数字X线影像增强方法的研究和系统实现
摘要
医学影像学的出现使得传统上的经验医学发生了革命性的变化。经过一百多年的应用，医学影像学不断地发展，医学成像技术得到了长足的进步。尤其是在过去三十年中，技术的革新、信息技术的迅猛发展进一步为医学影像领域带来了深刻的变化，医学成像技术在迅速地朝数字化方向发展。数字X线成像技术是目前应用最广泛的医学数字成像技术，数字X线影像占据了70％以上的放射影像。数字X线影像由于其成像原理、成像设备等原因，一些组织结构无法在X线影像上清晰地显示，出现组织边缘不易区分，边界模糊等情况，尤其是CR影像，这给诊断造成了一定的困难。凸显组织边缘和细节可以提高影像质量，为诊断医生提供更丰富的诊断信息，提高诊断医生的工作效率，并减少X线质量造成的诊断失误。而目前临床上缺少通用的而又能有效地增强影像的解决方案。基于此，本文的研究目标是：根据数字X线影像特点，设计并实现一种有效的数字X线影像增强方法，凸现组织边缘和细节信息，并实现一个具备高级影像处理功能的通用影像处理系统，投入临床应用，提高诊断医生的工作效率，减少诊断失误率。
围绕上述目标，本文完成了以下工作：
1．基于数字X线影像的特点，分析了现有的影像增强方法及其存在的问题；
2．设计并实现适于临床使用的数字X线影像增强方法；
3．设计并实现一个符合影像科室流程的医学影像处理系统，实现影像增强方法并应用于临床。
The appearance of Medical Imageology makes a revolutionary change on the traditional rely-on-experience diagnostics. Medical Imageology has made a considerable progress in the past 100 years. Especially in the last 30 years, the innovation of technology and the speedy development of the information technology have brought a deep change to the medical imageology. On the condition above, the technology of the digital medical imaging appeared, and delevoped rapidly. More than 70% of the radiation images are digital X-ray iamge. The digital X-ray image may not be able to show the interested organ very clearly by reason of the imaging principle, imaging modality, and so on. The edges in the image may be blur, especially in CR images, thus it is difficult for doctors to detect the tissue edges.It is difficult to distinguish the the edge of organ in digital X-ray image, especially in CR image, this will make the diagnosis more difficult. According to the reasons mentioned above, I bring forward my research goals as
follows:
The first goal is to design and realize an effective enhancement method to the digital X-ray image on the basis of the characteristics of the digital X-ray. The second is to design and realize a common use medical image processing system with the above enhancement method, then put into clinical practice to improve the working efficiency of diagnostician , reduce the fault rate of diagnosis.
Centring on above-mentioned goals, this thesis has finished the following jobs:
1. On the basis of the digital X-ray image characteristics, analyze the existing image enhancement methods and their problems.
2. Design and realize a digital X-ray image enhancement method which is suitable for clinical useage.
3. Design and realize a medical image processing system which accords with the clinical image department' s procedure, realize the image enhancement method and applies to clinic.
围绕上述目标，本文完成了以下工作：
1．基于数字X线影像的特点，分析了现有的影像增强方法及其存在的问题；
2．设计并实现适于临床使用的数字X线影像增强方法；
3．设计并实现一个符合影像科室流程的医学影像处理系统，实现影像增强方法并应用于临床。
The appearance of Medical Imageology makes a revolutionary change on the traditional rely-on-experience diagnostics. Medical Imageology has made a considerable progress in the past 100 years. Especially in the last 30 years, the innovation of technology and the speedy development of the information technology have brought a deep change to the medical imageology. On the condition above, the technology of the digital medical imaging appeared, and delevoped rapidly. More than 70% of the radiation images are digital X-ray iamge. The digital X-ray image may not be able to show the interested organ very clearly by reason of the imaging principle, imaging modality, and so on. The edges in the image may be blur, especially in CR images, thus it is difficult for doctors to detect the tissue edges.It is difficult to distinguish the the edge of organ in digital X-ray image, especially in CR image, this will make the diagnosis more difficult. According to the reasons mentioned above, I bring forward my research goals as
follows:
The first goal is to design and realize an effective enhancement method to the digital X-ray image on the basis of the characteristics of the digital X-ray. The second is to design and realize a common use medical image processing system with the above enhancement method, then put into clinical practice to improve the working efficiency of diagnostician , reduce the fault rate of diagnosis.
Centring on above-mentioned goals, this thesis has finished the following jobs:
1. On the basis of the digital X-ray image characteristics, analyze the existing image enhancement methods and their problems.
2. Design and realize a digital X-ray image enhancement method which is suitable for clinical useage.
3. Design and realize a medical image processing system which accords with the clinical image department' s procedure, realize the image enhancement method and applies to clinic.
引文
[1]吴恩惠主编，《医学影像学》，人民卫生出版社，2003。
[2]Rafael C．Gonzalez：Richard E．Woods：《数字图像处理》，电子工业出版社，2002年7月
[3]医学数字成像技术概论，http://www.yxyxjs.com/new page 24.htm 医学影像技术网
[4]李树详，“医学图像技术的发展与应用”，中国图像图形学报，1996，1(4)：281—286．
[5]唐东生，“影像设备新进展”，中国医院，2003 Vol．7 No．4
[6]黄廉卿，杨词银，“基于正弦灰度变换的X光图像增强”，光学技术，2002Vol．28 No．5
[7]徐建，“CR系统与屏-片系统在脊椎摄影的图像质量分析”，医学影像学杂志 2003 Vol．13 No.11
[8]NEMA, "THE DICOM (sm) V3.0 STANDARD", http://www.nema.org.
[9]J.A. Sorenson; "Photographic unsharp masking in chest radiography." Invest. Radiology. vol. 16
[10]P. Sprawls; "Digital blurred mask subtraction enhancement of radiologic images" Proc. SPIE, vol. 314, pp. 102-109,1981
[11]G. Ramponi;N. Strobel;S.K. Mitra and T. Yu; "Non-linear unshar masking methods for image constrast enhancement",Journal of Electronic Imaging, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 1996, pp. 353-366
[12]Polesel, A.; Ramponi, G.; Mathews, V.J.; "Image enhancement via adaptive unsharp masking" ,Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 9, Issue: 3, March 2000 pp. 505-510
[13]Polesel, A.; Ramponi, G. ;Mathews, V. J. ;"Adaptive unsharp masking for contrast enhancement" ,Image Processing, 1997. Proceedings., International Conference on, Volume: 1, 26-29 Oct. 1997 pp. 267-270
[14]Vossepoel, A.M.; Stoel, B.C.; Meershoek, A.P.;"Adaptive histogram equalization using variable regions" ,Pattern Recognition, 1988. 9th International Conference on, vol. 1 14-17 Nov. 1988 pp. 351-353
[15]Stark, J.A.; "Adaptive image contrast enhancement using generalizations of histogram equalization", Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on , Volume: 9, Issue: 5, May 2000 pp. 889-896
[16]Tae Keun Kim; Joon Ki Paik; Bong Soon Kang; "Contrast enhancement system using spatially adaptive histogram equalization with temporal filtering", Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , Volume: 44, Issue: 1, Feb. 1998 pp. 82-87
[17]Yeong-Taeg Kim, "Contrast enhancement using brightness preserving bi-histogram equalization" Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 43 , Issue: 1 , Feb. 1997 pp. 1-8
[18]Martinez, D.; "Online adaptive histogram equalization" Neural
Networks for Signal Processing Ⅷ, 1998. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop, 31 Aug.-2 Sept. 1998 pp. 531-538
[19]Kurak, C.W., Jr.; "Adaptive histogram equalization: a parallel implementation" Computer-Based Medical Systems, 1991. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual IEEE Symposium , 12-14 May 1991 pp. 192-199
[20]Pizer, S.M.; Johnston, R.E.; Ericksen, J.P.:et. al "Contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization: speed and effectiveness" Visualization in Biomedical Computing, 1990., Proceedings of the First Conference on , 22-25 May 1990 pp. 337-345
[21]Csapodi, M.; Roska, T.; "Adaptive histogram equalization with cellular neural networks" Cellular Neural Networks and their Applications, 1996. CNNA-96. Proceedings., 1996 Fourth IEEE International Workshop on, 24-26 June 1996 pp. 81-86
[22]Joung-Youn Kim; Lee-Sup Kim; Seung-Ho Hwang; "An advanced contrast enhancement using partially overlapped sub-block histogram equalization " Circuits and Systems, 2000. Proceedings. ISCAS 2000 Geneva. The 2000 IEEE International Symposium on, Volume: 4, 28-31 May 2000 pp. 537-540 vol. 4
[23]John B. Zimmerman; Stephen M. Pizer; Edward V. Staab; et. al "An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Adaptive Histogram Equalization for Contrast Enhancement" Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 7, Issue: 4 , Dec. 1988 pp. 304-312
[24]Nitzberg, M.; Shiota, T.; "Nonlinear image filtering with edge and corner enhancement", Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 14 , Issue: 8, Aug. 1992 pp. 826-833
[25]Pinho, A.J.; Almeida, L.B.; "Some results on edge enhancement with neural networks",. Image Processing, 1994. Proceedings. ICIP-94., IEEE International Conference, Volume: 3, 13-16 Nov. 1994 pp. 893-897 vol. 3
[26]Floreby, L.; Sattar, F.; Salomonsson, G.;"Image enhancement by morphological pyramid decomposition and modified reconstruction", Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1997. ICASSP-97., 1997 IEEE International Conference on, Volume: 4, 21-24 April 1997 pp. 2585-2588 vol. 4 ,
[27]Yiu-Fai Wong; "Image enhancement by edge-preserving filtering" Image Processing, 1994. Proceedings. ICIP-94., IEEE International Conference , Volume: 2 , 13-16 Nov. 1994 pp. 522-524 vol. 2
[28]http://www.fujimed.com/Fuji MFP
[29]http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/pressReleases/pr19990629-01, shtml Kodak EVP
[30]http://www.agfa. com/about/technology/research/software/solutions/musica/ Agfa MUSICA
[31]刘恒殊，黄廉卿，“基于模糊集理论的医学CR图像增强”，光学精密工程，2002 Vol.10 No．1
[32] 宋少姆，官秋清，张建梅等，“CR系统空间频率处理对影像质量影响的探讨”，医学影像学杂志 2003 Vol．13 No．7
[33] 王修信，胡维平，梁冬冬等，“小波变换在医学图像增强的应用”，中国医学物理学杂志，2002 Vol．19 No．2
[34] http://dicomlib.swresearch.ca/
[35] http://www.ijg.org/
[36] http://www.ece.uvic.ca/~mdadams/jasper/
[37] 吕旭东，“医疗信息系统体系结构研究与开发平台设计”，浙江大学博士论文，2001．
[38] Randy Abernethy著，《COM／DCOM技术内幕》，电子工业出版社，2000
[39] 郑君惠，梁长虹，谭绍恒，“医学影像图像存档与传输系统应用综述”，医疗保健器具 2003 No．6
[40] 薛冠华，邹赛德，“医院信息系统的建设发展与PACS”，医疗保健器具 2003 No．6
[41] 梁梁，王湘云，林家瑞，“全自动DICOM影像打印工作流的设计与实现”， 中国医疗器械杂志，2003 Vol．27 No．6
[42] 徐淼华，李曦，赵振西等，“UML和设计模式在PACS中的综合应用”，计算机应用 2003 Vol．23 No．z1
[43] 陈凌平，“医学影像系统设计实践”，中华医学全科杂志，2003 Vol．2No．09
[44] 常洪生，沈永林，“JPEG 2000标准在医学图像存储与传输系统中的应用”，中国医学影像技术，2003 Vol．19 No．8
[45] 代健武，许林英，“医学影像处理系统的设计与实现”，计算机工程与应用，2003 Vol．39 No．22
[46] 季翔，曹厚德，陈克敏，“PACS构建过程中若干相关问题的研讨”，中国医学计算机成像杂志，2002 Vol．8 No．6
[47] Intel Image Processing Library 2000, Intel Corp
[48] 张大斌，肖毅，熊伟等，“COM及其发展”，计算机工程，2001 Vol．27 No．09
[49] 杨军，张德运，孙清，“利用COM组件开发应用软件的方法及实现”，微电子学与计算机 200l Vol．18 No．6
[50] 唐任仲，顾强，谢芳华，“基于对象的分布应用技术的比较”，机电工程，2001 Vol．18 No．5
[51] 吴佳蒙，陈震，“COM组件的进程透明性及其实现”，计算机应用研究，2001Vol．18 No．11
[52] 谢顺华，冯靖讳，吕旭东等，“多格式医学图像解读器的设计与实现”，中国医疗器械杂志，2003 Vol．27 No．4
[2]Rafael C．Gonzalez：Richard E．Woods：《数字图像处理》，电子工业出版社，2002年7月
[3]医学数字成像技术概论，http://www.yxyxjs.com/new page 24.htm 医学影像技术网
[4]李树详，“医学图像技术的发展与应用”，中国图像图形学报，1996，1(4)：281—286．
[5]唐东生，“影像设备新进展”，中国医院，2003 Vol．7 No．4
[6]黄廉卿，杨词银，“基于正弦灰度变换的X光图像增强”，光学技术，2002Vol．28 No．5
[7]徐建，“CR系统与屏-片系统在脊椎摄影的图像质量分析”，医学影像学杂志 2003 Vol．13 No.11
[8]NEMA, "THE DICOM (sm) V3.0 STANDARD", http://www.nema.org.
[9]J.A. Sorenson; "Photographic unsharp masking in chest radiography." Invest. Radiology. vol. 16
[10]P. Sprawls; "Digital blurred mask subtraction enhancement of radiologic images" Proc. SPIE, vol. 314, pp. 102-109,1981
[11]G. Ramponi;N. Strobel;S.K. Mitra and T. Yu; "Non-linear unshar masking methods for image constrast enhancement",Journal of Electronic Imaging, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 1996, pp. 353-366
[12]Polesel, A.; Ramponi, G.; Mathews, V.J.; "Image enhancement via adaptive unsharp masking" ,Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 9, Issue: 3, March 2000 pp. 505-510
[13]Polesel, A.; Ramponi, G. ;Mathews, V. J. ;"Adaptive unsharp masking for contrast enhancement" ,Image Processing, 1997. Proceedings., International Conference on, Volume: 1, 26-29 Oct. 1997 pp. 267-270
[14]Vossepoel, A.M.; Stoel, B.C.; Meershoek, A.P.;"Adaptive histogram equalization using variable regions" ,Pattern Recognition, 1988. 9th International Conference on, vol. 1 14-17 Nov. 1988 pp. 351-353
[15]Stark, J.A.; "Adaptive image contrast enhancement using generalizations of histogram equalization", Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on , Volume: 9, Issue: 5, May 2000 pp. 889-896
[16]Tae Keun Kim; Joon Ki Paik; Bong Soon Kang; "Contrast enhancement system using spatially adaptive histogram equalization with temporal filtering", Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , Volume: 44, Issue: 1, Feb. 1998 pp. 82-87
[17]Yeong-Taeg Kim, "Contrast enhancement using brightness preserving bi-histogram equalization" Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 43 , Issue: 1 , Feb. 1997 pp. 1-8
[18]Martinez, D.; "Online adaptive histogram equalization" Neural
Networks for Signal Processing Ⅷ, 1998. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop, 31 Aug.-2 Sept. 1998 pp. 531-538
[19]Kurak, C.W., Jr.; "Adaptive histogram equalization: a parallel implementation" Computer-Based Medical Systems, 1991. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual IEEE Symposium , 12-14 May 1991 pp. 192-199
[20]Pizer, S.M.; Johnston, R.E.; Ericksen, J.P.:et. al "Contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization: speed and effectiveness" Visualization in Biomedical Computing, 1990., Proceedings of the First Conference on , 22-25 May 1990 pp. 337-345
[21]Csapodi, M.; Roska, T.; "Adaptive histogram equalization with cellular neural networks" Cellular Neural Networks and their Applications, 1996. CNNA-96. Proceedings., 1996 Fourth IEEE International Workshop on, 24-26 June 1996 pp. 81-86
[22]Joung-Youn Kim; Lee-Sup Kim; Seung-Ho Hwang; "An advanced contrast enhancement using partially overlapped sub-block histogram equalization " Circuits and Systems, 2000. Proceedings. ISCAS 2000 Geneva. The 2000 IEEE International Symposium on, Volume: 4, 28-31 May 2000 pp. 537-540 vol. 4
[23]John B. Zimmerman; Stephen M. Pizer; Edward V. Staab; et. al "An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Adaptive Histogram Equalization for Contrast Enhancement" Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 7, Issue: 4 , Dec. 1988 pp. 304-312
[24]Nitzberg, M.; Shiota, T.; "Nonlinear image filtering with edge and corner enhancement", Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 14 , Issue: 8, Aug. 1992 pp. 826-833
[25]Pinho, A.J.; Almeida, L.B.; "Some results on edge enhancement with neural networks",. Image Processing, 1994. Proceedings. ICIP-94., IEEE International Conference, Volume: 3, 13-16 Nov. 1994 pp. 893-897 vol. 3
[26]Floreby, L.; Sattar, F.; Salomonsson, G.;"Image enhancement by morphological pyramid decomposition and modified reconstruction", Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1997. ICASSP-97., 1997 IEEE International Conference on, Volume: 4, 21-24 April 1997 pp. 2585-2588 vol. 4 ,
[27]Yiu-Fai Wong; "Image enhancement by edge-preserving filtering" Image Processing, 1994. Proceedings. ICIP-94., IEEE International Conference , Volume: 2 , 13-16 Nov. 1994 pp. 522-524 vol. 2
[28]http://www.fujimed.com/Fuji MFP
[29]http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/pressReleases/pr19990629-01, shtml Kodak EVP
[30]http://www.agfa. com/about/technology/research/software/solutions/musica/ Agfa MUSICA
[31]刘恒殊，黄廉卿，“基于模糊集理论的医学CR图像增强”，光学精密工程，2002 Vol.10 No．1
[32] 宋少姆，官秋清，张建梅等，“CR系统空间频率处理对影像质量影响的探讨”，医学影像学杂志 2003 Vol．13 No．7
[33] 王修信，胡维平，梁冬冬等，“小波变换在医学图像增强的应用”，中国医学物理学杂志，2002 Vol．19 No．2
[34] http://dicomlib.swresearch.ca/
[35] http://www.ijg.org/
[36] http://www.ece.uvic.ca/~mdadams/jasper/
[37] 吕旭东，“医疗信息系统体系结构研究与开发平台设计”，浙江大学博士论文，2001．
[38] Randy Abernethy著，《COM／DCOM技术内幕》，电子工业出版社，2000
[39] 郑君惠，梁长虹，谭绍恒，“医学影像图像存档与传输系统应用综述”，医疗保健器具 2003 No．6
[40] 薛冠华，邹赛德，“医院信息系统的建设发展与PACS”，医疗保健器具 2003 No．6
[41] 梁梁，王湘云，林家瑞，“全自动DICOM影像打印工作流的设计与实现”， 中国医疗器械杂志，2003 Vol．27 No．6
[42] 徐淼华，李曦，赵振西等，“UML和设计模式在PACS中的综合应用”，计算机应用 2003 Vol．23 No．z1
[43] 陈凌平，“医学影像系统设计实践”，中华医学全科杂志，2003 Vol．2No．09
[44] 常洪生，沈永林，“JPEG 2000标准在医学图像存储与传输系统中的应用”，中国医学影像技术，2003 Vol．19 No．8
[45] 代健武，许林英，“医学影像处理系统的设计与实现”，计算机工程与应用，2003 Vol．39 No．22
[46] 季翔，曹厚德，陈克敏，“PACS构建过程中若干相关问题的研讨”，中国医学计算机成像杂志，2002 Vol．8 No．6
[47] Intel Image Processing Library 2000, Intel Corp
[48] 张大斌，肖毅，熊伟等，“COM及其发展”，计算机工程，2001 Vol．27 No．09
[49] 杨军，张德运，孙清，“利用COM组件开发应用软件的方法及实现”，微电子学与计算机 200l Vol．18 No．6
[50] 唐任仲，顾强，谢芳华，“基于对象的分布应用技术的比较”，机电工程，2001 Vol．18 No．5
[51] 吴佳蒙，陈震，“COM组件的进程透明性及其实现”，计算机应用研究，2001Vol．18 No．11
[52] 谢顺华，冯靖讳，吕旭东等，“多格式医学图像解读器的设计与实现”，中国医疗器械杂志，2003 Vol．27 No．4