher, HajoNei, et al. A New Theory of Urban Design. Oxford University Press, 1987
35侯幼彬.中国建筑美学.黑龙江科学技术出版社, 1997: 194
36李玉堂,曾真.租借之于武汉.华中建筑. 2010(7): 8
37董鉴泓主编.中国城市建设史.中国建筑工业出版社, 2004: 297, 74, 138, 247
38 [美]保罗·诺斯克,琳达·麦克卡西.城市化.顾朝林,汤培源,杨兴柱等译.科学出版社, 2009: 37, 345, 365, 185~186, 254
39孙施文编著.现代城市规划理论.中国建筑工业出版社, 2007: 98, 230~231
40 Spiro Kostof. The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1991: 155
41周春山编著.城市空间结构与形态.科学出版社, 2007: 119, 197, 198, 224, 226, 259~261
42 [意]阿尔多·罗西.城市建筑学.中国建筑工业出版社, 2006: 64~65, 68, 128, 26
43汪芳,严琳,吴必虎.城市记忆规划研究——以北京市宣武区为例.国际城市规划. 2010, (1): 71~76
44卞广萌.基于拼贴理论的青岛城市空间形态演变与发展研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文, 2007: 19
45翁芳玲.租界对上海城市结构演变影响研究.浙江大学硕士学位论文, 2006: 13
46艾大宾,王力.我国城市社会空间结构特征及其演变趋势.人文地理. 2001, (4): 7~11
47修春亮,夏长君.中国城市社会区域的形成过程与发展趋势.城市规划汇刊. 1997, (4): 59~62
48王兴中.中国城市社会空间结构研究.科学出版社, 2000: 19, 20~21, 31
49 DMU. Course Prospectus for MA in European Cultural Planning. Leicester: De Montfort Universitv.1995
50 Franco Bianchini. Cultural Planning for Urban Sustainability. Swedish Urban Environment Council, 1999
51董卫.城市族群社区及其现代转型.规划师. 2000, (6): 86~87
52 [加]戴维·李.城市社会空间结构.王兴中编译.西安地图出版社, 1992
53张菲菲.北京半城市化地区外来农民生境研究.中国科学院研究生院硕士论文, 2007: 86
54邱友良,陈田.外来人口聚集区土地利用特征与形成机制研究.城市规划. 1999, (4): 18~22
55 Peter Hall, Cities in Civilization. Weidenfeld&Nicolson, 1998
56夏军,马西恒等.人类汇聚与现代文明.学林出版社, 2006: 130, 196
57徐永祥.社区发展论.华东理工大学出版社, 2000: 33
58孙健.“菊儿胡同住区模式”研究.湖南大学硕士学位论文, 2008: 13
59陈蝶.菊儿胡同,摇曳与传统与现代之间.中国建筑信息. 2004(11): 29
60张帆.社会转型期的单位大院形态演变?问题及对策研究——以北京市为例.东南大学硕士学位论文, 2004: 13
61于文波,王竹,孟海宁.中国的“单位制社区”vs美国的TOD社区.城市规划. 2007, (5). 57~61
62 http: //baike. baidu. com
63李沛新.文化资本论——关于文化资本运营的理论与实务研究.中央民族大学博士学位论文, 2006
64 Art Council. An Urban Renaissance: the Role of the Arts in Inner CityRegeneration, 1989: 2
65 http: //ditu. google. cn
66 http: //www. 023tn. com
67 http: //subject. syd. com. Cn
68 Taggart, J. Cultute and Planning.Glasgow, Glasgow School of Art, Department of Planning.1987
69 Hal Foster, ed. The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture, Port Townsend, Wash: Bay Press, 1983
70 William 0'Reilly:Architecture Knowledge and Cultural Diversity, Lausanne, 1999
71罗小未.上海新天地广场——旧区改造的建筑历史?人文历史与开发模式的研究.东南大学出版社, 2002
72张杰,庞骏.论消费文化涌动下城市文化遗产的克隆.城市规划. 2009, (6): 81~87
73 Sharon Zukin. Loft Living: Cultural and Capital in Urban Change. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1982
74刘成付.视觉文化传播:从现代性到后现代性.现代传播. 2005, (1): 27~29
75杨继梅.城市再生的文化催化研究.同济大学博士学位论. 2008: 224
76易晓峰.从地产导向到文化导向.城市规划. 2009, (6): 66~71
77 Charles Landry. Imagination and regeneration: Cultural Policy and the future of Cities. Cultural Policy and Action Department, January 2003
78刘伯英,黄静.成都宽窄巷子历史文化保护区的保护策略.建筑学报. 2010, (2): 44~49
79 Sharon Zukin. The Cultures of Citise. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishres, 1995:11
80 http: //cs. soart. com
81 Charles Landry.创意城市:如何打造都市创意生活圈.杨幼兰译.清华大学出版社, 2009: 135-141
82 CABE. Better Places ToWork. Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, 2005: 36
83周尚意,孔翔,朱竑编著.文化地理学.高等教育出版社, 2004: 177
84王建波,阮仪三.作为遗产类型的文化线路——《文化线路宪章》解读.城市规划学刊. 2009, (4): 86~92
85 [美]罗杰·特兰西克.寻找失落空间——城市设计的理论.朱子瑜等译.中国建筑工业出版社, 2009: 106, 112~113, 122, 76, 65, 153
86袁敬诚.欧洲城市滨河景观规划的生态思想与实践.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文, 2008: 127~129
87郭海博.哈尔滨市何家沟景观规划设计研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文, 2007: 10
88成亮.浅析城市轴线在城市规划中的运用.城市规划与设计. 2009, (1): 35~42
89张伶伶,李存东.建筑创作思维的过程与表达.中国建筑工业出版社, 2001: 205~221
90胡泳.居住在没有灵魂的城市——畸形欲望下的都市空间主张.易国均编.后现代城市:重组建筑.西南师范大学出版社, 2007: 125
91 http: //image. baidu. com
92高线公园,纽约,纽约州,美国.项琳裴译.世界建筑. 2010, (1): 35
93 James Corner Field Operations.高线铁路.景观建筑学. 2009, (5): 72~79
94 Craig Whitaker. Architecture and the American Dream. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1996: 250
95 Graeme Evans, Phyllida Shaw. The Contribution of Culture To Regenetion in the UK. London Metropolitan University, January 2004: 16
96 Thoth.荷兰城市规划.王莹,刘晓涵,蒋丽莉译.辽宁科学技术出版社, 2006: 74~79
97魏伟,李博寻,焦永利.藏区中心城市的演变及格局研究.建筑学报. 2007, (7): 83
98朴龙虎.我国城市中民族聚居区的居住模式研究——以天津回族聚居区为例.天津大学硕士学位论文, 2007: 29
99 Spiro Kostof. THE CITY ASSEMBLED: The Elements of Urban Form Through History. London. Thames & Hudson. 1992: 124
100 Redesigning City Squares and Plazas. New York: Hearst Books International. 1997.
101 http: //www. ln. xinhuanet. com
102沈磊,赵国裕.城市时代的特色之路.建筑学报. 2007, (1): 40
103何镜堂,陈晓红,何正强.公共空间改造为切入点的岭南旧城更新——以东莞可园历史片区为例.建筑学报. 2010, (2): 38~43
104区域规划&城市设计·美国.华中科技大学出版社, 2010: 74~92, 159~170
105齐康.江南水乡一个点——乡镇规划的理论与实践四南京.江苏科学技术出版社, 1990: 28
106崔凯.本土设计.清华大学出版社, 2008: 38~43
107 [德]托马斯·霍夫曼—库恩特主编.当代建筑竞赛02.赵学德,王坤译.中国建筑业出版社, 2009: 148~151
108范雪.苏州博物馆新馆.建筑学报. 2007, (2): 36~42
109成泰宁,王大鹏.通感·意象·构建——浙江美术馆建筑创作后记.建筑学报. 2010(6): 67
110俞孔坚.新唐人街—波士顿的中国城公园.建筑学报. 2008, (3): 60~63
111 William J. R. Curtis. Modern Architecture Sine 1990. Phaidon Press, 1996: 243
112 Frank Lloyd Wright. Broadace City: A New Communtiy Plan. Architectural Record. 1935: 347
113 [俄]А.В.布宁,Т.Ф.萨瓦连斯卡娅.城市建设艺术史——20世纪资本主义国家的城市建设.黄海华译.中国建筑工业出版社, 1992: 88
114 [日]黑川纪章.共生的都市. [日]石井和紘主编.都市地球学.谢宏哲译. (台)田园城市出版社, 2004: 178~206
115 A Blowers. Planning for a Sustainable Environment: A Report by the Town and Country Planning Association. Earthscan, 1993
116 [美]伊恩·伦诺克斯·麦克哈格.设计结合自然.芮经纬译.天津大学出版社, 2006: 72
117 Lefebvre, H. The Production of Space. Blackwell Publishing, 1991: 154
118 David Harvey. Between Space and Time: Reflections on the Geographical Imagination. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 1990(3): 418~434
119 [美]克里斯·亚伯.建筑与个性——对文化与技术变化的回应.张磊等译.中国建筑工业出版社, 2003: 194
120 http: //www. lyzn. com
121夏柏树.东北城市旧工业区形态更新策略研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文, 2007: 147
122锐步集团全球总部.世界建筑导报. 2001, (01/02): 74
123艾侠,王海.万科中心:水平线上的“低碳”宣言.世界建筑. 2010, (2): 89
124余柏椿.非常城市设计——思想·系统·细节.中国建筑工业出版社, 2008:
125王小东.播种的历程—新疆国际大巴扎建筑群创作补记.城市建筑. 2004, (3): 23~28
126王澍.自然形态的叙事与几何——宁波博物馆创作笔记.时代建筑. 2009, (3): 73
127郑文东.文化符号域理论研究.武汉大学出版社, 2007: 27
128戴晓旭.呼伦贝尔市建筑风格控制研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文, 2008: 21~25
129 Raymond Williams. Keyworda-A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Revised Edition. Oxford Umr Prier,1976: 87-93
130 [美]鲁道夫·阿恩海姆.视觉思维——审美直觉心理学.腾守尧译.四川人民出版社, 1998: 187
131 [英]E. H.贡布里希.秩序感——装饰艺术的心理学研究.范景中等译.湖南科学技术出版社, 1999: 198
132陆邵明.建筑体验——空间中的情节.中国建筑工业出版社, 2007: 43
133邱文杰.缝合大地的伤口——921地震博物馆.世界建筑. 2007, (2): 38
134 [美]阿摩斯·拉普卜特.文化特性与建筑设计.常青,张昕,张鹏译.中国建筑工业出版社, 2004: 24~25
135陈宇琳.基于“山—水—城”理念的历史文化环境保护发展模式探索.城市规划,2009, 33(11): 58~63
136吴良镛.人居环境科学导论.中国建筑工业出版社, 2001: 31