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产业升级与经济增长理论研究
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摘要
自改革开放以来中国经济出现了罕见的高速增长,中国由一个贫穷落后的不发达国家发展成为初步实现工业化的社会主义强国。但现阶段,中国劳动密集型产业赖以发展的劳动力比较优势有弱化的趋势,资本密集型产业发展受到环境的约束,中国想继续保持高速增长,产业升级势在必行。
     本文从西方主流经济增长理论出发,运用比较静态分析法和动态分析法把产业升级理论和主流经济学的经济增长理论融为一体,构建了产业升级和经济增长融合模型,用于分析发展中国家的产业升级与经济增长问题,并借此分析我国产业升级和经济增长的融合之路。
     本文首先对经济增长理论进行了回顾和评述,并对产业经济学中的产业升级理论进行了归纳和总结。在此基础上把产业升级理论和主流经济学的经济增长理论融为一体,构建了产业升级和经济增长融合模型,分析了发展中国家产业升级与经济增长路径。
     在进一步分析短期路径时,本文把西方短期均衡理论与工业化理论相结合,认为发展中国家短期路径是采用渐进的扩张性总需求政策来拉动总供给,吸收农村剩余劳动力,推动工业化过程和经济增长。
     在进一步分析中期路径时,本文从经济细胞商品入手,来分析经济波动发生的原因,结论是支持第二部类生产和发展的第一部类生产规模可大可小,如果第一部类生产规模较大,短期内第二部类的发展不能够完全吸收第一部类的产能,第一部类不为第二部类所用的内部循环生产规模将失去其使用价值,从而也失去价值,产生实体经济泡沫。如果经济受到内部或外界因素的冲击,经济泡沫破裂出现衰退和危机。为了避免出现实体经济泡沫,各产业应按比例协调发展。发展中国家由于资金不足等原因无法象发达国家一样各产业渐进的连续的按比例协调发展,发展中国家中期路径应当是根据本国的国情和经济所处的阶段,依据产业升级规律,确定产业升级的目标,通过投资新设备、引进和模仿新技术、承接国际产业转移,先发展产业结构升级目标要求的第一部类,再发展产业结构升级目标要求的第二部类,完成一次产业结构升级后再推进下一次产业结构升级,不可一味追求第一部类的产业升级和扩张,以避免经济波动,达到长期经济增长中产业结构升级和按比例协调发展。
     在进一步分析长期路径时,本文认为长期中发展中国家在发展到一定程度将无法再依靠向发达国家购买引进先进技术设备,承接国际产业转移实现技术进步,发展中国家经济增长的长期路径只能是自主创新。
     技术创新是产业升级和经济增长的根本动力,本文运用经济学经典的需求供给理论分析技术创新,技术创新的需求最终来源于消费,消费品的创新需求直接来源于消费需求,资本品的创新需求来源于其可以降低消费品生产成本促进消费,收入水平影响消费需求进而影响技术创新。技术创新的供给主要来源于企业,现实中企业一般会按照惯例来进行决策,在进行技术创新投资时同样会按照惯例行事,制度影响着人们的行为决策惯例。发展中国家长期路径是通过提高居民收入水平和消费水平以及制定和执行良好的制度来促进自主创新。
     良好的制度是产业升级和经济增长的保障,本文分析了制度对投资、产业升级以及技术创新的作用,认为市场经济与计划经济比较更有利于投资和承接国际产业转移以实现产业升级;更有利于实现竞争,促进技术创新,推动本国经济的持续快速健康增长。良好的产权制度,正确的宏观调控方向和由政府科研机构、高校和企业组成的国家技术创新体系,能够推动一国产业升级和经济持续增长。
     本文在产业升级和经济增长的理论分析基础上,通过回顾中国建国以来产业升级和经济增长的过程,运用计量分析方法和建立数理模型分析当前我国面临的机遇与挑战,运用本文理论分析的结论,提出了中国实现产业升级和经济增长的融合之路。
Since the reform and opening up, Chinese economy develops fast. China, ever a poor andbackward undeveloped country, becomes a preliminary industrialized socialist country. But atpresent, the comparative advantage of labor force, on which China's labor-intensive industrialdevelopment relies, has a weakening trend. Capital intensive industry development is affected byenvironmental constraints. To upgrade industry becomes a must if China wants to maintain the highgrowth continuously.
     From the western mainstream economic growth theory, this paper puts the economic growth andindustrial upgrading theory together in a framework and set up a merging model by usingcomparative static analysis and dynamic analysis. By using the model, the author analyzes the fusedway of China and o industry upgrade and economic growth.
     This paper first reviews and comments the theory of economic growth, and summarizes thetheory of industrial upgrading, on the basic of which the theory of industrial upgrading and thetheory of economic growth is converged, the merging model between industrial upgrading andeconomic growth is set up. By doing so, the author analyzes the path of the industrial upgradingand economic growth in developing countries.
     In the further analysis of the short-term path, according to theories of the Western short-termequilibrium and industrialization the author thinks that the short-term path of developingcountries should be using a expansionary aggregate demand policy to stimulate the aggregatesupply, absorb the surplus rural labor force and promote the process of industrialization andeconomic growth.
     When further analyzing the mid-term path, the author studies the reason of economic fluctuationstarting from the economic cell, commodity, and draws the conclusion that the production scale ofthe first category which supports the production and development of the second category isflexible. If the social production of the first category is in large scale, and the growth of the secondcategory is unable to absorb the production capacity of the first category. The internal circulationscale of production of the first category which is mot used bye the second category will lose usevalue, therefore loses its value. Following it, the entity economic bubbles appear.If economy meatsinternal or external shocks, the economic bubbles will collages, which will result in recession andcrisis. In order to avoid the real economy bubble, the industries should be develop proportionally.Due to the lack of funds and other reasons, the industries in developing countries can’t develop gradually, continuously and proportionally like in developed countries. the mid-term path ofdeveloping countries should be based on their own national conditions and economic stages, shouldbe in line with the rules of industrial upgrading to determine the target of the industrial upgrading,The developing countries should undertake international industrial transfer according to the target,by investing in new equipment, new technology introduction and imitation. The developingcountries should develop the first category according to the target of the industrial structureupgrading, and then follow the second category.The developing countries should promote the nextupgrading after completed an upgrading of the industrial structure.They should not pursue thedeveloping of the first category blindly. By doing so, the developing countries can avoid economicfluctuation and achieve the upgrading of the industrial structure and the proportional andcoordinated development in the long-term.
     In the further analysis of the long-term path, the author believes that developing countries,which develop to a certain extent, will not be able to buy and introduce advanced technology andequipment from developed countries and undertake the international industrial transfer to achievetechnological progress, the long-term path of economic growth in developing countries can only beindependent innovation.
     Technological innovation is the basic driving force of industrial upgrading and economicgrowth,This paper analyzes technological innovation using classical demand and supply theory ineconomics. The demand for technology innovation originates from consumption. The demand forinnovation of consumption goods comes directly from the demand for consumption. The demandfor innovation of capital goods steams from the fact that it can reduce production cost and promotethe consumption. Income level affects the demand for consumption and further influencestechnological innovation. The supply of the technical innovation mainly comes from enterprises.Enterprises will make decisions in accordance with their tradition. system affects their traditionThe long-term path of the developing countries is to improve the income and consumption level ofthe residents, and to formulate and implement a good system, in order to promote independentinnovation.
     A good system is the security of industrial upgrading and economic growth. This paper analyzesthe function of system to investment, industrial upgrading and technological innovation. The authorthinks that compared with planned economy, market economy is more benefit to investment,undertaking the international industrial transfer and realize industrial upgrading, and is moreconducive to the achievement of competition, to the promotion of technological innovation and thesustainable, rapid and healthy growth of the national economy. Good property rights system, themacro-control in the right direction and the national technology innovation system composed of government, scientific research institutions, universities and enterprises can promote thedevelopment of a country’s industrial upgrading and sustainable economic growth.
     Based on the theoretical analysis of industrial upgrading and economic growth, this paperreviews the process of industrial upgrading and economic growth since the founding of new China.The author analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by China currently using econometricsand the establishment of a mathematical model. This paper proposed the merging path for China toachieve industrial upgrading and economic growth using the conclusion drawn from the theory ofthis paper.
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