农户居住空间演变及区位选择研究
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摘要
农村居民点是农区人类活动的中心和标志,也是农区人地关系的表现核心。农户是农村居民点中重要的经济活动主体,农户居住活动对农村居民点景观演变具有重要作用。随着我国农村经济社会的不断发展,农村生产环境、农户生产、生活方式和就业方式发生了重要转变,这种转变影响着农户居住区位选择,加速了村域层面的农户居住空间演变,并进一步影响着农村居民点的空间分布格局。结合当前的社会经济发展环境,开展农户居住空间相关研究,分析不同区域环境下农户居住空间的演变趋势和居住区位选择特征,探索农户居住空间分布演变的规律和形成原因,具有重要的现实意义和理论意义。通过相关研究,不仅可以为引导农户建宅迁居、制定合理的村庄规划、优化农村居民点布局、建设社会主义新农村提供参考,同时还可以弥补现有农户居住空间理论研究的不足,丰富微观尺度农村经济社会空间系统的研究内容。
本文以中国中部农区河南省巩义市为研究对象,在地理学、经济学、社会学等相关理论的指导下,采用宏观和微观研究尺度相结合、定性分析和定量分析相结合的方法,基于农村居民点空间分布属性数据和村域层面农户家庭居住情况实地调查数据,较为深入的分析了农村经济社会不断发展背景下不同空间尺度的农户居住空间演变趋势和居住区位选择特征,探讨了农户居住空间分布演变与区域自然、经济、社会环境等因素之间的相互关系。论文共分为六个部分:
第一章,引言。主要分析了论文的选题背景和意义,指出农户居住空间研究的重要性,在此基础上,提出本文的研究思路和研究方法。农村经济社会的发展需要与此相适应的、合理的农户居住空间布局模式。农户居住活动对农村居民点景观演变具有重要作用,对农户居住空间分布以及演变规律的研究有助于推进农村经济社会的全面发展。随着农村经济社会环境的显著变化,结合区域发展环境,分析不同空间尺度的农户居住空间演变与居住区位选择特征具有重要意义。基于此,提出了论文的研究主题。
第二章,文献回顾与研究综述。通过对国内外农户居住空间研究进行综述和回顾,发现国内农户居住空间相关研究还存在以下主要问题:(1)以村域为单元的研究内容还相对缺乏,应加强不同地域层次研究的归纳和总结;(2)对农户居住空间演化机制的研究仍不够深入,应注重从结构研究转向过程研究和机制研究;(3)对居住活动区位主体—农户居住迁移特征的相关研究有待深化,应结合农户家庭居住区位选择特征揭示农户居住空间演变的内在动因;(4)研究方法还有待综合,可将地理学的空间分析与经济学、社会学定量分析方法相结合进行深入研究。总的来看,农户居住空间演变与区位选择相关研究可以在不同空间尺度农户居住空间演化与区域环境的关系研究、农户居住空间演变的内在机制研究、农户居住区位选择行为及效应研究等内容上进一步深入。
第三章,农户居住空间分布与演变的理论分析。基于农户居住空间演变的系统性特点,从理论上概括了农户居住空间演变的阶段及类型,并从外部区域发展环境和内部农户居住行为响应两个方面归纳了农户居住空间演变及居住区位选择的影响因素。总体来看,农户居住空间演变总体特征反映在区域内外综合环境因素作用下农村居民点空间分布以及功能组织的变化之中。劳动力生产水平的提高,是农户居住空间演变的主要动力;分散和集中是农户居住空间结构演变的基本形式;城市化的影响、现代化的冲击着农户居住空间演变的大致方向。微观层面,农户居住区位选择来自于农户与其所在居住空间系统要素之间的空间博弈。农户对人居环境的追求以及寻求居住需求的满足是行为主体(农户)居住空间消费的基本准则。农户居住区位选择在非均质、非静态的空间范围内进行。自然地理环境条件、农村逐步完善的经济社会制度环境以及人们对其聚居地域环境认识的历史惯性构成了影响农户居住区位选择的外部空间环境。而基于不同的农户家庭特征,农户居住区位决策过程受居住空间偏好、建筑成本、迁移成本等多种因素的综合影响,农户居住区位选择在对现有居住空间效用和未来居住空间需求的评价过程中实现。
第四章,农户群体聚居空间分布与演变的实证研究。本章以河南省巩义市作为研究区域,以区域内农村居民点为研究对象,探讨了农户群体聚居空间分布演变与区域自然、经济、社会环境等因素之间的相互关系以及农户聚居空间的总体演变趋势和变迁模式。基于巩义市1990年和2006年农村居民点空间分布属性数据对农村居民点规模、形态、集聚程度等分布特征分析表明:在农村经济社会快速发展的过程中,农户居住空间拓展范围和居住活动程度不断增强,农村居民点的分布变化较好反映出自然资源条件、区位可达性及社会经济基础条件综合影响下的农户居住空间演变特点。具体表现在:第一,从用地方式看,在农业人口的增加以及农村居民收入水平提高的总体背景下,农村居民点用地总面积及相应占地比重有较大幅度的增加。第二,农村居民点分布变化表现出集中规模化和局部分散化并存的现象。总体农村居民点斑块分散度降低,新增聚居斑块多数沿原居民点四周产生、呈现外延扩张特点,平原地区和距离城镇较近地区居民点表现尤为明显。农村居民点分布表现出总体规模增大的同时,也出现了一些小的、零散分布的居民点,呈局部分散状态。第三,农村居民点边界曲折度不断减小,居民点形状越来越规则。外部调控因素对聚居斑块的作用力度不断增强,农户聚居空间形态逐步向规则化方向发展。第四,农村居民点空间扩张表现出较为明显的区位集中指向。居民点区位变化表现出新增居民点在地势相对平缓、交通干道附近、距离中心城(乡)镇较近区域集中发展的主要特征。地势低洼地区(海拔88～200 m之间)、地势较高地区(海拔500 m以上)和坡度较大地区(17°～62.7°)农村居民点分布比重有所降低;农户新建住宅向耕地和沿交通干道分布(500m)扩张趋势明显;新增居民点斑块数量和总扩张面积表现出随着距离城镇距离增加而逐步减小的趋势。第五,农村居民点分布演变表现出不同的区域类型特征。平原地区农户居住空间分布相对集中,居民点规模大,但农户居住用地扩张速度快,侵占可用耕地的趋势表现尤为突出。丘陵地区农户居住空间分布集中度较低,居民点空间布局多表现为同等级块状组合,呈现布点多、规模小等特点。山区农户居住空间分布具有明显的地带性特征,居民点过度分散、零碎分布的现象比较突出。在未来农户聚居空间演变中,土地利用集约化、交通体系分布和农村经济发展将是影响农户居住形态和农村居民点空间格局变化的三大主导因素。土地利用集约化通过促进农户住宅选址的内涵式发展,进而影响农户居住空间形态;交通体系分布通过影响农户居住空间的对外可达性和联系方向,进一步影响农户居住空间格局;农村经济发展则需要合理的农户住宅布局模式与之相适应。由粗放分散转向适度集中,农户聚居空间实现集约化、规模化和空间区位合理化是农户居住空间演变的主要趋势。
第五章,农户家庭居住区位选择与演变的实证研究。村庄是一定区域内农户居所分布相对完整的空间单元,本章选择了3个具有不同类型农户居住区位演变模式的村庄,基于对农户家庭居住情况的实地抽样调查,探讨了村域内和村际间农户居住区位选择的特点及变化原因,归纳了农户家庭居住区位选择与演变的主要特征。首先借鉴一般区位理论中的“场势”理论,引入“居住场势”这一概念,对村域“居住场势”变化背景下的农户居住区位选择进行了理论辨析。农户居住区位的“场势”效应表明,农村外部环境的逐步完善,经济发展水平的不断提高影响着村域的“居住场势”,进而影响着区位活动主体(农户)的行为。农户居住区位的选择与演变是在村域自然环境条件和社会经济条件差异背景下的有场运动,是农户家庭在村域内(村际间)进行居住位置选择与空间优化结果的直接表现。结合村庄实证研究分析发现:
第一,农户家庭居住区位选择受到自然地理条件、基础设施建设、政府有关政策法规等因素的共同影响,但各种因素的影响程度不一。具体表现在:随着农户农业生产与居住生活关系的变化,多数农户进行居住区位选择时不再注重“距离农田的远近”和“旧有邻里关系的保持”。农户居住区位选择时对耕地资源的依赖性降低,邻里关系对原有居住空间维系的影响力逐步减弱。交通通达性成为影响农户家庭居住区位选择的重要因素,其重要性得到居民的普遍认同。“便捷的交通区位条件”在农户居住选址空间资源分配上所产生的间接效益具体表现在以下几个方面:能提升原住宅区的可达性,促进整体村庄空间区位功能的发挥;能为农户提供更经济的住宅选址资源要素,提高农户家庭住宅区位的居住效用;能增强农户居住空间活动与外界环境、物质流、人流的相互联系,有效扩大农户的生活、生产发展空间。农村政策制度是调控农户居住区位选择的重要因素。严格的规划管理制度能够有效弱化农户家庭住宅选址向村外移动的利益,减少农户居住区位选择的随意性;合理的规划调控政策的实施能够营造村庄整体居住空间的正外部性环境,提高农户对现住宅区位的居住满意度,缓和村庄居住空间发展的外扩能力。充分的政策支持和引导能有效降低农户居住空间再决策过程中的空间边际成本,加快居住迁移过程的实施。
第二,农户家庭居住区位选择受到农户经济收入提高、家庭规模结构分化、居住区的居住环境和土地政策制度规范程度等因素的共同影响,农户居住区位在村庄内或村际间的推进是这种综合作用的结果。农户经济收入的提高极大改变了农户原本由于资金缺乏而导致的住房更新的抑制性需求状态,并为其提高居住消费、拓展居住空间创造了基本条件。家庭内部居住需求的扩大(家庭结构分化、人口增加)是农户居住空间拓展的主要内在动因。农户家庭居住观念的改变,家庭规模结构和家庭生命周期的变化显著影响着农户居住空间拓展的需求。农户的建房收益在一定程度上可看作是一种心理收入,即一种主观上的满足程度。农户新建住宅过程中,居住区的居住环境能明显影响农户居住区位选择的空间偏好。村庄住宅建设政策的规范程度对引导农户向村庄适宜居住的空间区位拓展、集中或集聚起到关键性的推动作用。
第三,农户居住区位选择由“粗放、分散”转向“整合、集中”是农户居住区位演变的主要特征。通过农户住宅选址空间的内涵式和集约式发展,农户生产、消费活动的出行成本能明显降低,农户的住宅区位效用显著增加。通过农户住宅布局的集中化和规模化,村庄公共基础设施配置的利用效率也明显提高,整体农户居住环境和居住水平得到有效提升。农户居住区位的逐步优化能有效提高农户居住空间效用,减弱村庄内或村际间农户住宅区位空间效用的层次性差异,并使村庄整体农户的居住福利水平表现的更加均衡。
第四,未来土地资源的紧缺化是影响农户居住区位演变的重要制约条件。在人多地少,耕地资源有限的情况下,农村“发展建设”与“占地”之间的矛盾关系会日趋显化。当农户居住规模扩大到一定阶段,基于居住区位与住宅本身的可替代性和住宅位置的空间固定性,随着收入水平的逐步提高,农户不断通过对现有住宅的内部优化提高其住宅区位的居住效用,通过提高容积率、增加居住面积或完善住房的居住性能满足日益提高的住房消费需求。
第五,农户居住区位的空间优化既要遵循整体农村居民点空间布局的合理性和经济性,也要实现居民点整合发展中村庄空间区位功能的最大效用的发挥,以充分尊重农户的居住意愿、规范引导农户居住建设行为为前提,其政策目标出发点应是最大限度的提高整体农户的居住福利水平。
第六章,结论和讨论。总结了论文的主要结论,研究中存在的不足之处和需要进一步研究的问题。
Rural residential are human activity centers and signs of rural areas. Rural household is main activity body in rural residential. Rural household’s living activity plays an important role in landscape evolution. Combined with the socio-economic development, it has important practical and theoretical significance to carry out the related research of the rural residential, analyze the trend of spatial evolvement and location selection features in different regions and explore the law of evolution and formation of residential spatial distribution. The relevant research can not only provide some references to guide rural households to build house, formulate reasonable village planning, optimize the layout of rural residential and build new socialist countryside, but also can fill the lack of theoretical study of rural household residential research and rich the village economic and social space systems research.
In this paper, taking Gongyi city of Henan Province as the research object and on the direction of related theories such as geography, economics, sociology, based on property data of spatial distribution of rural residential and survey data of living conditions of rural households, combined qualitative and quantitative analysis and macro and micro analysis methods, we take the analysis of the evolvement trend of rural residential and rural household’s location selection features in different regions, explore the interrelationship between the evolution of rural residential and regional natural, economic and social environment factors. The paper includes 6parts.
The first part is introduction that discusses the background and significance of the subject and introduces the research train of thought, framework and methods. Rural economic and social development needs the reasonable layout of rural households residential. The research about the extension laws and the spatial distribution of the rural residential can contribute to the advancement of rural economy and social development.
The second part reviews former research. Through the review of related literature, the domestic research about rural residential has following traits. (1)The study taking village as a unit is also relative lack. The different geographical levels of the study should be strengthened. (2) The research about evolution mechanism of rural residential is still not enough depth. Research should focus on study of the processes and mechanisms. (3) The relevant research about rural household transfer characteristics need to be deepened, we should reveal the intrinsic motivation of the rural household’s residential location selection. (4)The research methods have to be integrated. We can take in-depth study combined the geography spatial analysis methods with the economics, sociology quantitative analysis methods. Overall, the related research needs to be strengthened such as the relationship between the regional environment and the rural residential evolution in different spatial scale, the intrinsic evolution mechanism of rural residential and the behavior and effects of rural household’s location choice.
The third part is the theoretical analysis about the distribution and evolution of rural household’s residential. This chapter summarized the types and evolution stages of rural household’s living space, summed up the factors that affect the rural residential evolution and the rural household’s location choice from external environment and internal rural household’s living behavior. The main power of rural residential evolution is the improvement of labor productivity levels and the application of new technologies; Decentralized and centralized are the basic form of rural residential evolution; regional environmental conditions decide the organizational form of residential space; impact of urbanization and modernization determines the general direction of its evolution. Rural household’s location choice is uauslly underway in a non-homogeneous, non-static space. Geographical environmental conditions, rural economic and social system environment and historical inertia of geographical environment inhabited in people recognize constitute the external environments that affect rural household’s location choice. Based on different characteristics of rural household, the decision-making process of rural household’s location choice is affected by the space preferences, building costs, transfer costs. The selection process is implemented based on evaluation of the effectiveness of existing and future demand for living space of rural household.
The fourth part researches the evolution and distribution features of rural residential. Taking the Henna Gongyi as study case, this chapter analyzed the distribution changes of rural residential under the multiple environments in1990-2006 years by using GIS and landscape ecology analysis method. The article also discussed the relationship between the characteristics of rural residential and topography, land distribution, traffic and other environmental elements. Results show that, with the rural economic and social development, the spatial distribution pattern of rural residential show changes in1990-2006 years, mainly show some following characteristics. (1) The total area and corresponding square of rural residential have more substantial increase in proportion. (2) Existing rural residential show the expansion of the distribution. The majority of new residential plaque formed around the original residential. There also formed some small, scattered settlements. (3) Rural residential organizations tend to more and more rules. (4)Rural residential also have formed some location trend, such as traffic corridors expanding and the hinterland region of towns expanding etc. The proportion of rural residential become lower in some areas, such as low-lying areas (altitude of between 88 ~ 200m), upland areas (altitude 500 m above) and slope region (17°~ 62.7°). The trend is obvious that the new residential expanded along the arable land and major roads. At the same time, the distribution and evolution of rural residential show different regional types of features. (1) The distribution of rural residential show the relative concentration in plain area. Residential expanded quickly. (2) The distribution of rural residential show the lower concentration in hilly areas. The scale of rural residential is smaller. (3) The spatial distribution of mountain rural residential show obvious characteristics, the phenomenon is more prominent that rural residential spread too thin. In the future, the three leading factors that will change the spatial pattern of rural residential are land-use intensification, distribution of traffic system and rural economic development. The intensive land-use patterns can affect the rural household living space. The distribution of traffic system can affect rural household living pattern. Rural economic development needs the reasonable layout mode of residential to adapt. Large-scale, intensive and the rational location should be the main trends for the future development of rural residential.
The fifth part researches the location selection and evolution of rural household. Village is the relative integrity unit that rural households are living together. Based on survey data of living conditions of rural households, this chapter analyzes the characteristics and reasons of rural household’s location choice in three different types of villages. First, draw on the general location theory of "field and power" theory, we introduce the concept "residential field and power "and analyzed the theoretical connotation about rural household’s location choice. The "residential field and power"theory shows that, rural household’s location choice is uauslly underway at a non-homogeneous, non-static space. The "residential field and power" of villages are affected by infrastructure and rural economy-social development. The location selection and evolution of rural household are sports games under the different socio-economic conditions. It’s also the direct results that rural households carried out the location selection and space relocation in the village area (inter-village). Empirical study of villages shows that:
(1) Rural household’s location selection is influenced by the natural and geographical conditions, the government's relevant policies, laws and regulations (the household registration system, land transfer, township planning, etc.), infrastructure construction and other factors. However, the impact of factors is different.①With the change of relationship between rural household’s agricultural production and living, most rural households will no longer pay attention to "the distance from the farm" and "the old neighborhood remain" when they carry out location selection. Rural households reduce the dependence of arable land resources when they select the living space. The influence of original neighborhood is also gradually weakened.②Transportation convenience become the important factor, its importance is generally acceptable to residents. "Convenient transportation conditions" can bring some indirect benefits: It can upgrade the accessibility of original residential areas and enhance the overall effectiveness of the village space. It can shorten the rural households travel time and expand spaces of location selection and spatial scale of economic and social activity. It can provide more economical space elements for rural household’s location selection and improve the overall living space of residential utility.③The regulation of rural policies and systems are also important factors. Reasonable planning policies can promote positive external environment.The strict planning management can effectively weaken the interests that rural household tend to move outside the village and reduce arbitrary of rural household’s location selection.
(2)The rural household’s location selection is affected by many factors such as the improvement of rural household income, the division of family structure, the living environment of original residential and the land policy.①The improvement of rural household income had significantly changed inhibitory demand status that previously affect household to update house because of lack of funds. It also creates the basic conditions to improve rural household living consumption and expand their living space.②The expansion of the internal needs (such as the s division of family tructure and the increase of population) are main intrinsic motivation that cause rural household to expand their living space. The changes of living concepts, family structure and family life cycle take the significant impact.③The income that rural households to build up can be seen as a psychological income ,that is also can be seen as subjective satisfaction. The living environment of original residential can significantly affect the spaces preferences of rural household’s location selection.④The village housing policy play key role to guide rural households to expand, focus or concentration their living space. Reasonably policy and guidance can effectively reduce the marginal cost that households need to pay for in decision-making process of residential relocation and speed up the implementation of transfer.
(3)The main features of rural household’s location selection and evolution in the future will be from "extensive, decentralized" to "integration, centralized ".The step-by-step optimization of rural household’s location can effectively improve the effectiveness of rural households living space, weaken effectiveness of residential-level difference and balance the living level of overall village households .Through the connotation and intensive development of residential location, the costs of production, consumption activities and travel can be significantly reduced. The effectiveness of rural household residential also can be increased significantly. Through centralized and scale development of residential, the efficiency of public infrastructure configuration of village can be significantly improved and the living conditions of overall households can be effectively enhanced.
(4) The shortage of land resources in future is an important conditionality that affects rural household’s location selection. With the condition of too many people with less arable land resources, the contradiction between the" rural development and construction" and "covering" will be increasingly significant. When residential scale of rural households expand to certain stage, based on irreplaceable of residence location and own space and residential space for fixed, rural households usually meet their consumer demand by increasing the volume rate, increasing the living space and perfecting performance of housing. Rural households improve their effectiveness of residentce living spaces through the internal optimization of existing residential.
(5) The optimization of rural household’s living space is to be followed to optimize the layout of the rural residential in a reasonable space and economy and exert the greatest effectiveness of living space area of village. The optimization of rural household’s living space is set up at a certain level of economic development. In different mode of villages, the adjustment of rural household’s living space should respect for the rural household’s living will, standardize and guide rural household’s housing act and focus on the integration of rural household residential step by step.
The sixth part generalizes the study’s main conclusions and analyses its policy signification, then discusses the deficiency of the study and looks forward to the next research direction.
本文以中国中部农区河南省巩义市为研究对象,在地理学、经济学、社会学等相关理论的指导下,采用宏观和微观研究尺度相结合、定性分析和定量分析相结合的方法,基于农村居民点空间分布属性数据和村域层面农户家庭居住情况实地调查数据,较为深入的分析了农村经济社会不断发展背景下不同空间尺度的农户居住空间演变趋势和居住区位选择特征,探讨了农户居住空间分布演变与区域自然、经济、社会环境等因素之间的相互关系。论文共分为六个部分:
第一章,引言。主要分析了论文的选题背景和意义,指出农户居住空间研究的重要性,在此基础上,提出本文的研究思路和研究方法。农村经济社会的发展需要与此相适应的、合理的农户居住空间布局模式。农户居住活动对农村居民点景观演变具有重要作用,对农户居住空间分布以及演变规律的研究有助于推进农村经济社会的全面发展。随着农村经济社会环境的显著变化,结合区域发展环境,分析不同空间尺度的农户居住空间演变与居住区位选择特征具有重要意义。基于此,提出了论文的研究主题。
第二章,文献回顾与研究综述。通过对国内外农户居住空间研究进行综述和回顾,发现国内农户居住空间相关研究还存在以下主要问题:(1)以村域为单元的研究内容还相对缺乏,应加强不同地域层次研究的归纳和总结;(2)对农户居住空间演化机制的研究仍不够深入,应注重从结构研究转向过程研究和机制研究;(3)对居住活动区位主体—农户居住迁移特征的相关研究有待深化,应结合农户家庭居住区位选择特征揭示农户居住空间演变的内在动因;(4)研究方法还有待综合,可将地理学的空间分析与经济学、社会学定量分析方法相结合进行深入研究。总的来看,农户居住空间演变与区位选择相关研究可以在不同空间尺度农户居住空间演化与区域环境的关系研究、农户居住空间演变的内在机制研究、农户居住区位选择行为及效应研究等内容上进一步深入。
第三章,农户居住空间分布与演变的理论分析。基于农户居住空间演变的系统性特点,从理论上概括了农户居住空间演变的阶段及类型,并从外部区域发展环境和内部农户居住行为响应两个方面归纳了农户居住空间演变及居住区位选择的影响因素。总体来看,农户居住空间演变总体特征反映在区域内外综合环境因素作用下农村居民点空间分布以及功能组织的变化之中。劳动力生产水平的提高,是农户居住空间演变的主要动力;分散和集中是农户居住空间结构演变的基本形式;城市化的影响、现代化的冲击着农户居住空间演变的大致方向。微观层面,农户居住区位选择来自于农户与其所在居住空间系统要素之间的空间博弈。农户对人居环境的追求以及寻求居住需求的满足是行为主体(农户)居住空间消费的基本准则。农户居住区位选择在非均质、非静态的空间范围内进行。自然地理环境条件、农村逐步完善的经济社会制度环境以及人们对其聚居地域环境认识的历史惯性构成了影响农户居住区位选择的外部空间环境。而基于不同的农户家庭特征,农户居住区位决策过程受居住空间偏好、建筑成本、迁移成本等多种因素的综合影响,农户居住区位选择在对现有居住空间效用和未来居住空间需求的评价过程中实现。
第四章,农户群体聚居空间分布与演变的实证研究。本章以河南省巩义市作为研究区域,以区域内农村居民点为研究对象,探讨了农户群体聚居空间分布演变与区域自然、经济、社会环境等因素之间的相互关系以及农户聚居空间的总体演变趋势和变迁模式。基于巩义市1990年和2006年农村居民点空间分布属性数据对农村居民点规模、形态、集聚程度等分布特征分析表明:在农村经济社会快速发展的过程中,农户居住空间拓展范围和居住活动程度不断增强,农村居民点的分布变化较好反映出自然资源条件、区位可达性及社会经济基础条件综合影响下的农户居住空间演变特点。具体表现在:第一,从用地方式看,在农业人口的增加以及农村居民收入水平提高的总体背景下,农村居民点用地总面积及相应占地比重有较大幅度的增加。第二,农村居民点分布变化表现出集中规模化和局部分散化并存的现象。总体农村居民点斑块分散度降低,新增聚居斑块多数沿原居民点四周产生、呈现外延扩张特点,平原地区和距离城镇较近地区居民点表现尤为明显。农村居民点分布表现出总体规模增大的同时,也出现了一些小的、零散分布的居民点,呈局部分散状态。第三,农村居民点边界曲折度不断减小,居民点形状越来越规则。外部调控因素对聚居斑块的作用力度不断增强,农户聚居空间形态逐步向规则化方向发展。第四,农村居民点空间扩张表现出较为明显的区位集中指向。居民点区位变化表现出新增居民点在地势相对平缓、交通干道附近、距离中心城(乡)镇较近区域集中发展的主要特征。地势低洼地区(海拔88～200 m之间)、地势较高地区(海拔500 m以上)和坡度较大地区(17°～62.7°)农村居民点分布比重有所降低;农户新建住宅向耕地和沿交通干道分布(500m)扩张趋势明显;新增居民点斑块数量和总扩张面积表现出随着距离城镇距离增加而逐步减小的趋势。第五,农村居民点分布演变表现出不同的区域类型特征。平原地区农户居住空间分布相对集中,居民点规模大,但农户居住用地扩张速度快,侵占可用耕地的趋势表现尤为突出。丘陵地区农户居住空间分布集中度较低,居民点空间布局多表现为同等级块状组合,呈现布点多、规模小等特点。山区农户居住空间分布具有明显的地带性特征,居民点过度分散、零碎分布的现象比较突出。在未来农户聚居空间演变中,土地利用集约化、交通体系分布和农村经济发展将是影响农户居住形态和农村居民点空间格局变化的三大主导因素。土地利用集约化通过促进农户住宅选址的内涵式发展,进而影响农户居住空间形态;交通体系分布通过影响农户居住空间的对外可达性和联系方向,进一步影响农户居住空间格局;农村经济发展则需要合理的农户住宅布局模式与之相适应。由粗放分散转向适度集中,农户聚居空间实现集约化、规模化和空间区位合理化是农户居住空间演变的主要趋势。
第五章,农户家庭居住区位选择与演变的实证研究。村庄是一定区域内农户居所分布相对完整的空间单元,本章选择了3个具有不同类型农户居住区位演变模式的村庄,基于对农户家庭居住情况的实地抽样调查,探讨了村域内和村际间农户居住区位选择的特点及变化原因,归纳了农户家庭居住区位选择与演变的主要特征。首先借鉴一般区位理论中的“场势”理论,引入“居住场势”这一概念,对村域“居住场势”变化背景下的农户居住区位选择进行了理论辨析。农户居住区位的“场势”效应表明,农村外部环境的逐步完善,经济发展水平的不断提高影响着村域的“居住场势”,进而影响着区位活动主体(农户)的行为。农户居住区位的选择与演变是在村域自然环境条件和社会经济条件差异背景下的有场运动,是农户家庭在村域内(村际间)进行居住位置选择与空间优化结果的直接表现。结合村庄实证研究分析发现:
第一,农户家庭居住区位选择受到自然地理条件、基础设施建设、政府有关政策法规等因素的共同影响,但各种因素的影响程度不一。具体表现在:随着农户农业生产与居住生活关系的变化,多数农户进行居住区位选择时不再注重“距离农田的远近”和“旧有邻里关系的保持”。农户居住区位选择时对耕地资源的依赖性降低,邻里关系对原有居住空间维系的影响力逐步减弱。交通通达性成为影响农户家庭居住区位选择的重要因素,其重要性得到居民的普遍认同。“便捷的交通区位条件”在农户居住选址空间资源分配上所产生的间接效益具体表现在以下几个方面:能提升原住宅区的可达性,促进整体村庄空间区位功能的发挥;能为农户提供更经济的住宅选址资源要素,提高农户家庭住宅区位的居住效用;能增强农户居住空间活动与外界环境、物质流、人流的相互联系,有效扩大农户的生活、生产发展空间。农村政策制度是调控农户居住区位选择的重要因素。严格的规划管理制度能够有效弱化农户家庭住宅选址向村外移动的利益,减少农户居住区位选择的随意性;合理的规划调控政策的实施能够营造村庄整体居住空间的正外部性环境,提高农户对现住宅区位的居住满意度,缓和村庄居住空间发展的外扩能力。充分的政策支持和引导能有效降低农户居住空间再决策过程中的空间边际成本,加快居住迁移过程的实施。
第二,农户家庭居住区位选择受到农户经济收入提高、家庭规模结构分化、居住区的居住环境和土地政策制度规范程度等因素的共同影响,农户居住区位在村庄内或村际间的推进是这种综合作用的结果。农户经济收入的提高极大改变了农户原本由于资金缺乏而导致的住房更新的抑制性需求状态,并为其提高居住消费、拓展居住空间创造了基本条件。家庭内部居住需求的扩大(家庭结构分化、人口增加)是农户居住空间拓展的主要内在动因。农户家庭居住观念的改变,家庭规模结构和家庭生命周期的变化显著影响着农户居住空间拓展的需求。农户的建房收益在一定程度上可看作是一种心理收入,即一种主观上的满足程度。农户新建住宅过程中,居住区的居住环境能明显影响农户居住区位选择的空间偏好。村庄住宅建设政策的规范程度对引导农户向村庄适宜居住的空间区位拓展、集中或集聚起到关键性的推动作用。
第三,农户居住区位选择由“粗放、分散”转向“整合、集中”是农户居住区位演变的主要特征。通过农户住宅选址空间的内涵式和集约式发展,农户生产、消费活动的出行成本能明显降低,农户的住宅区位效用显著增加。通过农户住宅布局的集中化和规模化,村庄公共基础设施配置的利用效率也明显提高,整体农户居住环境和居住水平得到有效提升。农户居住区位的逐步优化能有效提高农户居住空间效用,减弱村庄内或村际间农户住宅区位空间效用的层次性差异,并使村庄整体农户的居住福利水平表现的更加均衡。
第四,未来土地资源的紧缺化是影响农户居住区位演变的重要制约条件。在人多地少,耕地资源有限的情况下,农村“发展建设”与“占地”之间的矛盾关系会日趋显化。当农户居住规模扩大到一定阶段,基于居住区位与住宅本身的可替代性和住宅位置的空间固定性,随着收入水平的逐步提高,农户不断通过对现有住宅的内部优化提高其住宅区位的居住效用,通过提高容积率、增加居住面积或完善住房的居住性能满足日益提高的住房消费需求。
第五,农户居住区位的空间优化既要遵循整体农村居民点空间布局的合理性和经济性,也要实现居民点整合发展中村庄空间区位功能的最大效用的发挥,以充分尊重农户的居住意愿、规范引导农户居住建设行为为前提,其政策目标出发点应是最大限度的提高整体农户的居住福利水平。
第六章,结论和讨论。总结了论文的主要结论,研究中存在的不足之处和需要进一步研究的问题。
Rural residential are human activity centers and signs of rural areas. Rural household is main activity body in rural residential. Rural household’s living activity plays an important role in landscape evolution. Combined with the socio-economic development, it has important practical and theoretical significance to carry out the related research of the rural residential, analyze the trend of spatial evolvement and location selection features in different regions and explore the law of evolution and formation of residential spatial distribution. The relevant research can not only provide some references to guide rural households to build house, formulate reasonable village planning, optimize the layout of rural residential and build new socialist countryside, but also can fill the lack of theoretical study of rural household residential research and rich the village economic and social space systems research.
In this paper, taking Gongyi city of Henan Province as the research object and on the direction of related theories such as geography, economics, sociology, based on property data of spatial distribution of rural residential and survey data of living conditions of rural households, combined qualitative and quantitative analysis and macro and micro analysis methods, we take the analysis of the evolvement trend of rural residential and rural household’s location selection features in different regions, explore the interrelationship between the evolution of rural residential and regional natural, economic and social environment factors. The paper includes 6parts.
The first part is introduction that discusses the background and significance of the subject and introduces the research train of thought, framework and methods. Rural economic and social development needs the reasonable layout of rural households residential. The research about the extension laws and the spatial distribution of the rural residential can contribute to the advancement of rural economy and social development.
The second part reviews former research. Through the review of related literature, the domestic research about rural residential has following traits. (1)The study taking village as a unit is also relative lack. The different geographical levels of the study should be strengthened. (2) The research about evolution mechanism of rural residential is still not enough depth. Research should focus on study of the processes and mechanisms. (3) The relevant research about rural household transfer characteristics need to be deepened, we should reveal the intrinsic motivation of the rural household’s residential location selection. (4)The research methods have to be integrated. We can take in-depth study combined the geography spatial analysis methods with the economics, sociology quantitative analysis methods. Overall, the related research needs to be strengthened such as the relationship between the regional environment and the rural residential evolution in different spatial scale, the intrinsic evolution mechanism of rural residential and the behavior and effects of rural household’s location choice.
The third part is the theoretical analysis about the distribution and evolution of rural household’s residential. This chapter summarized the types and evolution stages of rural household’s living space, summed up the factors that affect the rural residential evolution and the rural household’s location choice from external environment and internal rural household’s living behavior. The main power of rural residential evolution is the improvement of labor productivity levels and the application of new technologies; Decentralized and centralized are the basic form of rural residential evolution; regional environmental conditions decide the organizational form of residential space; impact of urbanization and modernization determines the general direction of its evolution. Rural household’s location choice is uauslly underway in a non-homogeneous, non-static space. Geographical environmental conditions, rural economic and social system environment and historical inertia of geographical environment inhabited in people recognize constitute the external environments that affect rural household’s location choice. Based on different characteristics of rural household, the decision-making process of rural household’s location choice is affected by the space preferences, building costs, transfer costs. The selection process is implemented based on evaluation of the effectiveness of existing and future demand for living space of rural household.
The fourth part researches the evolution and distribution features of rural residential. Taking the Henna Gongyi as study case, this chapter analyzed the distribution changes of rural residential under the multiple environments in1990-2006 years by using GIS and landscape ecology analysis method. The article also discussed the relationship between the characteristics of rural residential and topography, land distribution, traffic and other environmental elements. Results show that, with the rural economic and social development, the spatial distribution pattern of rural residential show changes in1990-2006 years, mainly show some following characteristics. (1) The total area and corresponding square of rural residential have more substantial increase in proportion. (2) Existing rural residential show the expansion of the distribution. The majority of new residential plaque formed around the original residential. There also formed some small, scattered settlements. (3) Rural residential organizations tend to more and more rules. (4)Rural residential also have formed some location trend, such as traffic corridors expanding and the hinterland region of towns expanding etc. The proportion of rural residential become lower in some areas, such as low-lying areas (altitude of between 88 ~ 200m), upland areas (altitude 500 m above) and slope region (17°~ 62.7°). The trend is obvious that the new residential expanded along the arable land and major roads. At the same time, the distribution and evolution of rural residential show different regional types of features. (1) The distribution of rural residential show the relative concentration in plain area. Residential expanded quickly. (2) The distribution of rural residential show the lower concentration in hilly areas. The scale of rural residential is smaller. (3) The spatial distribution of mountain rural residential show obvious characteristics, the phenomenon is more prominent that rural residential spread too thin. In the future, the three leading factors that will change the spatial pattern of rural residential are land-use intensification, distribution of traffic system and rural economic development. The intensive land-use patterns can affect the rural household living space. The distribution of traffic system can affect rural household living pattern. Rural economic development needs the reasonable layout mode of residential to adapt. Large-scale, intensive and the rational location should be the main trends for the future development of rural residential.
The fifth part researches the location selection and evolution of rural household. Village is the relative integrity unit that rural households are living together. Based on survey data of living conditions of rural households, this chapter analyzes the characteristics and reasons of rural household’s location choice in three different types of villages. First, draw on the general location theory of "field and power" theory, we introduce the concept "residential field and power "and analyzed the theoretical connotation about rural household’s location choice. The "residential field and power"theory shows that, rural household’s location choice is uauslly underway at a non-homogeneous, non-static space. The "residential field and power" of villages are affected by infrastructure and rural economy-social development. The location selection and evolution of rural household are sports games under the different socio-economic conditions. It’s also the direct results that rural households carried out the location selection and space relocation in the village area (inter-village). Empirical study of villages shows that:
(1) Rural household’s location selection is influenced by the natural and geographical conditions, the government's relevant policies, laws and regulations (the household registration system, land transfer, township planning, etc.), infrastructure construction and other factors. However, the impact of factors is different.①With the change of relationship between rural household’s agricultural production and living, most rural households will no longer pay attention to "the distance from the farm" and "the old neighborhood remain" when they carry out location selection. Rural households reduce the dependence of arable land resources when they select the living space. The influence of original neighborhood is also gradually weakened.②Transportation convenience become the important factor, its importance is generally acceptable to residents. "Convenient transportation conditions" can bring some indirect benefits: It can upgrade the accessibility of original residential areas and enhance the overall effectiveness of the village space. It can shorten the rural households travel time and expand spaces of location selection and spatial scale of economic and social activity. It can provide more economical space elements for rural household’s location selection and improve the overall living space of residential utility.③The regulation of rural policies and systems are also important factors. Reasonable planning policies can promote positive external environment.The strict planning management can effectively weaken the interests that rural household tend to move outside the village and reduce arbitrary of rural household’s location selection.
(2)The rural household’s location selection is affected by many factors such as the improvement of rural household income, the division of family structure, the living environment of original residential and the land policy.①The improvement of rural household income had significantly changed inhibitory demand status that previously affect household to update house because of lack of funds. It also creates the basic conditions to improve rural household living consumption and expand their living space.②The expansion of the internal needs (such as the s division of family tructure and the increase of population) are main intrinsic motivation that cause rural household to expand their living space. The changes of living concepts, family structure and family life cycle take the significant impact.③The income that rural households to build up can be seen as a psychological income ,that is also can be seen as subjective satisfaction. The living environment of original residential can significantly affect the spaces preferences of rural household’s location selection.④The village housing policy play key role to guide rural households to expand, focus or concentration their living space. Reasonably policy and guidance can effectively reduce the marginal cost that households need to pay for in decision-making process of residential relocation and speed up the implementation of transfer.
(3)The main features of rural household’s location selection and evolution in the future will be from "extensive, decentralized" to "integration, centralized ".The step-by-step optimization of rural household’s location can effectively improve the effectiveness of rural households living space, weaken effectiveness of residential-level difference and balance the living level of overall village households .Through the connotation and intensive development of residential location, the costs of production, consumption activities and travel can be significantly reduced. The effectiveness of rural household residential also can be increased significantly. Through centralized and scale development of residential, the efficiency of public infrastructure configuration of village can be significantly improved and the living conditions of overall households can be effectively enhanced.
(4) The shortage of land resources in future is an important conditionality that affects rural household’s location selection. With the condition of too many people with less arable land resources, the contradiction between the" rural development and construction" and "covering" will be increasingly significant. When residential scale of rural households expand to certain stage, based on irreplaceable of residence location and own space and residential space for fixed, rural households usually meet their consumer demand by increasing the volume rate, increasing the living space and perfecting performance of housing. Rural households improve their effectiveness of residentce living spaces through the internal optimization of existing residential.
(5) The optimization of rural household’s living space is to be followed to optimize the layout of the rural residential in a reasonable space and economy and exert the greatest effectiveness of living space area of village. The optimization of rural household’s living space is set up at a certain level of economic development. In different mode of villages, the adjustment of rural household’s living space should respect for the rural household’s living will, standardize and guide rural household’s housing act and focus on the integration of rural household residential step by step.
The sixth part generalizes the study’s main conclusions and analyses its policy signification, then discusses the deficiency of the study and looks forward to the next research direction.
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