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经济开放对地方财政农业支出规模变动及效应的影响研究
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摘要
经济开放被认为是地方政府财政农业支出规模变动的一个重要影响因素。改革开放以来,福建省农村经济发展取得了巨大成就,但也出现了农业经济遭受外部风险和冲击的可能性加大、城乡差距扩大等现实问题,从而制约了福建省农村经济的可持续发展。政府为了适应这种变化所带来的不确定性,必须保证农业产业的安全,维持农村社会的稳定,减少农民隐性失业,防御经济开放对农村居民可能造成福利损失的风险和冲击,以及为缩小城乡差距,实现城乡公共服务均等化等而提供的农村社会公共财政支出。尤其是加入WTO以后,福建省农业竞争力面临着严峻的国际挑战。同时,“三农”工作中面临的矛盾和问题仍然艰巨而复杂,城乡差距日益扩大,农民增收日趋缓慢,人均耕地面积不断减少,农村剩余劳动力转移难度加大,农村社会事业发展相对滞后以及农村生态问题日趋严重等。而这些问题的解决有赖于实施积极的财政政策,增加财政农业支出规模,大力加强农业基础设施建设,加大对农村科研的投入等措施,进而增强农业的国际竞争力。
     通过采取主成分分析方法,结合福建省经济发展阶段、经济开放特征和实际省情,根据指标的客观性以及数据的可获得性测算了福建省1980—2010年的综合经济开放程度。结果表明福建省经济开放程度在1980年至1994年呈现出不断上升趋势,1995年至2001出现了小幅度的回落,2002年至2004年连续三年呈上升趋势,之后又开始表现出下降趋势。尽管福建省经济开放程度表现出先扬后抑的特征,但总体呈现出上升的趋势。
     由于受到经济对外开放战略和国民经济产业结构不断调整等因素的影响,福建省财政农业支出规模呈现出阶段性的变动规律。首先,长期内福建省财政农业支出规模表现出总体上的增长态势。其次,在不同阶段,福建省财政农业支出规模表现出不平衡的增长趋势,在改革开放初期,财政农业支出规模的增长相对缓慢,而伴随改革开放水平和经济开放程度的不断提高,财政农业支出规模的增长相对较快。财政农业支出规模增长速度与财政收入增长速度不断交替增长,只有9年的财政农业支出规模增长速度高于财政收入增长速度。财政农业支出规模占财政支出的比重以及财政农业支出规模占农业GDP的比重都比较低,与其他发达国家相比还存在较大差距。农业GDP在全部GDP中所占份额表现出逐年下降趋势,与全国财政农业支出规模份额与农业GDP份额比值相比较,福建省一直低于全国水平。福建省大部分年份农业GDP的增长速度低于财政农业支出规模的增长速度,即两者比值的绝对值小于1,这说明了大部分年份财政农业支出规模的效率低下。
     通过经济开放对地方财政农业支出规模变动影响的理论与实证分析,在理论上从数学函数和几何图形两个角度分析了经济开放对我国地方财政农业支出规模变动的影响机制。结果表明,经济开放对我国地方财政农业支出规模变动的影响存在先抑后扬的特征,即经济开放程度比较低的阶段支持“效率假说”,经济开放程度比较高的阶段支持“补偿假说”。在实证分析中利用边界协整检验方法检验了福建省财政农业支出规模与农业经济增长变化率、经济开放程度之间存在长期稳定的协整关系。长期内,经济开放对福建省财政农业支出规模变动的影响在总体上呈现出不断上升趋势,但在经济开放程度所处不同阶段,其对财政农业支出规模变动影响的上升速度具有不同的阶段性特征。在20世纪80年代福建省的财政农业支出规模以递减的趋势增加,该阶段支持“效率假说”;而进入20世纪90年代后,福建省财政农业支出规模以递增的趋势不断扩大,该阶段支持“补偿假说”。
     通过经济开放对地方财政农业支出规模效应影响的理论与实证分析,在理论上证明了经济开放程度与财政农业支出规模效应之间呈现出一种递减关系,即经济开放程度越大,财政农业支出规模效应越小:财政农业支出规模的产出效应随着经济开放程度的提高而不断减小,财政农业支出规模的价格效应随着经济开放程度的提高而不断放大。在实证分析中发现财政农业支出规模在短期内对农业产出具有促进作用,但在长期内对农业产出效应的影响随着经济开放程度的提高而趋于减弱,对农村价格效应的影响随着经济开放程度的提高而趋于不明显。在产出效应中,随着经济开放程度的提高,对于当年福建省财政农业支出规模的产出效应具有显著的促进作用,而对于滞后一年福建省财政农业支出规模的产出效应产生了负面影响,但得不到经验支持,经济开放对于财政农业支出规模给农业产出带来的刺激作用在当年就直接表现出来,效果比较快。但随着经济开放程度的不断提高,福建省财政农业支出规模的产出效应在减弱。在价格效应中,经济开放对当年财政农业支出规模价格效应的影响不明显。经济开放对财政农业支出规模价格效应的影响主要是通过财政农业支出规模滞后期的作用效果而发生的:经济开放程度的上升对滞后一年的财政农业支出规模价格效应具有显著的放大作用,经济开放程度的提高对滞后两年的财政农业支出规模价格效应具有明显的削弱作用。长期来看,经济开放对财政农业支出规模的产出效应和价格效应的影响都不明显。
     最后,提出了主要的研究结论及其政策含义。政府应加大财政农业支出规模力度,提高财政农业支出规模水平,提升财政农业支出规模的效率。增加农村水利、农田、交通等基本建设支出以完善农村基础设施;加大农村教育支出以提升农民人力资本水平和技术培训,增加农村社会保障、农村社会福利、农村政策性补贴、农村转移支付以及农村公共服务等方面的支出。要保持农村物价稳定,制定出农村物价波动范围的预期水平,避免通货膨胀的发生,可考虑建立盯住农村CPI的财政农业支出政策体系。
The openness of the economy is considered to be a very important factorof the local government fiscal spending on agriculture scale changes.Since the reform and opening up, the rural economic development in FujianProvince has made great achievements, but also appeared to increase thepossibility of agricultural economy suffered external risk and impact,and the gap between urban and rural areas to expand the real problem,thereby constraining the sustainable development of the rural economy inFujian Province. Order to adapt to the uncertainty brought about by thischange, the government must ensure the safety of the agricultural industry,to maintain social stability in rural areas to reduce farmers' hiddenunemployment, the defense economic opening up of rural residents may causethe risk and impact of the welfare loss, as well as narrow the gap betweenurban and rural areas, rural to urban and rural public serviceequalization of social and public financial expenditure. Especially afterjoining the WTO, the competitiveness of agriculture in Fujian Provincefacing international challenges. The same time, the contradictions andproblems faced in the three rural work is still arduous and complex, thewidening of the gap between urban and rural areas, the increasingly slowincrease of farmers' income, declining per capita arable land, thetransfer of rural surplus labor more difficult, is lagging behind thedevelopment of social undertakings in rural areas as well as ruralecological problems worsening. And the solution of these problems dependson the implementation of the proactive fiscal policy to increase the sizeof fiscal spending on agriculture, vigorously strengthen the agriculturalinfrastructure, and measures to increase investment in rural research,thus enhancing the international competitiveness of agriculture.
     By taking the principal component analysis method, combined with thestage of economic development of Fujian Province, the open economic characteristics and the actual situation in the province, according tothe objectivity of the indicators and data availability estimates FujianProvince1980-2010year comprehensive economic openness. The results showthat economic openness in Fujian Province in1980-1994, showing a risingtrend, the small magnitude of the fall from1995to2001, for threeconsecutive years from2002to2004the rise, after they began to showa downward trend. Although economic openness in Fujian Province showedcharacteristics of Xianyanghouyi, but overall is showing an upward trend.
     Due to the impact of the economic opening-up strategy and continuouslyadjust the industrial structure of the national economy and other factors,the scale of fiscal spending on agriculture in Fujian Province showingperiodic changes in the law. First, the scale of fiscal spending onagriculture in Fujian Province in the long-term performance of the overallgrowth. Secondly, at various stages, the scale of fiscal spending onagriculture in Fujian Province showed unbalanced growth trend in thebeginning of reform and opening up, the relatively slow growth in the scaleof fiscal spending on agriculture, and accompanied by the continuousimprovement of the level of reform and opening up and the degree ofopenness, fiscal spending on agriculture The scale of growth is relativelyfast. The size of fiscal spending on agriculture growth rate, fiscalrevenue growth rate is constantly alternating growth, only nine years,the scale of fiscal spending on agriculture growth rate higher than thegrowth rate of fiscal revenue. The scale of fiscal spending on agricultureshare of financial expenditure, and the scale of agricultural financialexpenditure accounted for the proportion of agricultural GDP evenrelatively low compared with other developed countries, there are stilllarge gaps. The share of agricultural GDP in total GDP showed a decliningtrend, compared with the national fiscal financial scale of agriculturalexpenditure share and the share of agricultural GDP ratio, Fujian Province, has been below the national level. Fujian Province, most of the year thegrowth rate of agricultural GDP growth rate below the scale of fiscalspending on agriculture, that both the absolute value of the ratio is lessthan1,indicating that the inefficient agricultural financialexpenditure scale in most years.
     Theoretical and empirical analysis of the local financial impact ofchanges in the scale of agricultural expenditure by the openness of theeconomy, in theory the mechanism of economic openness on the impact ofchanges in the scale of China's local fiscal expenditure for agricultureis analyzed from two angles of mathematical functions and geometry. Theresults showed that the impact of the economic opening of China's localfiscal expenditure for agriculture scale changes in exist Xianyihouyangfeatures.The low stage of economic openness supports"efficiencyhypothesis"and the higher stage of economic openness supports"compensation hypothesis".In empirical analysis,border cointegrationtest method to examine the rate of change of the scale of fiscal spendingon agriculture and agricultural economic growth and economic openness inFujian Province, existing a long-term stability of the cointegrationrelationship.Within the long-term, the openness of the economy in general,long-term effects of the scale of fiscal spending on agriculture showinga rising trend, in which the different stages of economic openness, therising speed of its impact on the scale of fiscal spending on agriculturehas a different stage characteristics. Agricultural financialexpenditure scale in Fujian Province in the1980s to the decreasing trendof increase in the stage of support for "efficiency hypothesis"; and intothe1990s, the size of fiscal spending on agriculture in Fujian increasingtrend expanding the stage support "compensation hypothesis".
     Theoretical and empirical analysis of the local financial impact ofeffects in the scale of agricultural expenditure by the openness of the economy, proved theoretically that showed a decline relationship betweeneconomic openness and fiscal spending on agriculture economies of scale,that is, the greater the degree of economic openness, the smaller the scaleeffect of fiscal spending on agriculture: the scale output effect offiscal spending on agriculture as the economy and opening upimprovementin the level decreases, the price effect of the financial scale ofagricultural expenditure continued to enlarge With the improvement ofeconomic openness.In the empirical analysis,found that the size of fiscalspending on agriculture with the promotion of the agricultural output inthe short term, but in the long-term effects on agricultural output asthe economy and opening degree of improve and tend to weaken the the therural price effect with the improvement of economic openness tends obvious.The output effect, with the improvement of economic openness, for the yearthe scale output effect of fiscal spending on agriculture in FujianProvince has a significant role in promoting fiscal spending onagriculture-scale output in Fujian Province, for the one-year lag effecthad a negative impact, but is not supported by empirical evidence, theopenness of the economy for the stimulation of the scale of fiscal spendingon agriculture to agricultural output in the year directly manifested,the effect is relatively fast.Thus,generally speaking, with thecontinuous improvement of the degree of openness of the economy, the scaleof fiscal spending on agriculture in Fujian Province output effect ofweakening. The price effect, the openness of the economy when the sizeof the fiscal spending on agriculture price effect is not obvious.Economic openness scale price effect of fiscal spending on agricultureby the lag effect of the scale of fiscal spending on agriculture andagricultural financial expenditure scale price of a one-year lag effect:the rise of economic openness has significantly enlarged the role ofeconomic improve the openness of the financial year lag price effect of the scale of agricultural expenditure has significantly weakened. Longterm, the openness of the economy on the scale of fiscal spending onagriculture output effect and the price effect is not obvious.
     Finally, the main conclusions of the study and its policy implications.The government should increase fiscal spending on agriculture-scaleefforts to improve the scale and level of fiscal spending on agriculture,to enhance the efficiency of the financial scale of agriculturalexpenditure. Capital expenditures to improve rural infrastructure to;increase spending on education in rural areas to enhance their level ofhuman capital and technical training, to increase the rural socialsecurity, social welfare in rural areas, rural policy subsidies, ruraltransfer payments and increase rural water conservancy, farmland, trafficrural public services spending. To maintain price stability in rural areas,the rural price fluctuation range is expected to develop a level, to avoidthe occurrence of inflation, and to consider the establishment of thesystem of fiscal spending on agriculture policy pegged to the rural CPI.
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