基于目标使用期和整体可靠性的既有钢筋混凝土结构鉴定与加固研究
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摘要
目前既有建筑物鉴定标准和加固设计规范存在着以下不足:无法满足业主对既有建筑物的实际使用期限需求;没有一个量化的指标评价既有建筑物;鉴定规程和加固设计规范不相协调;加固设计的方法论多年来没有发展;没有从目标可靠度的方面进行加固设计。针对这些问题,本文在既有结构的构件可靠度计算、构件可靠性鉴定、结构整体可靠性鉴定、加固设计方法论以及基于可靠度的加固设计五个方面进行了研究。
(1)在构件可靠度计算的研究中,采用了现行规范所使用的平稳二项随机荷载模型,将既有结构在不同目标使用期的荷载与现行规范进行了分析对比,得出了不同目标使用期的荷载统计特征值和活荷载标准值的修正系数。同时研究了既有结构风荷载及地震作用特点,根据其特点和超越概率的方法,推导出了广州地区既有结构基本风压折算系数、水平地震影响系数最大值等重要参数,从而可以根据目标使用期进行荷载和作用参数的调整。
(2)在构件可靠性鉴定研究中,根据既有结构抗力和荷载的特点,建立了既有框架结构构件的基于分项系数法的可靠性评估表达式。应用现行规范中计算目标可靠度的校准法和在目标使用期下荷载和抗力的最优分项系数的计算公式,得到了不同目标使用期的荷载和抗力分项系数,实现了结构构件按不同目标使用期的可靠度鉴定评估。
(3)在整体可靠性鉴定的研究中,先使用隶属度表示可靠性鉴定等级评价集,克服了规范方法中阶梯评价跳跃过大的缺点;然后引入层次分析法分析体系中构件的权重,并将构件的各种相关因素放入准则层,扩大了使用范围,避免了一般层次分析法简单分层的缺点;最后通过构件的鉴定等级评价集和权重求得结构整体可靠性鉴定评价集,从而进行结构体系的可靠性鉴定评价,并据此指导建筑物的下一步维护和加固设计工作。通过实例计算并与现行规范的鉴定结果进行比较,证明了该方法的有效性,其最大的优势在于电算化的简便性,可以进一步编程固化,有利于提高效率。
(4)在加固设计方法论的研究中,将整体性理论引入建筑物可靠性加固设计中,提出了可靠性加固改造设计的整体性方法论。综合考虑结构的安全性、适用性、耐久性之间的要求和相互联系,从个体到局部到整体再到全局去把握设计方法,给建筑物加固改造研究开拓了一个全新的思路。同时根据基于可靠度的加固设计的特点,提出了建筑物加固改造技术的综合集成办法,编制了运用整体性理论进行建筑物可靠性加固设计的流程,建立了连接可靠性鉴定与可靠性加固设计的有效机制。
(5)在基于可靠度加固设计方面,进行了三个方面的研究。第一部分是根据超越概率的概念,假设初始抗力的对数正态分布,推导了逆可靠度的计算公式。然而由于目前逆可靠度计算方法还不能应用于工程实际,因此在整体论的框架下,提出了采用正算法不断迭代逼近目标可靠度的加固设计方法。第二部分是在正算法的框架下,在规范的基础上编制了多功能的构件加固设计计算软件包,该软件包完善了输入输出的可视化功能,实现了将计算书中的公式用word格式输出的功能,大大提高了工程师的工作效率,为下一步计算加固后构件可靠度的电算化奠定了坚实的基础。最后一部分是对三种加固后的梁柱构件进行可靠度分析,并与拟建结构构件可靠度计算进行对比,提出了因承载力不足和因功能改造而加固后的构件可靠度的计算方法。通过编程计算,得到了在既定目标使用期的情况下,轴心受压柱加固后可靠度的影响因素按重要性依次为:既有结构的混凝土强度变异系数、荷载提升幅度、活荷载的卸载情况,这对加固设计具有直接的指导意义。
与目前工程实际中进行阶梯式分级鉴定和基于承载力的加固设计不同,本文以目标使用期为基础,以可靠度为接口,对既有建筑物鉴定和加固设计进行了系统的研究,并形成一种将鉴定和加固设计对接的方法,为基于可靠度的加固设计研究提供了新的思路。本文附录通过实例,将本文方法与常规方法进行了经济性对比,在既定的目标使用期和目标可靠度下,本文提出的方法可以大幅节省工程造价,具有显著的经济效果。
Current appraisal standard and reinforcement design specification for existing building are inadequate for engineering practice in the following aspects. Firstly, the service life requirement from owners is hard to meet for existing buildings. Secondly, there are no any quantified indices to appraise existing structure. Thirdly, the appraisal standard is inconsistent with reinforcement design specification. In addition, with little development, methodology of reinforcement design does not introduce target reliability. To address these problems, this paper deals with the reliability analysis and appraisal of existing structure member, overall reliability appraisal, reinforcement design methodology as well as reinforcement design based on structure member reliability to achieve the reasonable and economical result. The main study is as follows.
1. In the reliability analysis of structural member, stationary binomial random load model of current specification is adopted and existing structure loads corresponding to different target service life are compared with counterparts of specification. Therefore, load statistical characteristics and correction factor of live load normal value are obtained based on various target service life. In addition, wind load and earthquake action characteristics are studied. According to the load action feature and super probability theory, important parameter of existing building in Guangzhou region such as basic wind pressure conversion factor and maximum value of horizontal earthquake influence coefficients are derived. As a result, the load and action computation in reliability analysis can be adjusted on the basis of target service life.
2. In the research on reliability appraisal of structure member, reliability appraisal expression by subitem coefficient method is established for existing frame structure based on the characteristics of resistance and load. Through calibration method for target reliability and optimized load and computation equation for resistance subitem coefficients in current specification, load and resistance subitem coefficients are derived for different target service life. Therefore, reliability appraisal of structure member can be made corresponding to different target service life.
3. In the overall reliability appraisal of structure, membership grade is introduced to the reliability appraisement grade set so as to avoid the large gap between grades. And improved analytic hierarchy process is applied to determine the weight of each system member. Related factors are put into the principle layer. So the appraisal scope is extended in contrast to the simple classification of general analytic hierarchy. Finally, the overall reliability appraisement set is determined by appraisement grade set and weight of structure member. In this way, reliability appraisal can be conducted to guide further maintenance and reinforcement design. This approach is compared with current specification and proved effective in engineering examples. Its obvious advantage lies in the convenience and high efficiency of electronic computation by program compilation.
4. In the study on reinforcement design methodology, integrity theory is applied to reliability reinforcement design of building and integrity methodology of reliability reinforcement design is established. Combined the safety, applicability with durability, structure reinforcement design is conducted from single member to integral structure and even the whole environment, which is useful for building reinforcement research. Taking account of the characteristics of reliability-based reinforcement design, a comprehensive integration method for building reinforcement is proposed and a flow chart is made to illustrate reliability reinforcement design procedure based on integrity theory. Consequently, an effective mechanism is built to connect reliability appraisal and reliability reinforcement design.
5. Reliability-based reinforcement design research is carried out in three aspects. Firstly, from the concept of super probability, reverse-reliability computation equation in the reinforcement design is derived from lognormal distribution of initial resistance. However, reverse-reliability is still not put into practice, so normal algorithm reinforcement design method is also presented by iteration and approach target reliability. Secondly, with the frame of normal algorithm, member reinforcement design software package is developed based on specification. Moreover, this software package includes input and output visualization function and it enables equation in calculation account to output in word format which enhances the efficiency of engineers and makes foundation for computerizing the reliability analysis of reinforced member. Lastly, reliability of reinforced structure members is analyzed and compared with member reliability of new-built structure. As a result, reliability computation method for reinforced member is proposed due to inadequate bearing capacity and function alteration respectively. A program is developed for reliability analysis and the result shows that for given target service life, the reliability influence factors of reinforced axially compressed column are concrete strength variation coefficient of existing structure, the load increase factor as well as the ratio of construction load to design load by the order of importance. This result provides useful and practical information for reinforcement design. Different from leap grading in structure appraisement and bearing capacity-based reinforcement design in the present engineering practice, this paper deals with existing building appraisement and reinforced design based on target service life and reliability. And a bridge is established between appraisal and reinforcement design, contributing to reliability-based reinforcement design research. Furthermore, the engineering examples are given in the attachment to compare the proposed method in this paper with the current method in the terms of economy. It turns out that this method can reduce the engineering cost significantly for the given target service life and target reliability, which is helpful and meaningful for guiding reinforcement engineering practice.
(1)在构件可靠度计算的研究中,采用了现行规范所使用的平稳二项随机荷载模型,将既有结构在不同目标使用期的荷载与现行规范进行了分析对比,得出了不同目标使用期的荷载统计特征值和活荷载标准值的修正系数。同时研究了既有结构风荷载及地震作用特点,根据其特点和超越概率的方法,推导出了广州地区既有结构基本风压折算系数、水平地震影响系数最大值等重要参数,从而可以根据目标使用期进行荷载和作用参数的调整。
(2)在构件可靠性鉴定研究中,根据既有结构抗力和荷载的特点,建立了既有框架结构构件的基于分项系数法的可靠性评估表达式。应用现行规范中计算目标可靠度的校准法和在目标使用期下荷载和抗力的最优分项系数的计算公式,得到了不同目标使用期的荷载和抗力分项系数,实现了结构构件按不同目标使用期的可靠度鉴定评估。
(3)在整体可靠性鉴定的研究中,先使用隶属度表示可靠性鉴定等级评价集,克服了规范方法中阶梯评价跳跃过大的缺点;然后引入层次分析法分析体系中构件的权重,并将构件的各种相关因素放入准则层,扩大了使用范围,避免了一般层次分析法简单分层的缺点;最后通过构件的鉴定等级评价集和权重求得结构整体可靠性鉴定评价集,从而进行结构体系的可靠性鉴定评价,并据此指导建筑物的下一步维护和加固设计工作。通过实例计算并与现行规范的鉴定结果进行比较,证明了该方法的有效性,其最大的优势在于电算化的简便性,可以进一步编程固化,有利于提高效率。
(4)在加固设计方法论的研究中,将整体性理论引入建筑物可靠性加固设计中,提出了可靠性加固改造设计的整体性方法论。综合考虑结构的安全性、适用性、耐久性之间的要求和相互联系,从个体到局部到整体再到全局去把握设计方法,给建筑物加固改造研究开拓了一个全新的思路。同时根据基于可靠度的加固设计的特点,提出了建筑物加固改造技术的综合集成办法,编制了运用整体性理论进行建筑物可靠性加固设计的流程,建立了连接可靠性鉴定与可靠性加固设计的有效机制。
(5)在基于可靠度加固设计方面,进行了三个方面的研究。第一部分是根据超越概率的概念,假设初始抗力的对数正态分布,推导了逆可靠度的计算公式。然而由于目前逆可靠度计算方法还不能应用于工程实际,因此在整体论的框架下,提出了采用正算法不断迭代逼近目标可靠度的加固设计方法。第二部分是在正算法的框架下,在规范的基础上编制了多功能的构件加固设计计算软件包,该软件包完善了输入输出的可视化功能,实现了将计算书中的公式用word格式输出的功能,大大提高了工程师的工作效率,为下一步计算加固后构件可靠度的电算化奠定了坚实的基础。最后一部分是对三种加固后的梁柱构件进行可靠度分析,并与拟建结构构件可靠度计算进行对比,提出了因承载力不足和因功能改造而加固后的构件可靠度的计算方法。通过编程计算,得到了在既定目标使用期的情况下,轴心受压柱加固后可靠度的影响因素按重要性依次为:既有结构的混凝土强度变异系数、荷载提升幅度、活荷载的卸载情况,这对加固设计具有直接的指导意义。
与目前工程实际中进行阶梯式分级鉴定和基于承载力的加固设计不同,本文以目标使用期为基础,以可靠度为接口,对既有建筑物鉴定和加固设计进行了系统的研究,并形成一种将鉴定和加固设计对接的方法,为基于可靠度的加固设计研究提供了新的思路。本文附录通过实例,将本文方法与常规方法进行了经济性对比,在既定的目标使用期和目标可靠度下,本文提出的方法可以大幅节省工程造价,具有显著的经济效果。
Current appraisal standard and reinforcement design specification for existing building are inadequate for engineering practice in the following aspects. Firstly, the service life requirement from owners is hard to meet for existing buildings. Secondly, there are no any quantified indices to appraise existing structure. Thirdly, the appraisal standard is inconsistent with reinforcement design specification. In addition, with little development, methodology of reinforcement design does not introduce target reliability. To address these problems, this paper deals with the reliability analysis and appraisal of existing structure member, overall reliability appraisal, reinforcement design methodology as well as reinforcement design based on structure member reliability to achieve the reasonable and economical result. The main study is as follows.
1. In the reliability analysis of structural member, stationary binomial random load model of current specification is adopted and existing structure loads corresponding to different target service life are compared with counterparts of specification. Therefore, load statistical characteristics and correction factor of live load normal value are obtained based on various target service life. In addition, wind load and earthquake action characteristics are studied. According to the load action feature and super probability theory, important parameter of existing building in Guangzhou region such as basic wind pressure conversion factor and maximum value of horizontal earthquake influence coefficients are derived. As a result, the load and action computation in reliability analysis can be adjusted on the basis of target service life.
2. In the research on reliability appraisal of structure member, reliability appraisal expression by subitem coefficient method is established for existing frame structure based on the characteristics of resistance and load. Through calibration method for target reliability and optimized load and computation equation for resistance subitem coefficients in current specification, load and resistance subitem coefficients are derived for different target service life. Therefore, reliability appraisal of structure member can be made corresponding to different target service life.
3. In the overall reliability appraisal of structure, membership grade is introduced to the reliability appraisement grade set so as to avoid the large gap between grades. And improved analytic hierarchy process is applied to determine the weight of each system member. Related factors are put into the principle layer. So the appraisal scope is extended in contrast to the simple classification of general analytic hierarchy. Finally, the overall reliability appraisement set is determined by appraisement grade set and weight of structure member. In this way, reliability appraisal can be conducted to guide further maintenance and reinforcement design. This approach is compared with current specification and proved effective in engineering examples. Its obvious advantage lies in the convenience and high efficiency of electronic computation by program compilation.
4. In the study on reinforcement design methodology, integrity theory is applied to reliability reinforcement design of building and integrity methodology of reliability reinforcement design is established. Combined the safety, applicability with durability, structure reinforcement design is conducted from single member to integral structure and even the whole environment, which is useful for building reinforcement research. Taking account of the characteristics of reliability-based reinforcement design, a comprehensive integration method for building reinforcement is proposed and a flow chart is made to illustrate reliability reinforcement design procedure based on integrity theory. Consequently, an effective mechanism is built to connect reliability appraisal and reliability reinforcement design.
5. Reliability-based reinforcement design research is carried out in three aspects. Firstly, from the concept of super probability, reverse-reliability computation equation in the reinforcement design is derived from lognormal distribution of initial resistance. However, reverse-reliability is still not put into practice, so normal algorithm reinforcement design method is also presented by iteration and approach target reliability. Secondly, with the frame of normal algorithm, member reinforcement design software package is developed based on specification. Moreover, this software package includes input and output visualization function and it enables equation in calculation account to output in word format which enhances the efficiency of engineers and makes foundation for computerizing the reliability analysis of reinforced member. Lastly, reliability of reinforced structure members is analyzed and compared with member reliability of new-built structure. As a result, reliability computation method for reinforced member is proposed due to inadequate bearing capacity and function alteration respectively. A program is developed for reliability analysis and the result shows that for given target service life, the reliability influence factors of reinforced axially compressed column are concrete strength variation coefficient of existing structure, the load increase factor as well as the ratio of construction load to design load by the order of importance. This result provides useful and practical information for reinforcement design. Different from leap grading in structure appraisement and bearing capacity-based reinforcement design in the present engineering practice, this paper deals with existing building appraisement and reinforced design based on target service life and reliability. And a bridge is established between appraisal and reinforcement design, contributing to reliability-based reinforcement design research. Furthermore, the engineering examples are given in the attachment to compare the proposed method in this paper with the current method in the terms of economy. It turns out that this method can reduce the engineering cost significantly for the given target service life and target reliability, which is helpful and meaningful for guiding reinforcement engineering practice.
引文
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