协同学习系统中教学代理的研究与设计
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摘要
基于Web的远程教育是一种利用网络进行教学的新型网络应用，但目前大多数的远程教学系统缺乏智能性，包括反应性、自适应性和自主性等。同时现有的远程教学系统大都缺乏协同学习能力，师生之间缺少有效交互，难以发挥网络资源共享优势。本文针对远程教学中存在的问题，将教学代理技术引入到协同学习系统中，充分发挥教学代理的演示交互、教学指导、问题分析解答和协同学习等特性，增强系统的自适应性和自主性，实现协同学习，改善整体学习效果。
本文主要分为五个部分。第一部分介绍了远程教育发展的现状，分析了引入教学代理的必要性。第二部分介绍了代理及多代理技术的基本概念、体系结构、工作原理及采用的通信方式。第三部分对协同学习系统中教学代理技术的应用进行了分析。第四部分是本文的重点，主要介绍了教学代理技术在《多媒体应用基础》网络课程中的实际应用，包括教学代理的总体结构、功能模块划分及模块设计实现等内容。在协同学习环境中将教学代理分成三类，其中学生代理分析学生特点，评测学习情况；教师代理自适应地生成教学策略，组织教学环节，引导学生学习；协同学习代理实现各代理间的知识交换与共享。其中学生代理的设计作为重点内容介绍。第五部分总结了协同学习系统中教学代理的开发情况及后续研究工作。
Web-based Distance Education is a kind of brand-new Internet application. However, a majority of web-based distance learning systems is devoid of intelligence, such as reactivity, self-adaptation and autonomy. Furthermore, most of distance learning system lacks cooperative capability. This paper introduces pedagogical agent into cooperative learning system. Using pedagogical agent technique with the property of demonstration, instruction guidance, problem solution and cooperative learning can ameliorate teaching effect and enhance self-adaptation and autonomy of cooperative learning system.
The first part introduces and analyzes the necessity of bringing pedagogical agent into the system. In second, we emphasize in introducing the basic concepts, architecture, operational principle, and communication method of agent and multi-agent technique. Third part discusses the concepts and features of cooperative learning system and brings forward the theory reference for pedagogical agent construction. The most important part is the forth part that indicates the actual application of pedagogical agent technology in web course named Multimedia Application Base. We divide agent into three types in the cooperative learning environment. Student agent has the ability to analyze individual character of each student and record his learning condition. Teacher agent can develop an adaptive teaching strategy for student and organize teaching process for guiding students to study well. Cooperative learning agent makes all agents to exchange and share knowledge properly. The design of student agent is the main content of this part. The last part summarizes the application effect and developing prospect of pedagogical agent.
本文主要分为五个部分。第一部分介绍了远程教育发展的现状，分析了引入教学代理的必要性。第二部分介绍了代理及多代理技术的基本概念、体系结构、工作原理及采用的通信方式。第三部分对协同学习系统中教学代理技术的应用进行了分析。第四部分是本文的重点，主要介绍了教学代理技术在《多媒体应用基础》网络课程中的实际应用，包括教学代理的总体结构、功能模块划分及模块设计实现等内容。在协同学习环境中将教学代理分成三类，其中学生代理分析学生特点，评测学习情况；教师代理自适应地生成教学策略，组织教学环节，引导学生学习；协同学习代理实现各代理间的知识交换与共享。其中学生代理的设计作为重点内容介绍。第五部分总结了协同学习系统中教学代理的开发情况及后续研究工作。
Web-based Distance Education is a kind of brand-new Internet application. However, a majority of web-based distance learning systems is devoid of intelligence, such as reactivity, self-adaptation and autonomy. Furthermore, most of distance learning system lacks cooperative capability. This paper introduces pedagogical agent into cooperative learning system. Using pedagogical agent technique with the property of demonstration, instruction guidance, problem solution and cooperative learning can ameliorate teaching effect and enhance self-adaptation and autonomy of cooperative learning system.
The first part introduces and analyzes the necessity of bringing pedagogical agent into the system. In second, we emphasize in introducing the basic concepts, architecture, operational principle, and communication method of agent and multi-agent technique. Third part discusses the concepts and features of cooperative learning system and brings forward the theory reference for pedagogical agent construction. The most important part is the forth part that indicates the actual application of pedagogical agent technology in web course named Multimedia Application Base. We divide agent into three types in the cooperative learning environment. Student agent has the ability to analyze individual character of each student and record his learning condition. Teacher agent can develop an adaptive teaching strategy for student and organize teaching process for guiding students to study well. Cooperative learning agent makes all agents to exchange and share knowledge properly. The design of student agent is the main content of this part. The last part summarizes the application effect and developing prospect of pedagogical agent.
引文
[1] 史忠植，智能主体及其应用，第一版，2000．12，科学出版社
[2] 顾芳，基于Web的学习环境研究，硕士论文，2000，p3-6
[3] 王雷，多Agent网上协同教学系统，中南大学，硕士论文，2001，p11-15
[4] 马传宝，基于多Agent远程教学系统探讨，现代计算机，139期，2002．5，p1
[5] 于长云，王哲明，曹作良，教学代理—远程教学系统课件功能智能化，天津纺织工学院学报，Vol．19 No．4，2000．8，p2-3
[6] 王蕊，刘甘娜，基于多代理技术的远程教学模式的研究，李艺主编，第七届全球华人计算机教育应用大会，南京，2003，南京师范大学出版社，p1
[7] 陈自郁，基于代理的远程教学系统及学生模型的研究，重庆大学，硕士论文，2002．5，p1，p46-49
[8] 胡铭，软件代理技术的研究与应用，河海大学，硕士论文，2001，p19-21
[9] 张士杰，郭宏伟，多代理系统的通信技术及其应用，计算机应用研究，2002第6期，p15-16
[10] 陈凯泉，基于智能代理的网络教学支持系统研究，南京师范大学，硕士论文，2003．5，p15-17
[11] 王新伟，基于Web的远程教学系统的研究，中国农业大学，硕士论文，2001．3，p13-15
[12] 范新民，基于JSP、JDBC技术动态访问Web数据库的实现方案，福建师范大学学报，2002．6
[13] Wooldridge M, Jennings N, Intelligent Agents: Theory and Practice. Knowledge Engineering Review, 1995,10(2)
[14] Candace L. Sidner, Carolyn Boettner, Building Spoken Language Collaborative Interface Agents, Lotus Development Corporation, 2001
[15] Dongming Xu. Huaiqing Wang. Kaile Su. Intelligent Student Profiling with Fuzzy Models. Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii Conference on System Sciences-2002
[16] Barry Kort. External Representation of Learning Process and Domain Knowledge:
Affective State as a Determinate of its Structure and Function. AI-ED 2001
[17] Michael N.Huhns, Nunindar P. Sigh. Readings in Agents. California: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.Inc. 1997
[18] 王伍伶，靳丽敏，闫玉根，JSP与Web数据库的连接技术，河北工业科技大学学报，2002年，第3期，总第73期
[19] 黄理、洪亮、曹林有、张勇编著，JSP高级编程，第一版，2001．10，北京希望电子出版社，p517．
[20] Jacques Ferber. Multi-Agent system—An Introduction to Distributed Artificial Intelligence. Addison-Wesley. 1999
[21] 潘瑞玲，余轮，Agent技术在远程教育系统中应用的研究，微型电脑应用，2002．18
[22] Val'Erie lssarny and Titos Saridakis, Defining Open Software Architectures for Customized Remote Execution of Web Agents, Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 2, 237-249 (1999)
[23] Gerald Tesauro and Jeffrey O. Kephart, Pricing in Agent Economies Using Multi-Agent Q-Learning, Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 5, 289- 304, 2002
[24] Li Hu, Yao Shuzhen, Liu Changhui, Study on Agent-Based Methods for Concurrency Control in CSCW, Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences Vol.6 No. 1-22001,495～499.
[25] Gao Ji and Lin Donghao, Agent Cooperation Based Control Integration by Activity-Sharing and Joint Intention, J.Comput.Sci. & Technol., Vol. 17 No.3, May 2002.
[26] 曹原，黄荣怀，协作式研究性学习模式初探，北京师范大学网络教育实验室，有行教育网，http://youxing.stedu.net/teacher/zhich,2001．9
[27] 李楹，基于建构主义现代远程教育模型的研究与实践，天津师范大学，硕士论文，2001，p45-46
[28] 赵振宇，徐用懋，模糊理论和神经网络的基础与应用，第一版，清华大学出
版社 广西科学技术出版社，1996
[29] Joseph Giarratano，Gary Riley著，印鉴，刘星成，汤庸译，专家系统原理与编程，第一版，机械工业出版社，2000．
[30] 苏军根，李显济，汤庸，视频会议系统中白板的研究与实现，广东工业大学学报，第15卷第4期，1998．12
[31] Moller, L, Designing communities of learners for asynchronous distance education, Educational Technology Research & Development, 1998(4)
[32] Payne TR, Edwards P., Interface Agents Than Learn: An Investigation of Learning Issues in A Mail Agent Interface. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 1999(11)
[33] Katz. S. Lesgold, A. Eggan. Gordin. M, Modeling the student in Sherlock Ⅱ. Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. 2000, p495-518
[34] Gurer. D. des Jardins, M. Schlager. M, Representing a student's learning states and transitions. American Association of Artificial Intelligence Spring Symposium on Representing Mental States and Mechanisms, 1995
[35] Piotr J.Cmytrasiewicz,Edmund H. Durfee, Rational Coordination in Multi-Agent Environments, Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 3, 319-350, 2000
[2] 顾芳，基于Web的学习环境研究，硕士论文，2000，p3-6
[3] 王雷，多Agent网上协同教学系统，中南大学，硕士论文，2001，p11-15
[4] 马传宝，基于多Agent远程教学系统探讨，现代计算机，139期，2002．5，p1
[5] 于长云，王哲明，曹作良，教学代理—远程教学系统课件功能智能化，天津纺织工学院学报，Vol．19 No．4，2000．8，p2-3
[6] 王蕊，刘甘娜，基于多代理技术的远程教学模式的研究，李艺主编，第七届全球华人计算机教育应用大会，南京，2003，南京师范大学出版社，p1
[7] 陈自郁，基于代理的远程教学系统及学生模型的研究，重庆大学，硕士论文，2002．5，p1，p46-49
[8] 胡铭，软件代理技术的研究与应用，河海大学，硕士论文，2001，p19-21
[9] 张士杰，郭宏伟，多代理系统的通信技术及其应用，计算机应用研究，2002第6期，p15-16
[10] 陈凯泉，基于智能代理的网络教学支持系统研究，南京师范大学，硕士论文，2003．5，p15-17
[11] 王新伟，基于Web的远程教学系统的研究，中国农业大学，硕士论文，2001．3，p13-15
[12] 范新民，基于JSP、JDBC技术动态访问Web数据库的实现方案，福建师范大学学报，2002．6
[13] Wooldridge M, Jennings N, Intelligent Agents: Theory and Practice. Knowledge Engineering Review, 1995,10(2)
[14] Candace L. Sidner, Carolyn Boettner, Building Spoken Language Collaborative Interface Agents, Lotus Development Corporation, 2001
[15] Dongming Xu. Huaiqing Wang. Kaile Su. Intelligent Student Profiling with Fuzzy Models. Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii Conference on System Sciences-2002
[16] Barry Kort. External Representation of Learning Process and Domain Knowledge:
Affective State as a Determinate of its Structure and Function. AI-ED 2001
[17] Michael N.Huhns, Nunindar P. Sigh. Readings in Agents. California: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.Inc. 1997
[18] 王伍伶，靳丽敏，闫玉根，JSP与Web数据库的连接技术，河北工业科技大学学报，2002年，第3期，总第73期
[19] 黄理、洪亮、曹林有、张勇编著，JSP高级编程，第一版，2001．10，北京希望电子出版社，p517．
[20] Jacques Ferber. Multi-Agent system—An Introduction to Distributed Artificial Intelligence. Addison-Wesley. 1999
[21] 潘瑞玲，余轮，Agent技术在远程教育系统中应用的研究，微型电脑应用，2002．18
[22] Val'Erie lssarny and Titos Saridakis, Defining Open Software Architectures for Customized Remote Execution of Web Agents, Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 2, 237-249 (1999)
[23] Gerald Tesauro and Jeffrey O. Kephart, Pricing in Agent Economies Using Multi-Agent Q-Learning, Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 5, 289- 304, 2002
[24] Li Hu, Yao Shuzhen, Liu Changhui, Study on Agent-Based Methods for Concurrency Control in CSCW, Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences Vol.6 No. 1-22001,495～499.
[25] Gao Ji and Lin Donghao, Agent Cooperation Based Control Integration by Activity-Sharing and Joint Intention, J.Comput.Sci. & Technol., Vol. 17 No.3, May 2002.
[26] 曹原，黄荣怀，协作式研究性学习模式初探，北京师范大学网络教育实验室，有行教育网，http://youxing.stedu.net/teacher/zhich,2001．9
[27] 李楹，基于建构主义现代远程教育模型的研究与实践，天津师范大学，硕士论文，2001，p45-46
[28] 赵振宇，徐用懋，模糊理论和神经网络的基础与应用，第一版，清华大学出
版社 广西科学技术出版社，1996
[29] Joseph Giarratano，Gary Riley著，印鉴，刘星成，汤庸译，专家系统原理与编程，第一版，机械工业出版社，2000．
[30] 苏军根，李显济，汤庸，视频会议系统中白板的研究与实现，广东工业大学学报，第15卷第4期，1998．12
[31] Moller, L, Designing communities of learners for asynchronous distance education, Educational Technology Research & Development, 1998(4)
[32] Payne TR, Edwards P., Interface Agents Than Learn: An Investigation of Learning Issues in A Mail Agent Interface. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 1999(11)
[33] Katz. S. Lesgold, A. Eggan. Gordin. M, Modeling the student in Sherlock Ⅱ. Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. 2000, p495-518
[34] Gurer. D. des Jardins, M. Schlager. M, Representing a student's learning states and transitions. American Association of Artificial Intelligence Spring Symposium on Representing Mental States and Mechanisms, 1995
[35] Piotr J.Cmytrasiewicz,Edmund H. Durfee, Rational Coordination in Multi-Agent Environments, Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 3, 319-350, 2000