国际海洋法之海盗问题研究
摘要
本论文试图阐明国际海洋法中有关海盗与海盗行为的理论问题与实践应对,就国际海洋法中海盗问题的历史与现状进行梳理,总结现代海盗的特点,并通过探讨相关案例,缕析有关海盗问题的立法,尤其是1982年《联合国海洋法公约》中涉及海盗问题的条款,进而分析在各种模式中解决海盗问题的机制与方式,最后针对中国应如何应对海盗问题提出建议。
本文共分为绪论、正文和结论三部分,其中正文分为五章。
第一章论述了国际海洋法中海盗问题的发展。海盗是伴随着人类社会征服海洋的过程而产生发展的,有了海上贸易,就有了以此为生的海盗出现。在漫长的历史中,个别国家与国际社会秩序中有关海盗行为的规范演进,正代表人类对于“海盗”概念认知的转变,与制约海盗暴力行径的努力过程。几千年来对于海盗行为的观念并非一成不变,其意义亦有不同。本章首先论述了海盗问题的历史发展。在古希腊罗马时期海盗行为并不意味着在现代国际法下的犯罪或违法行为,它只是一种政治行为。即使在中世纪海盗行为也不构成非法行为,世人对海盗的定义与定位仍不明确。海盗的黄金时代是17到18世纪中叶,也正是在这一时期,法律开始了对海盗行为的规制。在近代时期,国家权力的增长,确实重挫了盛极一时的海盗,而在法律理论层面上,英国首先主张海盗行为是非法行为,并最早对海盗行为采取立法行动。在20世纪中后期,国际法学者才大体认同海盗行为是危害公海自由的例外,是破坏国际秩序与公海安全的一项罪行,是“人类公敌”,是国际罪行,应置于普遍管辖下,各国均得逮捕、审判并给予处罚。国际法学者对海盗行为的定义并无一致看法,尽管如此,在国际法律文件方面,在19世纪末及20世纪,国际社会出现了一系列制裁海盗行为的条约,尤其是1982年《联合国海洋法公约》对海盗行为作出一系列原则性规定,使缔约各国在公海上缉捕海盗时有法可依。
该章接着论述了规制海盗问题立法的发展。海洋是地球上一切生物产生及维持的根源,关于海洋的权利主张关系着世界上所有人民的共同利益,欲了解海盗问题的国际法发展应先知道海洋法的发展。而在传统海洋法中,海洋分为领海与公海。其中,不属任何一国所有的公海所占比例极大,支配这片广大海域的基本国际法原则为公海自由原则。海盗行为直接威胁到公海自由中最基本的内容——航行自由,加之其行踪飘忽,缉拿不易,因此国际社会将其交付所有国家普遍管辖。这一原则奠基于习惯法,源自各国的实践。与制止海盗及海盗行为习惯法共同演进的是条约法的规定。在20世纪以前,国际社会对海盗行为的规定都依照17世纪以来的国际习惯,而国际习惯法下对海盗行为的要素的认识一直是不明确的,而有系统的重述国际习惯法再经由立法程序完成条约法的过程首先通过国际联盟的发起,历经1932年《哈佛海盗行为研究草案》,再经1958年《公海公约》直至1982年《联合国海洋法公约》的制定,这四个阶段在国际海盗法的发展史上具有重要的地位。在整个的条约法形成过程中,对于海盗的普遍管辖权是立法中最确定的一项,基本未受到质疑,只是各国对如何行使这项特别管辖权有不同主张,但争议性最高的仍然是海盗行为的定义,究竟构成海盗行为的要素是什么,直至今日,争议依然不断。
该章最后比较了国际法上的海盗行为与国内法上的海盗行为。国际法上的海盗行为受所有国家的普遍管辖,海盗行为是国际法中少数直接由个人承担责任的情况,海盗目前只能交由逮捕的国家的国内法庭依该国法律审判和处罚。由于在国际法之外,许多国家的国内法也有关于海盗罪的规定,国际法又必须借由国内法律制度的帮助方能执行,因而使“国际法上的海盗”与“国内法上的海盗”两种概念有所混淆。虽然已有国际公约对国际法上的海盗给予明文定义,但两者的关系仍须加以厘清。国际法与国内法上的海盗罪最大区别在于管辖权的行使。国际法上的海盗罪行是特殊情形,虽然一国国内法可能有处罚规定,但其仍属于违反国际法的罪行,受世界各国普遍管辖。国际法虽赋予各国权利管辖国际法上的海盗罪,如何处罚海盗仍完全取决于一国国内法。国际法与国内法必须相辅相成才能发挥最大功效。
第二章分析了国际海洋法海盗问题的最新发展。本章首先以研究资料搜集的方法,参考IMO所属海事安全委员会(MSC)所公布的海盗行为与海上持械抢劫案件报告的项目,依本文的需要,对船名、IMO编号、船籍国、日期、时间、船舶种类、总吨位、区域、船舶的状态、海盗犯罪形态、对船员的暴行与损失等项目进行统计分析,以了解目前全球海盗活动的时间、区域、受害船舶种类、吨位、损失项目与海盗的攻击方式等形态,继而,以区域及其他项目进行交叉分析,以了解各区域的进一步状况。并对M.V.Alondra Rainbow案、M.V.GlobalMars案及2007年最新重大海盗案例予以举述,分析国际海洋法海盗问题的最新发展。
本章继而指出今日海盗问题的特点与形成原因。今日海盗问题作为一种海上安全威胁,它对整个世界所造成的损害及其潜在危害趋势都不可忽视。现代海盗已不同于尚有“骑士”或“侠义”精神的古代海盗,而是一种彻头彻尾以经济为目的的高级犯罪者。海盗问题作为一种非传统安全威胁来讲,其已超出单纯的经济领域,而是对经济和社会安全构成挑战,其发展的多样性、威胁的广泛性及与恐怖主义合流的趋势将危及整个世界的安全。今日海盗主要有四种特质:有组织的、有计划的、武装的与专业的。今日的海盗犯罪模式主要可分为三种类型,即抢带跑型、短暂劫持船舶型与劫持船舶型。在20世纪80年代末、90年代初,冷战结束,从两方面促进了今日全球海盗问题的加剧。而经济的影响也使一些国家无暇无力顾及海上航行安全问题。有些国家对海盗行为与持械抢劫的专门法律不健全,甚至无制止国际法上的海盗行为的国内法,亦使得海盗得以逍遥法外。执法能力的缺乏,旷日持久的海域划界与近海资源的争端问题也会阻碍执法机构间对海盗打击的有效合作。
该章最后对今日海盗与海上恐怖主义的结合予以了关注。恐怖主义是当今世界面临的重大挑战,严重威胁着世界的和平和发展。人们至今仍然未能就一个普遍接受的恐怖主义的定义形成统一认识。虽然国际社会对恐怖主义的定义尚未达成完全的共识,但不同标准中仍存在许多共性,构成了恐怖主义的基本特征。海运业的固有特性使得它更易遭受恐怖主义袭击。同时随着各国反恐力度的加大,恐怖分子在陆上的地盘已丧失殆尽,不得不将其“阵地”转向海上,对国际海运业的安全构成巨大威胁。今日海盗问题与海上恐怖分子的结合是骇人的,急待引起国际社会对相关问题海洋管制的新思索。
第三章评述了国际海洋法对海盗问题的法律规制。文章首先介绍了世界主要各国国内法对海盗行为的立法规定,但是否都定有“海盗罪”的条文从而对相关行为独立处罚,各国立法并不一致。英国“海盗行为法”及“东京公约法”均为该国国会制定的关于海盗罪的单行法。美国法中也列有处罚海盗的相关条文。其它如法国法、俄罗斯刑法、加拿大刑法、西班牙刑法、韩国刑法,都有关于海盗罪的独立处罚条文。而在德日刑法中,仅有一般强盗罪及加重强盗罪的规定,并没有海盗罪的专条规定。
本章对国际海洋法中海盗问题经典案例研究涉及关于船内叛变的案例、关于为政治目的之船内叛变的案例、关于叛乱团体行为的案例、关于海盗行为管辖的案例、关于海盗行为地点的案例等方面。
本章重点对1982年《联合国海洋法公约》海盗行为的规定即该约第100至107条进行了逐字逐句的探讨,对其体现的内容、不足进行了细致的评析。在1982年《联合国海洋法公约》中,海盗行为的定义仍然采用1958年《公海公约》中关于海盗行为的定义。依该定义,海盗行为的构成要件包括:海盗行为必须是以私人船舶或私人飞机为工具,海盗行为的动机必须基于私人目的,海盗行为必须对船舶、飞机或其上之人或财物所为,海盗行为必须在公海上或公海以外不属任何国家管辖范围的地区所犯,海盗行为必须是非法的暴力、扣留或掠夺行为。在公约中,“制止海盗行为是各国的权利及责任”是一个长久被建立的观念,制止海盗行为乃国际法赋予各国的义务。《海洋法公约》赋予各国对国际法上的海盗行为有刑事立法管辖权、司法管辖权以及执行管辖权,亦将海盗行为置于普遍管辖原则之下。对于海盗及海盗船机的扣押与处罚问题,《海洋法公约》一方面虽然授权各国有权于公海上逮捕海盗,并依逮捕国的国内法审判、处罚,同时,为防止各国滥用此种权利,规定唯军舰、军机为执行逮捕海盗、海盗船机或其他赃物、船货的机关,可于公海上行使此权力。此外,公约中为促使执行拿捕者慎重行事,因此规定国家在海盗事件中,是负有相当责任的。而对于海盗船舶及赃物之所有权问题,仍为争议焦点。
本章还就与国际海洋法中海盗行为相似的行为给予评述。国际恐怖行动中的劫船、劫机行为,1988年《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》中规定的危害海上的航行安全行为均与国际法上的海盗行为确有相似之处,但究竟它们是否可等量齐观,文中对其各自的特质予以对比。
第四章国际合作制止海盗与海盗行为中,首先提到了国际海洋法中的海盗问题与国际合作原则的关系。国际合作原则是指各国不问在政治、经济、社会及文化制度上有何差异,均有义务在国际关系的各个方面彼此合作。可见,从相关国际法律文件的规定分析,国际合作原则不仅是国际法的基本原则,并有成为国家的一项国际义务的趋势。国际合作原则是现代国家相互依存、共同发展的根本体现。顺应时代的发展,国际合作原则也不断得到了充实,国家之间的合作也较以往传统的国际合作呈现出新的特点。从国际合作原则本身来讲,既然国际合作是一项国际法的基本原则,理论上讲,该原则也必然应适用于惩治海盗犯罪的实践中。更为重要的是,国际合作原则的适用,是惩治国际海盗罪行本身的要求。目前国际文件关于反海盗国际合作的规定也已经确立了“合作制止海盗”的原则,即各国应通力合作,承担打击海盗的义务。
接着,该章分析了合作制止海盗与海盗行为遇到的问题与应对。目前国际社会打击过程中遇到的主要问题是:海盗活动涉及水域广袤,执法有“真空”地带;毗邻贫困国家,合作打击困难;海盗活动隐秘,反盗行动复杂;恐怖势力勾结,攻击手段灵活等。目前,合作打击海盗主要有两种观点:一是在联合国主导下依托各种国际组织进行;二是进行地区性合作,并由利益相关国和大国参与,在两种模式下都辅以行业的的努力。
本章在国际社会具体合作制止海盗与海盗行为的讨论中,阐述了联合国制止海盗与海盗行为的努力,国际海事组织制止海盗与海盗行为的努力以及国际海事局制止海盗与海盗行为的努力。航运业中船东船公司、船长船员均应采取一切有效的措施制止海盗与海盗行为,逐步减少船员、船舶和国际贸易面临的危险。
第五章讨论了中国对国际海盗犯罪的打击。文章首先指出了中国面临的海盗威胁,事实上,我国远洋运输日益成为海盗攻击目标,以海盗为首的海上犯罪对我国海上通道的安全威胁的严重性已日益显露,海盗已经对我国国家安全构成了明显的威胁。如何协作打击海盗,保护我国远洋安全已迫在眉睫。
目前国内打击海盗的对策主要是完善立法与加强实践两个方面。立法方面,虽然我国已经加入了《联合国海洋法公约》,应该承担公约规定的相应义务,但是由于我国刑法对海盗罪未有明确规定,导致实践适用过程中有着重重困难。为了解决这一实际问题,我们认为,将海盗罪在国内立法中加以明确化是必要的。具体而言,可以借鉴其他国家和地区刑法对海盗罪的立法模式,明确海盗罪的犯罪构成要件,从而解决这一司法难题。实践方面,海盗行为作为犯罪行为,属公安部管辖,具体管辖部门是公安部下属的海上安全管理机构,国家海洋局的国家海洋监察队伍也是打击海盗行为的一支力量,交通部海事局则加强与国际海事组织的联系,此外在必要时应争取海军的协助。最近许多的案件,如M.V.Tenyu(天日号)案、M.V.Cheung Son(长胜号)案、M.V.MARINE FORTUNER(海的主人号)案等都表明,中国已经在认真考虑,逐步规范审理海盗案件的司法程序,整合现有打击力量,以有效打击海盗犯罪。
在区域合作方面,中国与相关国家密切合作,打击南海海盗。近年猖獗的南海海盗问题已引起各国自身和国际组织的重视,国际压力迫使区域内的国家个别或合作采取制止海盗行动,期望能有效遏阻海盗活动。全球合作框架在打击南海海盗方面的缺陷主要是:国际公约关于“海盗行为”的界定不明确、不协调,不利于有效预防、打击海盗行为;中国与东盟国家并未全部参加《联合国海洋法公约》、联合国有关反盗公约及IMO、IMB有关公约;海上安全国际公约不能全面满足每一个区域国家的利益需求,应多考虑区域合作的具体实施,切实维护维护南海地区的海上安全。为克服南海海盗问题带来的挑战,南海周边国家以及同本地区有利益关系的域外国家都试图通过建立相关合作机制,实现地区局势的稳定。总体来讲,南海地区打击海盗合作建设呈现一种“多层次结构模式”,在南海地区打击海盗安全合作进程中,各参与国利益不同,战略意图也有差异。中国认为,要有效解决海盗问题,个别国家的努力是不够的,只有整合区域间国家的力量,排除各国本位主义,确立多方面的区域合作机制,方能真正解决问题。中国既要努力成为海洋强国,同时要以务实精神促进南海地区的多方面区域合作。中国积极参加区域合作打击南海海盗的各种会议与组织,签署相关重要文件,加之近年来我国所积极开展并参加的一系列反海盗活动,都充分显示了我国在打击海盗、维护世界航运安全方面的诚意和努力。未来,中国的对海盗问题的打击力度和关注程度不仅事关我国航运的发展,海洋利益的安全,对我国的国际形象也有着深远的影响。
This dissertation tried to expound the theory and practice about pirate and piracy in the international law of sea,to carry out the history and current situation of the piracy,to sum up the characteristics of the modern pirate,to analyses the cases and legislations about piracy in detail, especially the clauses relating to the piracy in 1982 "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ".Then,the dissertation analyses mechanism and ways resolving the piracy problem in various patterns and submits suggestions for how China should face the piracy problem specifically.
The main body of the dissertation is allotted together for the introduction,text and conclusion,there are five chapters in the text.
The first chapter discussed the development of piracy problem in international law of the sea.The pirate's development was accompanying to the conquer of the ocean by human society,since there was the marine trade,there appeared the pirate who had made a living by this.In endless history,the standard evolution about piracy in the individual country and international social order was the model representing the changing mind to "pirate" and the effort process in repression piracy of human being The concept of piracy was almost not changeless during the past 1000 years, whose significance also had no equal to the others.The history of the piracy problem has been discussed in this chapter firstly.Piracy joins committing a crime or illegal activities not having been dropping a hint under modern international law as in ancient Greece and ancient Rome periods,which is only one kind of politics behavior.Even in the Middle Ages,piracy didn't compose an illegal act,the common people still did not make clear of the pirate's definition.Pirate's golden age was the 17th to the mid-18th century,which was also exactly the period in which the law had started to restrict piracy.In the modern times,country authority had defeated the pirate who is all the rage at that moment.The United Kingdom advocated that piracy is an illegal act and took legislation action to piracy firstly.In the middle to later time of 20th centuries,the International law scholars accepted that piracy was the exception to endanger the freedom of the high seas,was a crime to destroy International order and high seas' safety,and was to be "a common enemy of the human being " and a International crime,the piracy should be put in under "universal jurisdiction",every country can arrest it,try it and impose punishment on it. International law scholars did not has the common view to the piracy's definition,nevertheless,in the field of the International law document, before the ends of 20th centuries,also in International community there were a series of the treaties punishing piracy,especially a series of provisions of principle to piracy in 1982 "The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ".All these articles could be gone by of every country when they were arresting a pirate on high seas.
The first chapter then discussed the development of legislation repressing piracy problem.Ocean is the origin in which all living things come into being and maintain on the earth.The right to ocean concemed the common benefit of all people in the world,the development of law of the sea should be known first before going to know the piracy problem.In traditional law of the sea,ocean is divided into territorial waters and the high seas.And the high seas which is not belonging to any country takes up the proportion maximum,with its controlling principle called "freedom of high seas" in the International law of sea.Exactly,piracy threatens the most fundamental content of freedom of the high seas-the navigating freedom, so the international community administers the country to deliver its jurisdiction to the piracy problem.This principle lays its foundation in the customary law,and practices being originated from every country.The treaty also gained its evolution as fast as the development of customary law. Before 20th centuries,international society is accustomed to the piracy regulation all according to the international customary law during the past 17th centuries,the process being always ambiguous,but the systematic discussion from the customary international law to the treaty law of the piracy past out from "Report of the Sub-Committee of the League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law",to "Harvard Research in International Law,Draft Convention on Piracy with Comments",to "The 1958 Geneva Convention on the high seas",finally to "The United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea".These four stages were important stages in international piracy law. In the entire process of the treaty law's formation,the "universal jurisdiction" to the pirate is the item without doubt,the only question is the unlike views in every country to how to exercising such item.The most doubting questions are what the definition of piracy is and what the composing element of piracy is at all.
The first chapter compared the piracy in international law and the piracy in domestic law finally.The piracy in international law should under the "universal jurisdiction" and should shoulder the responsibility by individual.Now,piracy can be tried and punished only by the arresting country and according to its domestic law.Besides international law,there are regulations relating piracy crime in a lot of countries,the international regulations can be exercised only by the help of domestic law.The differences between "the piracy in international law" and "the piracy in domestic law" should be made clear.The maximal difference of piracy between these two concepts lies in the jurisdiction exercising.That is to say, the jurisdiction to the piracy in the international law is a exceptional circumstance,it should be under the "universal jurisdiction" while how to inflicting punishment on pirate still depends on the domestic law. International law and the domestic law have to show the complement to each other,and then it is possible to bring the maximal effect to each other.
The second chapters analyzed the up-to-date development of piracy in international law of sea.This chapter use the method of data studying to analysis the items in piracy and sea armed robbery law cases,including the ships name,IMO serial number,the flag country,date and time,types of ship,gross tonnage,name of area,method of attack,injuries to crew and passengers etc.,which were announced by the MSC of IMO.Through the analysis,we can know the forms such as time,area,victim boat and ship kind,tonnage,loss project and pirate's attacking way that the whole world pirate exercises at present,with area and their project,and with going a step further knowing the situation of every area.We also choose the significant cases such as M.V.Alondra Rainbo,M.V.Global Mars,and the priority cases in 2007 to analyze the new development of piracy in the international law of sea.
This chapter pointed out the characteristics and causes of piracy problem.Today,as a kind of threates to marine safety,the endangers brought about by piracy to all the world can't be allowed to ignore.The modern pirate is unlike the ancient pirates who are always called as "knight" or "chivalrous",the modern pirate is one kind of the high-grade crime who takes economy as purpose downright.As one kind of non-traditional threat to the security,the piracy problem has already exceeded the simple economic field.The diversity of the piracy's development,the universality of the threat,the trend flowing together with the terrorism will endanger the entire world's life security.There are four kinds of particularities in piracy:organized,planned,armed and professional.There are three kinds of types in the pattern of piracy:low level armed robbery,medium level armed assault and robbery,major criminal hijack.At the end of 1980s and the beginning of 90s,the ending of the cold war promoted the whole world piracy problem.The influence of economy,the feasibility of domestic law in stopping piracy,the insufficiency of ability to enforce the law,and the disputes about prolonging the boundary of sea area and the offshore resources are able to hinder the effective cooperation in repressing the piracy problem.
The second chapter finally showed its attention to the union of piracy and the terrorism of the sea.The terrorism is a significant challenge to the world nowadays,is threatening world's peace gravely.There is still no universal terrorism definition today.Though it is not reach complete common view in the definition,there are common characters and essential features of terrorism.It is easier to suffer terrorism assaults to the shipping companies in ocean.As the enlarging of the oppose to the terrorism,the terrist begin to turn its domain to the ocean and does the enormous threat almost to the end.It's shocked that the combination of piracy and terrorism, it is a ponder to international community that how to control the relevant problem after this arousing emergency.
The third chapter reviewed gauge law system in the international law of sea to piracy problem.The article introduced the legislative regulation to piracy in main country of the world first,but if there are articles of "pirate crime" for imposing punishment on,every country's legislation is not consistent with each other.In the United Kingdom,there are "piracy act " and "Tokyo convention in act ".In The United States,there is "Title 18 of US Code".Others in France law,Russia Criminal code,Canada Criminal code,Spain Criminal code,Korea Criminal code,there are independence committing criminal of relating to a pirate inflicts punishment on article. While in Germany and Korea,there are regulations on general robber crime and aggravation robber crime only without the independent pirate crime stipulation in the criminal code.
The third chapter studies classic cases relate to aspect such as armed rebellion group behavior case,the case about that piracy administers,the case about piracy place,the case about the inner betrays and the case about politic purpose etc.
This chapter focused on Article 100 to 107 of 1982 "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea "and showed the judgments to the contents and pointed out the deficiency in which these articles embodied. In 1982 "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ",the definition of piracy is almost same to the one in "The 1958 Geneva Convention on the high seas".According to the definition,Piracy consists of any of the following acts:(a) Any illegal acts of violence or detention,or any act of depredation,committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft,and directed:(ⅰ) on the high seas,against another ship or aircraft,or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft;(ⅱ) against a ship,aircraft,persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State;(b) Any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft;(c) Any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in sub-paragraph(a) or(b).According to the Convention,all States shall co-operate to the fullest possible extent in the repression of piracy on the high seas or in any other place outside the jurisdiction of any State,so it is the duty of every country to cooperate in the repression of piracy.According to the Convention,where the seizure of a ship or aircraft on suspicion of piracy has been affected without adequate grounds,the State making the seizure shall be liable to the State the nationality of which is possessed by the ship or aircraft,for any loss or damage caused by the seizure.A seizure on account of piracy may only be carried out by warships or military aircraft,or other ships or aircraft clearly marked and identifiable as being on government service and authorized to that effect.And according to the Convention,where the seizure of a ship or aircraft on suspicion of piracy has been affected without adequate grounds,the State making the seizure shall be liable to the State the nationality of which is possessed by the ship or aircraft,for any loss or damage caused by the seizure.It is still a dispute to the problem of the pirate proprietary fight of boat,ship and booty.
The third chapter also gave comments to similar behaviors to piracy in the international law of sea.The boat robbery,air piracy in dreadful action, the unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation have some similarities with piracy in the international law of sea,but we can still draw a line between them by discussing their respective particularities.
The fourth chapter talked about the cooperation among nations to stop piracy,having been mentioned the relations between piracy problem and the principle of cooperation among nations.The principle of cooperation among nations refers to that every country has duty to cooperate with the others in all respects without exception in political economy,society and culture.And it can be seen that the regulation from relevante international law document,the principle of cooperation among nations not only being the base of international law,also becoming a trend in which it will be the international duty of countries.The principle of cooperation among nations is the interdependence of the modern country,the foundation of developing of all countries.The principle has got the development conforming to the times it is unceasingly rich and displays new characteristics.Since the principle of cooperation among nations is one base of international law,it can be applied to the practice in punishing piracy.Moreover the applying of this principle is the request of punishment to international piracy crime.At present,the international instrument stipulates the principle in regressing piracy,that is to say,all countries should work together to oppose the piracy,to bear the duties in attacking the pirate.
Then this chapter turned to analyze the problem in cooperating to repress the piracy.At present,the international community come across the problems in the process of operational striking are the length and breadth of piracy activity relates to the water area,the "white blank"of law's enforcement,be adjacent to the poor country,difficult to cooperate to strike, the action of the pirate is exercised secretly and complicated,dreadful influence ganging up,attacking means nimbly and so on.At present,there are two kinds of views in attacking the piracy by cooperation:the progress under the lead of the United Nations and various international organizations or the process under the regional cooperation with relevance country and power's participation,all the progresses should be complemented with the efforts of the whole shipping industry.
The chapter discussed the cooperation of the international community to stop the piracy and the efforts.International Maritime Organization,the United Nations,and the International Maritime Bureau all set their efforts to regress the piracy.The owner of vessels,the captain seaman should also adopt all effective measures on stopping piracy and cutting down dangers to the seaman,to the ship,and to the international trade.
The fifth chapters discussed the china's strikes to the international piracy crime.The article pointed out piracy threat to china,in fact,the ocean carriage of china has become a attacking target of piracy gradually, the ponder that the crime at the sea to our country is safety in passage headed by piracy threates has been shown gradually,the piracy has already showed obvious threat to national security of our country.How to attack the piracy in cooperation,how to protect our country's distant ocean safety, they are hanging over our heads gradually.
At present countermeasures in striking pirate in china are two aspects with the sharpening perfect of legislation and practice.In legislation aspect, our country has already joined 1982 "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea "and ought to bear corresponding duty of the convention, but since our country didn't has clear stipulation in punishment numerous difficulties in the process suitable for use.For the problem resolving,we think it is necessary to stipulate the definition of piracy in china's legislation correctly and definitely for reference.In the aspect of practice, as a criminal act,piracy is repressed by a branch in maritime safety subordinate to Ministry of Public Security,and repressed by a supervising team of State Oceanic Administration,and repressed by Maritime Safety Administration to reinforce the connection with International Maritime Organization.Besides,the striving of navy is helping when certainly needing.Lately a lot of cases,such as M.V.MARINE FORTUNER, M.V.Tenyu,M.V.Cheung Son are indicating that China has already thought carefully that it will bring judicial procedure to trial in piracy cases and integrate the available repressing strengths to make the striking more effective.
In the field of the regional cooperation,China and the relevant country cooperated closely to attack the pirate in the South China Sea.Rampant piracy problem in the South China Sea has already aroused attentions of every country oneself and the international organization in this area. International pressure forces country individual or cooperating to take activities to stop the pirate's action,expecting to be able to have an effect to solve the piracy problem.The defects of the whole world cooperation frame in the respect of attacking the pirate in the South China Sea are: International convention's boundary about "piracy " fixes indeterminacy, inharmonious,has a small effect to take precautions against attacking piracy,not all China and ASEAN countries join "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea " and the relevant conventions of United Nations and IMO,IMB in repressing piracy,the international maritime safety convention can not satisfy benefit of every country in the area,we should think more about how to put the regional cooperation into effect much and how to defend the maritime safety of the South China Sea conscientiously.Be to overcome the challenge that piracy problem in the South China Sea brings about,countries in the area and outside the border all try to build relevant cooperation mechanism,realizing area situation's stabilization.In the cooperation to attack the pirate in the South China Sea area,the construction is a kind of "many dicker pattern ".In the course of safe cooperation in striking pirate,every participative country's benefits are unlike,their strategy intention are also different.To china,to solve piracy problem effectively,the effort of the individual country is insufficient,we should have the departmental chauvinism integrating strength of the country in this area,removing every country's own selfish benefit,and establish many-sided regional cooperation mechanism,and then we can be able to solve the problem efficiently.On one hand China should make great efforts to become the ocean powerful country,on the other hand china should deal with more concrete matters to promote many ways of regional cooperation in the South China Sea.Chinese participated in many actions for regional cooperation in attacking pirate and signed various conventions and took part in many organizations in opposing pirate in this area and participated in actively to our country's own pirate activity,good faith and efforts having been demonstrated from these actions sufficiently in the respect of attacking the pirate,defending world shipping safety by our country.In the future,how much dynamics and attentions that Chinese shows in striking piracy is not only important to the development of our country's shipping industry,to the benefits in safety of ocean,but is essential to the far-reaching influence to the international image of our country
本文共分为绪论、正文和结论三部分,其中正文分为五章。
第一章论述了国际海洋法中海盗问题的发展。海盗是伴随着人类社会征服海洋的过程而产生发展的,有了海上贸易,就有了以此为生的海盗出现。在漫长的历史中,个别国家与国际社会秩序中有关海盗行为的规范演进,正代表人类对于“海盗”概念认知的转变,与制约海盗暴力行径的努力过程。几千年来对于海盗行为的观念并非一成不变,其意义亦有不同。本章首先论述了海盗问题的历史发展。在古希腊罗马时期海盗行为并不意味着在现代国际法下的犯罪或违法行为,它只是一种政治行为。即使在中世纪海盗行为也不构成非法行为,世人对海盗的定义与定位仍不明确。海盗的黄金时代是17到18世纪中叶,也正是在这一时期,法律开始了对海盗行为的规制。在近代时期,国家权力的增长,确实重挫了盛极一时的海盗,而在法律理论层面上,英国首先主张海盗行为是非法行为,并最早对海盗行为采取立法行动。在20世纪中后期,国际法学者才大体认同海盗行为是危害公海自由的例外,是破坏国际秩序与公海安全的一项罪行,是“人类公敌”,是国际罪行,应置于普遍管辖下,各国均得逮捕、审判并给予处罚。国际法学者对海盗行为的定义并无一致看法,尽管如此,在国际法律文件方面,在19世纪末及20世纪,国际社会出现了一系列制裁海盗行为的条约,尤其是1982年《联合国海洋法公约》对海盗行为作出一系列原则性规定,使缔约各国在公海上缉捕海盗时有法可依。
该章接着论述了规制海盗问题立法的发展。海洋是地球上一切生物产生及维持的根源,关于海洋的权利主张关系着世界上所有人民的共同利益,欲了解海盗问题的国际法发展应先知道海洋法的发展。而在传统海洋法中,海洋分为领海与公海。其中,不属任何一国所有的公海所占比例极大,支配这片广大海域的基本国际法原则为公海自由原则。海盗行为直接威胁到公海自由中最基本的内容——航行自由,加之其行踪飘忽,缉拿不易,因此国际社会将其交付所有国家普遍管辖。这一原则奠基于习惯法,源自各国的实践。与制止海盗及海盗行为习惯法共同演进的是条约法的规定。在20世纪以前,国际社会对海盗行为的规定都依照17世纪以来的国际习惯,而国际习惯法下对海盗行为的要素的认识一直是不明确的,而有系统的重述国际习惯法再经由立法程序完成条约法的过程首先通过国际联盟的发起,历经1932年《哈佛海盗行为研究草案》,再经1958年《公海公约》直至1982年《联合国海洋法公约》的制定,这四个阶段在国际海盗法的发展史上具有重要的地位。在整个的条约法形成过程中,对于海盗的普遍管辖权是立法中最确定的一项,基本未受到质疑,只是各国对如何行使这项特别管辖权有不同主张,但争议性最高的仍然是海盗行为的定义,究竟构成海盗行为的要素是什么,直至今日,争议依然不断。
该章最后比较了国际法上的海盗行为与国内法上的海盗行为。国际法上的海盗行为受所有国家的普遍管辖,海盗行为是国际法中少数直接由个人承担责任的情况,海盗目前只能交由逮捕的国家的国内法庭依该国法律审判和处罚。由于在国际法之外,许多国家的国内法也有关于海盗罪的规定,国际法又必须借由国内法律制度的帮助方能执行,因而使“国际法上的海盗”与“国内法上的海盗”两种概念有所混淆。虽然已有国际公约对国际法上的海盗给予明文定义,但两者的关系仍须加以厘清。国际法与国内法上的海盗罪最大区别在于管辖权的行使。国际法上的海盗罪行是特殊情形,虽然一国国内法可能有处罚规定,但其仍属于违反国际法的罪行,受世界各国普遍管辖。国际法虽赋予各国权利管辖国际法上的海盗罪,如何处罚海盗仍完全取决于一国国内法。国际法与国内法必须相辅相成才能发挥最大功效。
第二章分析了国际海洋法海盗问题的最新发展。本章首先以研究资料搜集的方法,参考IMO所属海事安全委员会(MSC)所公布的海盗行为与海上持械抢劫案件报告的项目,依本文的需要,对船名、IMO编号、船籍国、日期、时间、船舶种类、总吨位、区域、船舶的状态、海盗犯罪形态、对船员的暴行与损失等项目进行统计分析,以了解目前全球海盗活动的时间、区域、受害船舶种类、吨位、损失项目与海盗的攻击方式等形态,继而,以区域及其他项目进行交叉分析,以了解各区域的进一步状况。并对M.V.Alondra Rainbow案、M.V.GlobalMars案及2007年最新重大海盗案例予以举述,分析国际海洋法海盗问题的最新发展。
本章继而指出今日海盗问题的特点与形成原因。今日海盗问题作为一种海上安全威胁,它对整个世界所造成的损害及其潜在危害趋势都不可忽视。现代海盗已不同于尚有“骑士”或“侠义”精神的古代海盗,而是一种彻头彻尾以经济为目的的高级犯罪者。海盗问题作为一种非传统安全威胁来讲,其已超出单纯的经济领域,而是对经济和社会安全构成挑战,其发展的多样性、威胁的广泛性及与恐怖主义合流的趋势将危及整个世界的安全。今日海盗主要有四种特质:有组织的、有计划的、武装的与专业的。今日的海盗犯罪模式主要可分为三种类型,即抢带跑型、短暂劫持船舶型与劫持船舶型。在20世纪80年代末、90年代初,冷战结束,从两方面促进了今日全球海盗问题的加剧。而经济的影响也使一些国家无暇无力顾及海上航行安全问题。有些国家对海盗行为与持械抢劫的专门法律不健全,甚至无制止国际法上的海盗行为的国内法,亦使得海盗得以逍遥法外。执法能力的缺乏,旷日持久的海域划界与近海资源的争端问题也会阻碍执法机构间对海盗打击的有效合作。
该章最后对今日海盗与海上恐怖主义的结合予以了关注。恐怖主义是当今世界面临的重大挑战,严重威胁着世界的和平和发展。人们至今仍然未能就一个普遍接受的恐怖主义的定义形成统一认识。虽然国际社会对恐怖主义的定义尚未达成完全的共识,但不同标准中仍存在许多共性,构成了恐怖主义的基本特征。海运业的固有特性使得它更易遭受恐怖主义袭击。同时随着各国反恐力度的加大,恐怖分子在陆上的地盘已丧失殆尽,不得不将其“阵地”转向海上,对国际海运业的安全构成巨大威胁。今日海盗问题与海上恐怖分子的结合是骇人的,急待引起国际社会对相关问题海洋管制的新思索。
第三章评述了国际海洋法对海盗问题的法律规制。文章首先介绍了世界主要各国国内法对海盗行为的立法规定,但是否都定有“海盗罪”的条文从而对相关行为独立处罚,各国立法并不一致。英国“海盗行为法”及“东京公约法”均为该国国会制定的关于海盗罪的单行法。美国法中也列有处罚海盗的相关条文。其它如法国法、俄罗斯刑法、加拿大刑法、西班牙刑法、韩国刑法,都有关于海盗罪的独立处罚条文。而在德日刑法中,仅有一般强盗罪及加重强盗罪的规定,并没有海盗罪的专条规定。
本章对国际海洋法中海盗问题经典案例研究涉及关于船内叛变的案例、关于为政治目的之船内叛变的案例、关于叛乱团体行为的案例、关于海盗行为管辖的案例、关于海盗行为地点的案例等方面。
本章重点对1982年《联合国海洋法公约》海盗行为的规定即该约第100至107条进行了逐字逐句的探讨,对其体现的内容、不足进行了细致的评析。在1982年《联合国海洋法公约》中,海盗行为的定义仍然采用1958年《公海公约》中关于海盗行为的定义。依该定义,海盗行为的构成要件包括:海盗行为必须是以私人船舶或私人飞机为工具,海盗行为的动机必须基于私人目的,海盗行为必须对船舶、飞机或其上之人或财物所为,海盗行为必须在公海上或公海以外不属任何国家管辖范围的地区所犯,海盗行为必须是非法的暴力、扣留或掠夺行为。在公约中,“制止海盗行为是各国的权利及责任”是一个长久被建立的观念,制止海盗行为乃国际法赋予各国的义务。《海洋法公约》赋予各国对国际法上的海盗行为有刑事立法管辖权、司法管辖权以及执行管辖权,亦将海盗行为置于普遍管辖原则之下。对于海盗及海盗船机的扣押与处罚问题,《海洋法公约》一方面虽然授权各国有权于公海上逮捕海盗,并依逮捕国的国内法审判、处罚,同时,为防止各国滥用此种权利,规定唯军舰、军机为执行逮捕海盗、海盗船机或其他赃物、船货的机关,可于公海上行使此权力。此外,公约中为促使执行拿捕者慎重行事,因此规定国家在海盗事件中,是负有相当责任的。而对于海盗船舶及赃物之所有权问题,仍为争议焦点。
本章还就与国际海洋法中海盗行为相似的行为给予评述。国际恐怖行动中的劫船、劫机行为,1988年《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》中规定的危害海上的航行安全行为均与国际法上的海盗行为确有相似之处,但究竟它们是否可等量齐观,文中对其各自的特质予以对比。
第四章国际合作制止海盗与海盗行为中,首先提到了国际海洋法中的海盗问题与国际合作原则的关系。国际合作原则是指各国不问在政治、经济、社会及文化制度上有何差异,均有义务在国际关系的各个方面彼此合作。可见,从相关国际法律文件的规定分析,国际合作原则不仅是国际法的基本原则,并有成为国家的一项国际义务的趋势。国际合作原则是现代国家相互依存、共同发展的根本体现。顺应时代的发展,国际合作原则也不断得到了充实,国家之间的合作也较以往传统的国际合作呈现出新的特点。从国际合作原则本身来讲,既然国际合作是一项国际法的基本原则,理论上讲,该原则也必然应适用于惩治海盗犯罪的实践中。更为重要的是,国际合作原则的适用,是惩治国际海盗罪行本身的要求。目前国际文件关于反海盗国际合作的规定也已经确立了“合作制止海盗”的原则,即各国应通力合作,承担打击海盗的义务。
接着,该章分析了合作制止海盗与海盗行为遇到的问题与应对。目前国际社会打击过程中遇到的主要问题是:海盗活动涉及水域广袤,执法有“真空”地带;毗邻贫困国家,合作打击困难;海盗活动隐秘,反盗行动复杂;恐怖势力勾结,攻击手段灵活等。目前,合作打击海盗主要有两种观点:一是在联合国主导下依托各种国际组织进行;二是进行地区性合作,并由利益相关国和大国参与,在两种模式下都辅以行业的的努力。
本章在国际社会具体合作制止海盗与海盗行为的讨论中,阐述了联合国制止海盗与海盗行为的努力,国际海事组织制止海盗与海盗行为的努力以及国际海事局制止海盗与海盗行为的努力。航运业中船东船公司、船长船员均应采取一切有效的措施制止海盗与海盗行为,逐步减少船员、船舶和国际贸易面临的危险。
第五章讨论了中国对国际海盗犯罪的打击。文章首先指出了中国面临的海盗威胁,事实上,我国远洋运输日益成为海盗攻击目标,以海盗为首的海上犯罪对我国海上通道的安全威胁的严重性已日益显露,海盗已经对我国国家安全构成了明显的威胁。如何协作打击海盗,保护我国远洋安全已迫在眉睫。
目前国内打击海盗的对策主要是完善立法与加强实践两个方面。立法方面,虽然我国已经加入了《联合国海洋法公约》,应该承担公约规定的相应义务,但是由于我国刑法对海盗罪未有明确规定,导致实践适用过程中有着重重困难。为了解决这一实际问题,我们认为,将海盗罪在国内立法中加以明确化是必要的。具体而言,可以借鉴其他国家和地区刑法对海盗罪的立法模式,明确海盗罪的犯罪构成要件,从而解决这一司法难题。实践方面,海盗行为作为犯罪行为,属公安部管辖,具体管辖部门是公安部下属的海上安全管理机构,国家海洋局的国家海洋监察队伍也是打击海盗行为的一支力量,交通部海事局则加强与国际海事组织的联系,此外在必要时应争取海军的协助。最近许多的案件,如M.V.Tenyu(天日号)案、M.V.Cheung Son(长胜号)案、M.V.MARINE FORTUNER(海的主人号)案等都表明,中国已经在认真考虑,逐步规范审理海盗案件的司法程序,整合现有打击力量,以有效打击海盗犯罪。
在区域合作方面,中国与相关国家密切合作,打击南海海盗。近年猖獗的南海海盗问题已引起各国自身和国际组织的重视,国际压力迫使区域内的国家个别或合作采取制止海盗行动,期望能有效遏阻海盗活动。全球合作框架在打击南海海盗方面的缺陷主要是:国际公约关于“海盗行为”的界定不明确、不协调,不利于有效预防、打击海盗行为;中国与东盟国家并未全部参加《联合国海洋法公约》、联合国有关反盗公约及IMO、IMB有关公约;海上安全国际公约不能全面满足每一个区域国家的利益需求,应多考虑区域合作的具体实施,切实维护维护南海地区的海上安全。为克服南海海盗问题带来的挑战,南海周边国家以及同本地区有利益关系的域外国家都试图通过建立相关合作机制,实现地区局势的稳定。总体来讲,南海地区打击海盗合作建设呈现一种“多层次结构模式”,在南海地区打击海盗安全合作进程中,各参与国利益不同,战略意图也有差异。中国认为,要有效解决海盗问题,个别国家的努力是不够的,只有整合区域间国家的力量,排除各国本位主义,确立多方面的区域合作机制,方能真正解决问题。中国既要努力成为海洋强国,同时要以务实精神促进南海地区的多方面区域合作。中国积极参加区域合作打击南海海盗的各种会议与组织,签署相关重要文件,加之近年来我国所积极开展并参加的一系列反海盗活动,都充分显示了我国在打击海盗、维护世界航运安全方面的诚意和努力。未来,中国的对海盗问题的打击力度和关注程度不仅事关我国航运的发展,海洋利益的安全,对我国的国际形象也有着深远的影响。
This dissertation tried to expound the theory and practice about pirate and piracy in the international law of sea,to carry out the history and current situation of the piracy,to sum up the characteristics of the modern pirate,to analyses the cases and legislations about piracy in detail, especially the clauses relating to the piracy in 1982 "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ".Then,the dissertation analyses mechanism and ways resolving the piracy problem in various patterns and submits suggestions for how China should face the piracy problem specifically.
The main body of the dissertation is allotted together for the introduction,text and conclusion,there are five chapters in the text.
The first chapter discussed the development of piracy problem in international law of the sea.The pirate's development was accompanying to the conquer of the ocean by human society,since there was the marine trade,there appeared the pirate who had made a living by this.In endless history,the standard evolution about piracy in the individual country and international social order was the model representing the changing mind to "pirate" and the effort process in repression piracy of human being The concept of piracy was almost not changeless during the past 1000 years, whose significance also had no equal to the others.The history of the piracy problem has been discussed in this chapter firstly.Piracy joins committing a crime or illegal activities not having been dropping a hint under modern international law as in ancient Greece and ancient Rome periods,which is only one kind of politics behavior.Even in the Middle Ages,piracy didn't compose an illegal act,the common people still did not make clear of the pirate's definition.Pirate's golden age was the 17th to the mid-18th century,which was also exactly the period in which the law had started to restrict piracy.In the modern times,country authority had defeated the pirate who is all the rage at that moment.The United Kingdom advocated that piracy is an illegal act and took legislation action to piracy firstly.In the middle to later time of 20th centuries,the International law scholars accepted that piracy was the exception to endanger the freedom of the high seas,was a crime to destroy International order and high seas' safety,and was to be "a common enemy of the human being " and a International crime,the piracy should be put in under "universal jurisdiction",every country can arrest it,try it and impose punishment on it. International law scholars did not has the common view to the piracy's definition,nevertheless,in the field of the International law document, before the ends of 20th centuries,also in International community there were a series of the treaties punishing piracy,especially a series of provisions of principle to piracy in 1982 "The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ".All these articles could be gone by of every country when they were arresting a pirate on high seas.
The first chapter then discussed the development of legislation repressing piracy problem.Ocean is the origin in which all living things come into being and maintain on the earth.The right to ocean concemed the common benefit of all people in the world,the development of law of the sea should be known first before going to know the piracy problem.In traditional law of the sea,ocean is divided into territorial waters and the high seas.And the high seas which is not belonging to any country takes up the proportion maximum,with its controlling principle called "freedom of high seas" in the International law of sea.Exactly,piracy threatens the most fundamental content of freedom of the high seas-the navigating freedom, so the international community administers the country to deliver its jurisdiction to the piracy problem.This principle lays its foundation in the customary law,and practices being originated from every country.The treaty also gained its evolution as fast as the development of customary law. Before 20th centuries,international society is accustomed to the piracy regulation all according to the international customary law during the past 17th centuries,the process being always ambiguous,but the systematic discussion from the customary international law to the treaty law of the piracy past out from "Report of the Sub-Committee of the League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law",to "Harvard Research in International Law,Draft Convention on Piracy with Comments",to "The 1958 Geneva Convention on the high seas",finally to "The United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea".These four stages were important stages in international piracy law. In the entire process of the treaty law's formation,the "universal jurisdiction" to the pirate is the item without doubt,the only question is the unlike views in every country to how to exercising such item.The most doubting questions are what the definition of piracy is and what the composing element of piracy is at all.
The first chapter compared the piracy in international law and the piracy in domestic law finally.The piracy in international law should under the "universal jurisdiction" and should shoulder the responsibility by individual.Now,piracy can be tried and punished only by the arresting country and according to its domestic law.Besides international law,there are regulations relating piracy crime in a lot of countries,the international regulations can be exercised only by the help of domestic law.The differences between "the piracy in international law" and "the piracy in domestic law" should be made clear.The maximal difference of piracy between these two concepts lies in the jurisdiction exercising.That is to say, the jurisdiction to the piracy in the international law is a exceptional circumstance,it should be under the "universal jurisdiction" while how to inflicting punishment on pirate still depends on the domestic law. International law and the domestic law have to show the complement to each other,and then it is possible to bring the maximal effect to each other.
The second chapters analyzed the up-to-date development of piracy in international law of sea.This chapter use the method of data studying to analysis the items in piracy and sea armed robbery law cases,including the ships name,IMO serial number,the flag country,date and time,types of ship,gross tonnage,name of area,method of attack,injuries to crew and passengers etc.,which were announced by the MSC of IMO.Through the analysis,we can know the forms such as time,area,victim boat and ship kind,tonnage,loss project and pirate's attacking way that the whole world pirate exercises at present,with area and their project,and with going a step further knowing the situation of every area.We also choose the significant cases such as M.V.Alondra Rainbo,M.V.Global Mars,and the priority cases in 2007 to analyze the new development of piracy in the international law of sea.
This chapter pointed out the characteristics and causes of piracy problem.Today,as a kind of threates to marine safety,the endangers brought about by piracy to all the world can't be allowed to ignore.The modern pirate is unlike the ancient pirates who are always called as "knight" or "chivalrous",the modern pirate is one kind of the high-grade crime who takes economy as purpose downright.As one kind of non-traditional threat to the security,the piracy problem has already exceeded the simple economic field.The diversity of the piracy's development,the universality of the threat,the trend flowing together with the terrorism will endanger the entire world's life security.There are four kinds of particularities in piracy:organized,planned,armed and professional.There are three kinds of types in the pattern of piracy:low level armed robbery,medium level armed assault and robbery,major criminal hijack.At the end of 1980s and the beginning of 90s,the ending of the cold war promoted the whole world piracy problem.The influence of economy,the feasibility of domestic law in stopping piracy,the insufficiency of ability to enforce the law,and the disputes about prolonging the boundary of sea area and the offshore resources are able to hinder the effective cooperation in repressing the piracy problem.
The second chapter finally showed its attention to the union of piracy and the terrorism of the sea.The terrorism is a significant challenge to the world nowadays,is threatening world's peace gravely.There is still no universal terrorism definition today.Though it is not reach complete common view in the definition,there are common characters and essential features of terrorism.It is easier to suffer terrorism assaults to the shipping companies in ocean.As the enlarging of the oppose to the terrorism,the terrist begin to turn its domain to the ocean and does the enormous threat almost to the end.It's shocked that the combination of piracy and terrorism, it is a ponder to international community that how to control the relevant problem after this arousing emergency.
The third chapter reviewed gauge law system in the international law of sea to piracy problem.The article introduced the legislative regulation to piracy in main country of the world first,but if there are articles of "pirate crime" for imposing punishment on,every country's legislation is not consistent with each other.In the United Kingdom,there are "piracy act " and "Tokyo convention in act ".In The United States,there is "Title 18 of US Code".Others in France law,Russia Criminal code,Canada Criminal code,Spain Criminal code,Korea Criminal code,there are independence committing criminal of relating to a pirate inflicts punishment on article. While in Germany and Korea,there are regulations on general robber crime and aggravation robber crime only without the independent pirate crime stipulation in the criminal code.
The third chapter studies classic cases relate to aspect such as armed rebellion group behavior case,the case about that piracy administers,the case about piracy place,the case about the inner betrays and the case about politic purpose etc.
This chapter focused on Article 100 to 107 of 1982 "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea "and showed the judgments to the contents and pointed out the deficiency in which these articles embodied. In 1982 "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ",the definition of piracy is almost same to the one in "The 1958 Geneva Convention on the high seas".According to the definition,Piracy consists of any of the following acts:(a) Any illegal acts of violence or detention,or any act of depredation,committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft,and directed:(ⅰ) on the high seas,against another ship or aircraft,or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft;(ⅱ) against a ship,aircraft,persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State;(b) Any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft;(c) Any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in sub-paragraph(a) or(b).According to the Convention,all States shall co-operate to the fullest possible extent in the repression of piracy on the high seas or in any other place outside the jurisdiction of any State,so it is the duty of every country to cooperate in the repression of piracy.According to the Convention,where the seizure of a ship or aircraft on suspicion of piracy has been affected without adequate grounds,the State making the seizure shall be liable to the State the nationality of which is possessed by the ship or aircraft,for any loss or damage caused by the seizure.A seizure on account of piracy may only be carried out by warships or military aircraft,or other ships or aircraft clearly marked and identifiable as being on government service and authorized to that effect.And according to the Convention,where the seizure of a ship or aircraft on suspicion of piracy has been affected without adequate grounds,the State making the seizure shall be liable to the State the nationality of which is possessed by the ship or aircraft,for any loss or damage caused by the seizure.It is still a dispute to the problem of the pirate proprietary fight of boat,ship and booty.
The third chapter also gave comments to similar behaviors to piracy in the international law of sea.The boat robbery,air piracy in dreadful action, the unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation have some similarities with piracy in the international law of sea,but we can still draw a line between them by discussing their respective particularities.
The fourth chapter talked about the cooperation among nations to stop piracy,having been mentioned the relations between piracy problem and the principle of cooperation among nations.The principle of cooperation among nations refers to that every country has duty to cooperate with the others in all respects without exception in political economy,society and culture.And it can be seen that the regulation from relevante international law document,the principle of cooperation among nations not only being the base of international law,also becoming a trend in which it will be the international duty of countries.The principle of cooperation among nations is the interdependence of the modern country,the foundation of developing of all countries.The principle has got the development conforming to the times it is unceasingly rich and displays new characteristics.Since the principle of cooperation among nations is one base of international law,it can be applied to the practice in punishing piracy.Moreover the applying of this principle is the request of punishment to international piracy crime.At present,the international instrument stipulates the principle in regressing piracy,that is to say,all countries should work together to oppose the piracy,to bear the duties in attacking the pirate.
Then this chapter turned to analyze the problem in cooperating to repress the piracy.At present,the international community come across the problems in the process of operational striking are the length and breadth of piracy activity relates to the water area,the "white blank"of law's enforcement,be adjacent to the poor country,difficult to cooperate to strike, the action of the pirate is exercised secretly and complicated,dreadful influence ganging up,attacking means nimbly and so on.At present,there are two kinds of views in attacking the piracy by cooperation:the progress under the lead of the United Nations and various international organizations or the process under the regional cooperation with relevance country and power's participation,all the progresses should be complemented with the efforts of the whole shipping industry.
The chapter discussed the cooperation of the international community to stop the piracy and the efforts.International Maritime Organization,the United Nations,and the International Maritime Bureau all set their efforts to regress the piracy.The owner of vessels,the captain seaman should also adopt all effective measures on stopping piracy and cutting down dangers to the seaman,to the ship,and to the international trade.
The fifth chapters discussed the china's strikes to the international piracy crime.The article pointed out piracy threat to china,in fact,the ocean carriage of china has become a attacking target of piracy gradually, the ponder that the crime at the sea to our country is safety in passage headed by piracy threates has been shown gradually,the piracy has already showed obvious threat to national security of our country.How to attack the piracy in cooperation,how to protect our country's distant ocean safety, they are hanging over our heads gradually.
At present countermeasures in striking pirate in china are two aspects with the sharpening perfect of legislation and practice.In legislation aspect, our country has already joined 1982 "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea "and ought to bear corresponding duty of the convention, but since our country didn't has clear stipulation in punishment numerous difficulties in the process suitable for use.For the problem resolving,we think it is necessary to stipulate the definition of piracy in china's legislation correctly and definitely for reference.In the aspect of practice, as a criminal act,piracy is repressed by a branch in maritime safety subordinate to Ministry of Public Security,and repressed by a supervising team of State Oceanic Administration,and repressed by Maritime Safety Administration to reinforce the connection with International Maritime Organization.Besides,the striving of navy is helping when certainly needing.Lately a lot of cases,such as M.V.MARINE FORTUNER, M.V.Tenyu,M.V.Cheung Son are indicating that China has already thought carefully that it will bring judicial procedure to trial in piracy cases and integrate the available repressing strengths to make the striking more effective.
In the field of the regional cooperation,China and the relevant country cooperated closely to attack the pirate in the South China Sea.Rampant piracy problem in the South China Sea has already aroused attentions of every country oneself and the international organization in this area. International pressure forces country individual or cooperating to take activities to stop the pirate's action,expecting to be able to have an effect to solve the piracy problem.The defects of the whole world cooperation frame in the respect of attacking the pirate in the South China Sea are: International convention's boundary about "piracy " fixes indeterminacy, inharmonious,has a small effect to take precautions against attacking piracy,not all China and ASEAN countries join "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea " and the relevant conventions of United Nations and IMO,IMB in repressing piracy,the international maritime safety convention can not satisfy benefit of every country in the area,we should think more about how to put the regional cooperation into effect much and how to defend the maritime safety of the South China Sea conscientiously.Be to overcome the challenge that piracy problem in the South China Sea brings about,countries in the area and outside the border all try to build relevant cooperation mechanism,realizing area situation's stabilization.In the cooperation to attack the pirate in the South China Sea area,the construction is a kind of "many dicker pattern ".In the course of safe cooperation in striking pirate,every participative country's benefits are unlike,their strategy intention are also different.To china,to solve piracy problem effectively,the effort of the individual country is insufficient,we should have the departmental chauvinism integrating strength of the country in this area,removing every country's own selfish benefit,and establish many-sided regional cooperation mechanism,and then we can be able to solve the problem efficiently.On one hand China should make great efforts to become the ocean powerful country,on the other hand china should deal with more concrete matters to promote many ways of regional cooperation in the South China Sea.Chinese participated in many actions for regional cooperation in attacking pirate and signed various conventions and took part in many organizations in opposing pirate in this area and participated in actively to our country's own pirate activity,good faith and efforts having been demonstrated from these actions sufficiently in the respect of attacking the pirate,defending world shipping safety by our country.In the future,how much dynamics and attentions that Chinese shows in striking piracy is not only important to the development of our country's shipping industry,to the benefits in safety of ocean,but is essential to the far-reaching influence to the international image of our country
引文
1 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p1
2 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,p3
3 H.A.Smith,The Law and Custom of the sea,London:Stevens and Sons Ltd.,1980,p78
4 一说希腊文"peirates"的意思只是“冒险者”(adventurer).Jacobw.F.Sundburg,“Piracy:Air and Sea,''De Paul Law Review,Vol.20(1987),P337;一说"pirata"意为“海上骑士”(maritime knight).J.w.Boulton,“The Law of piracy”,The Indian Year Book of International Affairs(1989),p.97
5 《荷马史诗》是现存最早描述海盗的历史性文物,作者荷马生存年代一般估计为公元前10世纪,这也是本文界定古希腊海盗时间的由来。
6 宋志发译:《伊里亚特》,中国少年儿童出版社,2001年版,第2页
7 Will Durant著,罗兴译:《世界文明史:希腊的兴起》,世界知识出版社,2000年版,第3页
8 宋志发译:《伊里亚特》,中国少年儿童出版社,2001年版,第28页
9 http://www.cindyvallar.com
10 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p2
11 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p3
12 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p3
13 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,p10
14 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,p11
15 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,p13
16 http://www.cindyvallar.com
17 http://www.cindyvallar.com
18 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future",Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p163
19 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future",Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p 164
20 Ethan A.Nadelman,"Global Prohibition Regimes:The Norms in International Society," International Organization,Vol.44(1992),pp486--487
21 M.J.Peterson,"An Histornical Perspective on the Incidence of Piracy," in Eric Ellen ed.,Piracy at sea,Paris:International Maritime Bureau,(1989),p51
22 M.J.Peterson,"An Histornical Perspective on the Incidence of Piracy," in Eric Ellen ed.,Piracy at sea,Paris:International Maritime Bureau,(1989),p52
23 C.M.Senior,A National of pirates:English Piracy in Its Heyday,New York:Crane Russak,1986,p149
24 David Delison Hebb,Piracy and the English Government:1616--1642,Aldershot:Scholar Press,1994,p273
25 Adam Watson,European International Society and Its Expansion,Baltimore,Md York Press,1987,p155
26 Adam Watson,European International Society and Its Expansion,Baltimore,Md York Press,1987,p158
27 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,pp19--25
28 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,pp26--29
29 E.P.Andreyev,The International Law of the Sea,Progress Publishers,1988,pp55-57
30 周忠海:《论现代国际海洋法中的海盗》,自《周忠海国际法论文集》,北京出版社,2005年版,第251页
31 Ethan A.Nadelman,"Global Prohibition Regimes:The Norms in International Society," International Organization,Vol.44(1992),p490
32 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p58
33[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第174页
34 Henry Whenton,Elements of International Law,Oxford University Press,1986,pp 163--164
35 E.P.Andreyev,The International Law of the Sea,Progress Publishers,1988,p45
36 E.P.Andreyev,The International Law of the Sea,Progress Publishers,1988,p87
37 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future",Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p 169
38 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,pp3--4
39 L.A.Shearer著,陈锦华译:《国际法》,台北五南图书出版社,2000年版,第309页
40 Central and South America Chornology Website.http://campus.northpark.edu/history/webchron/Americas/Tordesillas.html.visited on April 1,2007
41 L.A.Shearer著,陈锦华译:《国际法》,台北五南图书出版社,2000年版,第310页
42[荷]格老秀斯著,马忠法译:《论海洋自由》,上海人民出版社,2005年版,第86页
43 丘宏达:《现代国际法》,台北三民书局,1995年版,第68页
44 Law of War:Declaration of Paris,1856,available at the Avalon Project at the Yale Law School Website,http://www.Yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/law of war/decparis.htm visited on April 8,2007
45[德]沃尔夫刚·格拉夫、魏智勇主编,吴越、毛晓飞译:《国际法》,法律出版社,2002年版,第289页
46 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Vol.2,edited by A.Shearer,Oxford Clarendon Press,1984,p979
47 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,pp36--42
48 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,pp86--87
49 此论点在1696年RexV.Dauson案中得到法官Charles Hedges爵士的支持,成为英国扩大其对海上犯罪管辖权的理论基础。
50 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p14
51 Valencia Mark J,"League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law,Questionnaire No.6:Piracy,"American Journal of International Law,Vol.20(1986),p585
52 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future",Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p 169
53 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future",Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p 169
54 H.A.Smith,"The Law and Custom of the sea",London:Stevens and Sons Ltd.,1980,p98
55 H.A.Smith,"The Law and Custom of the sea",London:Stevens and Sons Ltd.,1980,p98
56 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p44
57 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p45
58 Harvard Research in International Law,"Draft Convention on Piracy",American Journal of International Law Supplement 743(1982),p386
59 George R.Constantinople,"Toward a New Definition of Piracy:The Achille Lauro Incident",Virginia Journal of International Law,Vol.26(1986),p733
60 George R.Constantinople,"Toward a New Definition of Piracy:The Achille Lauro Incident",Virginia Journal of International Law,Vol.26(1986),p734
61 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p104
62 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p105
63 Phillip A.Buhler,"New Struggle with an old Menace:Towards a Revised Definition of Maritime Piracy",South Texas College of Law Currents International Trade Law Journal,Vol.Ⅸ,No.10(2001),available at South Texas College of Law Website,http://www.stci.edu/currents/upcoming.topics.html,visited on April 16,2006
66 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p123
67 H.A.Smith,The Law and Custom of the sea,London:Stevens and Sons Ltd.,1980,p88
68 H.A.Smith,The Law and Custom of the sea,London:Stevens and Sons Ltd.,1980,p105
69 Jacob W.F.Sundburg,"Piracy:Air and Sea,"De Paul Law Review,Vol.20(1988),pp341--346
70[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第175页
80 DWT7762,IMO NO.9178094,MSC/Circ.937,No.9
81 IMO,Piracy and armed robbery at sea.IMO,January 2000.CSS,Piracy in southeast Assia,Strategic Briefing Papers,Volume 3,Part 2,June 2000
82 Mark Bruyneel,"Tale ofa Mordern Pirate Gang",at http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Garden/5213/gang.htm,visited in July 25,2007
83 Reports and acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships in 2006,MSC/Circ.976,01,Janurary 2008,IMO
84 Barry Buzan and ole Wver,Regions and powers:The structure of The International Law of Sea,Cambridge University Press,2006,p 156
85 Song Yann-Huei.,"The Overall Situation in the Sea in the New Millenium:Before and After the September 11Terrorist Attacks." Ocean Development & International Law,2004.p45
86 包括2005年6月5日《国际先驱论坛报》、2005年6月9日美国国际战略发展研究中心、2005年6月29日美国《时代周刊》)
91 IMO,Worldwide maritime piracy:A real world snapshot of modern day maritime piracy situation,IMO,June 2005
92 赫凛冽:《当前国际社会海盗犯罪的特点及对策》,载《辽宁警专学报》,2005年第7期,第32页
93 安南在“民主、恐怖主义和安全问题国际首脑会议全体闭幕式上的主旨讲话”2005年3月,西班牙马德里,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/sg/sg_madrid.htm
94 王逸舟著:《恐怖主义溯源》,社会科学文献出版社,2002年版,第14页
95 陈志军:《恐怖主义定义解读》,载《法学研究》,2005年第1期,第24页
96 Ben Saul,Defnning Terrorism in The International Law of Sea,Oxford University Press,2006,p 126
97 Ben Saul,Defnning Terrorism in The International Law of Sea,Oxford University Press,2006,p128
98 中国现代国际关系研究所反恐怖研究中心:《国际恐怖主义与反恐怖斗争》,北京时事出版社,2001年版第4页
99 王英强:《警惕海上恐怖主义浪潮》,载《国家安全通讯》,2003年第8期,第25页
100 Luft,Gal and Anne Korin.,"Terrorism Goes To Sea".Foreign Affairs,November/December 2004,p119
101 Luft,Gal and Anne Korin.,"Terrorism Goes To Sea".Foreign Affairs,November/December 2004,p120
102 Luft,Gal and Anne Korin.,"Terrorism Goes To Sea".Foreign Affairs,November/December 2004,p121
103 刘中民:《海洋领域的非传统安全威胁及其对当代国际关系的影响》,载《中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版)》,2004年第4期,第41页
104 刘中民:《海洋领域的非传统安全威胁及其对当代国际关系的影响》,载《中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版)》,2004年第4期,第41页
105 刘中民:《海洋领域的非传统安全威胁及其对当代国际关系的影响》,载《中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版)》,2004年第4期,第43页
106 刘亚莉:《论马六甲海峡的安全现状-非传统威胁与传统威胁并存》,载《东南亚之窗》,2007年第1期,第13页
107 刘亚莉:《论马六甲海峡的安全现状-非传统威胁与传统威胁并存》,载《东南亚之窗》,2007年第1期,第15页
108 王英强:《警惕海上恐怖主义浪潮》,载《国家安全通讯》,2003年第8期,第25页
109 王铁崖:《国际法》,法律出版社,1995年版,第35页
110 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p979
111 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p980
112 周忠海主编:《国际法学述评》,法律出版社,2001年版,第129页
113 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p983
114 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p984
115 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p985
116 储槐植译:《美国刑法》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第21页
117 罗结珍译:《法国刑法典》,中国人民公安大学出版社,1995年版,第128页
118 赵微译:《俄罗斯联邦刑法》,北京法律出版社,2003年版,第379页
119 卞建林等译:《加拿大刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社,1999年版,第44-45页
120 潘灯译:《西班牙刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年版,第66页
121 张明楷等译:《日本刑法典》,法律出版社,1999年版,第158页
122 张明楷等译:《日本刑法典》,法律出版社,1999年版,第158页
123 金永哲译:《韩国刑法典及单行刑法》,中国人民大学出版社,1996年版,第88页
124 许久生等译:《德国刑法典》,中国法制出版社,2000年版,第215页
125 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p917
126 E.P.Andreyev,The International Law of the Sea,Progress Publishers,1988,p 176
127 E.P.Andreyev,The International Law of the Sea,Progress Publishers,1988,p 143
128 E.P.Andreyev,The International Law of the Sea,Progress Publishers,1988,p 177
129 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p917
130 Thomas M.Franck,"To Define and Punish Piracies-The Lesson Of the Santa Maria:A Comment."in "International Criminal Law",Published by Fred B.Rothma Co.New York 1985,p220
131 Thomas M.Franck,"To Define and Punish Piracies-The Lesson Of the Santa Maria:A Comment".in "International Criminal Law",Published by Fred B.Rothma Co.New York 1985,p221
132 Thomas M.Franck,"To Define and Punish Piracies-The Lesson Of the Santa Mada:A Comment".in "International Criminal Law",Published by Fred B.Rothma Co.New York 1985,p223
133[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第176页
134 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp825-828
135 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp825--828
136 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp829--831
137 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp832--834
138 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp834--835
139 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp835--848
140 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp837--839
141 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp730--731
142 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp730--731
143 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp730--731
144 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp731--733
145 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp733--734
146 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp735--736
147 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp736--737
148 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp738--739
149 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp738--739
150 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp739--740
151 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p119
152 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p120
153 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p121
154 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p121
155 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p122
156 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p123
159 J.W.Boulton,"The Law of Piracy," Indian Year Book of International Affairs(1989),p108
160 雷菘生:《海洋法》,台北中华书局,1964年版,第22页
161[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第175页
162 朱子芬:《海洋法》,台北国立编译馆,1983年版,第85页
163 P.W.Bimie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future",Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p176
164 Ian Brownlie,Principles of Public International Law,4~(th) ed,Oxford Clarendon Press,1990,p241
165 Ian Brownlie,Principles of Public International Law,4~(th) ed,Oxford Clarendon Press,1990,p151
166[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第176页
167[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第177页
168 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p929
169 黄异:《国际海洋法》,台北中华书局,1990年版,第80页
170 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p162
171 王秋玲:《论国际法上海盗罪构成条件之弊端》,载《法学杂志》,2006年第6期,第22页
172 王秋玲:《论国际法上海盗罪构成条件之弊端》,载《法学杂志》,2006年第6期,第23页
173 J.W.Boulton,"The Law of Piracy," Indian Year Book of International Affairs(1989),p109
174[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第178页
175 J.W.Boulton,"The Law of Piracy," Indian Year Book of International Affairs(1989),p110
176 J.W.Boulton,"The Law of Piracy," Indian Year Book of International Affairs(1989),p109
177 Alfred P.Rubin,"Is Piracy illegal?" American Journal of International Law,Vol.70,1976,p92
178 Alfred P.Rubin,"Is Piracy illegal?" American Journal of International Law,Vol.70,1976,p93
179 Alfred P.Rubin,"Is Piracy illegal?" American Journal of International Law,Vol.70,1976,p94
180 R.R.Churchill,The Law of Sea,Manchester Press,1988,p189
181 R.R.Churchill,The Law of Sea,Manchester Press,1988,p198
182 丘宏达:《现代国际法》,台北三民书局,1995年版,第372页
183 刘楠来、周子亚、王可菊等著:《国际海洋法》,海洋出版社,1986年版,第198页
184 联合国新闻部编,高之国译:《联合国海洋法公约评介》,海洋出版社,1986年版,第123页
185 联合国新闻部编,高之国译:《联合国海洋法公约评介》,海洋出版社,1986年版,第124页
186[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第178页
191 俞宽赐:《新世纪国际法》,台北:作者自版,1995年,第80页
192 L.Oppenheim,International Law,Vol.l,8~(th)ed.edited by H.Lauterpacht(London:Longrnan,1957),p.28.
193 p.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future,"Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p177
194 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future,"Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p178
195 赵理海著:《海洋法问题研究》,北京大学出版社,1997年版,第198页
196 赵理海著:《海洋法问题研究》,北京大学出版社,1997年版,第199页
197 Ben Saul,Defnning Terrorism in The International Law of the Sea,Oxford University Press,2006,p35
198 Ben Saul,Defnning Terrorism in The International Law of the Sea,Oxford University Press,2006,p35
199 Ben Saul,Defnning Terrorism in The International Law of the Se,Oxford University Press,2006,p48
200 洪慧珠:《劫机行为之国际法研究》,台北商务印书馆,1987年版,第7页
201 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p65
202 牛振宇:《关于普遍原则若干问题的思考》,载于《四川大学学报》1996年第2期,第35页
203 万鄂湘:《国际强行法与国际公共政策》,武汉大学出版社1991年版,第117页。
204 吉敏丽:《国际合作原则与构建和谐世界》,载《甘肃省政法管理干部学院学报》,2006年第4期,第56页
205 周忠海主编:《国际法》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年版,第140页
206 Jay M.Vodelson,"Multinational Approaches to Eradicating International Pirates ",The International Lawyer,spring 2002,Volume3 6,p69
207 Jay M.Vodelson,"Multinational Approaches to Eradicating International Pirates",The International Lawyer,spring 2002,Volume36,p70
208 Jay M.Vodelson,"Multinational Approaches to Eradicating International Pirates",The International Lawyer,spring 2002,Volume36,p71
209 Jay M.Vodelson,"Multinational Approaches to Eradicating International Pirates",the International Lawyer,spring 2002,Volume36,p69
210 周鲠生:《国际法》(上册),商务印书馆,1981年10月版,第66页
211 张海文主编:《<联合国海洋法公约>释义集》,海洋出版社,2006年版,第188页
213 www.iccwbo.org/ccs/news-archives/2005/electric--fence.asp.visiting at 23,January,2005
214 Mo John."Options to Combat Maritime Piracy".Ocean Development And International Law,2003.p127
215 Mo John."Options to Combat Maritime Piracy".Ocean Development And International Law,2003.p131
216 朱凤岚:《日本对东南亚海盗问题的介入及其影响》,载《东南亚研究》,2002年第6期,第32页
217 朱凤岚:《日本对东南亚海盗问题的介入及其影响》,载《东南亚研究》,2002年第6期,第33页
218 胡友聪:《聚焦反盗合作拉开帷幕》,载《中国海洋报》,2003年7月30日
219 胡友聪:《聚焦反盗合作拉开帷幕》,载《中国海洋报》,2003年7月30日
220 端木正主编:《国际法》,北京大学出版社,1989年版,第159页
221 有关联合国秘书长每年提出的海洋与海洋法报告书的相关内容,可以查询“国际海事组织”的网站。http://www.imo.org
222 Reports and acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships in 2006,A/RES/53/32,visited on 01,Janurary 2007,http://www.un.org
223 http://www.imo.org/about/mainframe.sap?topic_id=3,visited on 5 Nov,2006
224 http://www.imo.org/about/mainframe.sap?topic_id=3,visited on 5 Nov,2006
225 http://www.imo.org/about/mainframe.sap?topic_id=3,visited on 5 Nov,2006
226 编者:《关于海盗和海上暴力行为的示范国内法简介》,载《中国远洋航务》,2004年第2期
227 http://www.iccwbo.org/id96/index.html,visited on 8 Aug,2006
228 孙莎岚:《和平崛起与我国的南海政策》,载《中山大学学报》,2005年第3期,第35页
229 孙莎岚:《和平崛起与我国的南海政策》,载《中山大学学报》,2005年第3期,第35页
230 Akimoto,Kazumine."The Current State of Maritime Security -- Structural Weaknesses and Threats in the Sea Lanes." From the conference "Maritime Security in Southeast Asia and Southwest Asia",Institute for International Policy Studies,Tokyo,11-13 December 2006.p77
231 王秀英:《南海权益与中国崛起》,载《理论界》,2005年第6期,第34页
232 Akimoto,Kazumine,"The Current State of Maritime Security -- Structural Weaknesses and Threats in the Sea Lanes." From the conference "Maritime Security in Southeast Asia and Southwest Asia",Institute for International Policy Studies,Tokyo,11-13 December 2006.p77
233 王秀英:《南海权益与中国崛起》,载《理论界》,2005年第6期,第34页
234 王传军:《区外大国对南海地区的渗透及其影响》,载《当代亚太》,2005年第11期,第14页
235 王秀英:《南海权益与中国崛起》,载《理论界》,2005年第6期,第34页
236 邵津主编:《国际法》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第47页
237 Beckman Robert C,"Combatting Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships:The Way Forward."Ocean Development and International Law,2002,p29
238 http://www.mps.gov.cn,visited on 18 Aug,2007
239 http://www.msa.gov.cn/Jgjj,visited on 18 Aug,2007
240 http://www.scssinfo.com/zfjc,visited on 18 Aug,2007
241 http://www.mps.gov.cn/cenweb/brjlCenweb/jsp/common/three_jsgl/category=700708&category_pic040561
242 http://www.scssinfo.com/zfjc/jc-0011.htm,visited on 18Aug,2007
243 http://www.msa.gov.cn/Jgjj/Nsjg.aspx?category_id=1&category=2,visited on 18 Aug,2007
244 http://www.jsmsa.gov.cn/,visited on 18 Aug,2007
245 http://www.gdmsa.gov.cn/,visited on 18 Aug,2007
246 http://www.gxmsa.gov.cn/,visited on 18 Aug,2007
247 http://www.mps.gov.cn/cenweb/brjlCenweb/jsp/common/three_jsgl.jsp?category=700708&category_pic=700708099,visited on 19 Aug,2007
248 吴纯光:《太平洋上的较量--当代中国的海洋战略问题》,今日中国出版社,1998年版,第30页
249 赵长庆:《东盟、上海合作组织与中国》,载《当代亚太》,2003年第11期,第33页
250 赵长庆:《东盟、上海合作组织与中国》,载《当代亚太》,2003年第11期,第33页
251 罗剑波:《美国的南中国海政策与中国国家安全环境》,载《云南大学学报》,2006年第1期,第45页
252 http://www.iccwbo.org/id96/index.html,visited on 8 Aug,2006
253 Bradford John.,"The Growing Prospects For Maritime Security Coperation".In Asia Naval War College Review,Summer 2005,Vol.58,No.3,p33
254 Ghosh P.K.,"Maritime Security Challenges in South Asia and the Indian Ocean:Response Strategies." Center for Strategic and International Studies,Honolulu,Hawaii,January 2004,p45
255 http://www.un.org/law/sea/#article,visited on 20 Aug,2007
256 Pew Oceans Commission编,周秋麟等译:《规划美国海洋事业的航程》,海洋出版社,2005年版,第102页
257 Pew Oceans Commission编,周秋麟等译:《规划美国海洋事业的航程》,海洋出版社,2005年版,第98页
258 Pew Oceans Commission编,周秋麟等译:《规划美国海洋事业的航程》,海洋出版社,2005年版,第231页
259 Snyder Craig A," Building Multilateral Security Cooperation in the South China Sea".,Asian Perspective 21,Spring-Summer,2006,p67
260 李金明:《马六甲海峡与东南亚地区安全》,载《东南亚研究》,2007年第6期,第34页
261 Snyder Craig A,"Building Multilateral Security Cooperation in the South China Sea.," Asian Perspective 21,Spring-Summer,2006,p68
262 廖新年、李玉华:《大国争夺中的马六甲海峡》,载《当代世界》,2006年第3期,第24页
263 王传军:《区外大国对南海地区的渗透及其影响》,载《当代亚太》,2005年第11期,第15页
264 王传军:《区外大国对南海地区的渗透及其影响》,载《当代亚太》,2005年第11期,第15页
265 罗剑波:《美国的南中国海政策与中国国家安全环境》,载《云南大学学报》,2006年第1期,第46页
266 张刚:《东南亚海上通道安全与大国博弈》,载《当代海军》,2006年第7期,第35页
267 张刚:《东南亚海上通道安全与大国博弈》,载《当代海军》,2006年第7期,第38页
268 南海问题研究中心:《“21世纪的南海问题与前瞻”研讨会文选》,2000年,第87页
269 陈明定:《东盟区域论坛的发展对中国安全环境的影响》,载《东南亚纵横》,2005年第4期,第27页
270 Smith Gary J," Multilateralism and Regional Security in Asia:The ASEAN Regional Forum(ARF) and APEC's Geopolitical Value",The Weatherhead Center for International Affairs Harvard University 2005,p66
271 Smith Gary J," Multilateralism and Regional Security in Asia:The ASEAN Regional Forum(ARF) and APEC's Geopolitical Value.",The Weatherhead Center for International Affairs Harvard University 2005,p67
272 Bateman,Sam and Stephen Bates,eds," The Seas Unite:Maritime Cooperation in the Asia Pacific Region,"Canberra:Australian National University,Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,2006,p43
273 Ji Guoxing,"Rough Waters in the South China Sea:Navigation Issues and Confidence-Building Measures.",East-West Center Analysis,August 2005,p21
274 Valencia Mark J,"Regional Maritime Marine Building:Prospects in Southeast Asia",Ocean Development and International Law,2006,p97
275 Valencia Mark J,"Regional Maritime Marine Building:Prospects in Southeast Asia",Ocean Development and International Law,2006,p97
276 Bateman Sam and Stephen Bates,eds,"The Seas Unite:Maritime Cooperation in the Asia Pacific Region",Canberra:Australian National University,Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,2006,p32
277 Bateman Sam and Stephen Bates,eds,"The Seas Unite:Maritime Cooperation in the Asia Pacific Region",Canberra:Australian National University,Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,2006,p33
278 陈明定:《东盟区域论坛的发展对中国安全环境的影响》,载《东南亚纵横》,20D5年第4期,第28页
279 Ghosh P.K," Maritime Security Challenges in South Asia and the Indian Ocean:Response Strategies.",Center for Strategic and International Studies,Honolulu,Hawaii,January 2004.,p46
280 张蕴岭:《中国在亚太地区面临的国际环境》,中国社会科学出版社,2005年版,第121页
281 Thao Nguyen Hong," The 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea:A Note." Ocean Development & International Law,2003,p63
282 Thao Nguyen Hong.,"The 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea:A Note." Ocean Development & International Law,2003,p65
283 Thao Nguyen Hong,"The 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea:A Note."Ocean Development & International Law,2003,p67
284 杨凯:《东南亚海盗的区域治理》,载《东南亚纵横》,2005年第7期,第31页
285 杨凯:《东南亚海盗的区域治理》,载《东南亚纵横》,2005年第7期,第32页
286 骆莉:《中国国家安全中的南海问题初探》,载《暨南学报》,第一卷,2005年,第21页
287 孙晖明:《亚洲的海盗问题》,载《国际资料信息》,2005年第10期,第34页
288 http://www.mxfa.go.jp/announce/2006/0428.html
289 Ethan A.Nadelman,"Global Prohibition Regimes:The Norms in International Society," International Organization,Vol.44(1992)pp484--486
290 Barry Hart Dubner,"piracy in contemporary national and international law,"The California Western International Law Journal,Vol.21(1998),pp 146-147
291 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy in Mordern International Law,"Grotius Society,Vol.43(1997),pp69-70
292 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy in Mordern International Law,"Grotius Society,Vol.43(1997),p68
293 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy in Mordern International Law,"Grotius Society,Vol.43(1997),p71
294 Samuel Pyeatt Menifee,"Scourges of the sea:Piracy and violent Maritime crime,"Marine Policy Reports Vol.1(1989),p27
295 Samuel Pyeatt Menifee,"Scourges of the sea:Piracy and violent Maritime crime,"Marine Policy Reports Vol.1(1989),p28
296 Ko Tun Hwa,"Piracy and anti-piracy,"Singapore:Heinemann Asia,1988,p193
297 Eric Ellen,"Piracy at Sea,"Paris:International Maritime Bureau,1989,p5
298 http://www.iccwbo.org/id05121/index.html,visited on 26 Aug,2007
299 http://www.iccwbo.org/id05005/index.html,visited on 13 Oct,2007
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2.周忠海主编:《国际法》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年版
3.周忠海主编:《国际法学述评》,法律出版社,2001年版
4.周忠海著:《国际海洋法》,中国政法大学出版社,1987年版
5.周鲠生著:《国际法》(上册),商务印书馆,1981年10月版
6.王铁崖著:《国际法》,法律出版社,1995年版
7.端木正主编:《国际法》,北京大学出版社,1989年版
8.邵津主编:《国际法》,北京大学出版社,2005年版
9.赵理海著:《海洋法的新发展》,北京大学出版社,1984年版
10.赵理海著:《当代海洋法的理论与实践》,法律出版社,1987年版
11.赵理海著:《海洋法问题研究》,北京大学出版社,1997年版
12.刘楠来、周子亚、王可菊等著:《国际海洋法》,海洋出版社,1986年版
13.雷菘生著:《海洋法》,台北中华书局,1964年版
14.朱子芬著:《海洋法》,台北国立编译馆,1983年版
15.黄异著:《国际海洋法》,台北中华书局,1990年版
16.丘宏达著:《现代国际法》,台北三民书局,1995年版
17.俞宽赐著:《新世纪国际法》,台北:作者自版,1995年
18.高之国、张海文、贾宇主编:《国际海洋法的理论与实践》,海洋出版社,2006年版
19.鹿守本主编:《海洋法律制度》,光明日报出版社,1992年版
20.万鄂湘著:《国际强行法与国际公共政策》,武汉大学出版社1991年版
21.储槐植译:《美国刑法》,北京大学出版社,2005年版
22.罗结珍译:《法国刑法典》,中国人民公安大学出版社,1995年版
23.赵微译:《俄罗斯联邦刑法》,北京法律出版社,2003年版
24.卞建林等译:《加拿大刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社,1999年版
25.潘灯译:《西班牙刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年版
26.张明楷译:《日本刑法典》,法律出版社,1999年版
27.金永哲译:《韩国刑法典及单行刑法》,中国人民大学出版社,1996年版
28.许久生等译:《德国刑法典》,中国法制出版社,2000年版
29.吴纯光著:《太平洋上的较量--当代中国的海洋战略问题》,今日中国出版社,1998年版
30.洪慧珠著:《劫机行为之国际法研究》,台北商务印书馆,1987年版
31.王逸舟著:《恐怖主义溯源》,社会科学文献出版社,2002年版
32.中国现代国际关系研究所反恐怖研究中心:《国际恐怖主义与反恐怖斗争》,北京时事出版社,2001年版
33.周忠海:《论现代国际海洋法中的海盗》,自《周忠海国际法论文集》,北京出版社,2005年版
34.周忠海、王忠宝:《论国际反恐怖斗争中的国际法问题》,载《政法论坛》,2003年第4期
35.石刚:《全球海盗问题综述》,载《国际资料信息》,2004年第3期
36.赫凛冽:《当前国际社会海盗犯罪的特点及对策》,载《辽宁警专学报》,2005年第7期
37.刘亚莉:《论马六甲海峡的安全现状-非传统威胁与传统威胁并存》,载《东南亚之窗》,2007年第1期
38.李金明:《马六甲海峡与东南亚地区安全》,载《东南亚研究》,2007年第6期
39.张刚:《东南亚海上通道安全与大国博弈》,载《当代海军》,2006年第7期
40.王秋玲:《论国际法上海盗罪构成条件之弊端》,载《法学杂志》,2006年第6期
41.朱华友:《南海航行安全对世界经济的影响》,载《南洋问题研究》,2006年第3期
42.杨凯:《东南亚海盗的区域治理》,载《东南亚纵横》,2005年第7期
43.刘中民:《海洋领域的非传统安全威胁及其对当代国际关系的影响》,载《中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版)》,2004年第4期
44.孙晖明:《亚洲的海盗问题》,载《国际资料信息》,2005年第10期
45.刘昭青:《国际防止海上有关犯罪活动措施简介》,载《中国远洋航务公告》,2000年第3期
46.吴慧:《打击海盗行为的国际法规范》,载《人民公安》,2000年12期
47.陈志军:《恐怖主义定义解读》,载《法学研究》,2005年第1期
48.王英强:《警惕海上恐怖主义浪潮》,载《国家安全通讯》,2003年第8期
49.吉敏丽:《国际合作原则与构建和谐世界》,载《甘肃省政法管理干部学院学报》,2006年第4期
50.朱凤岚:《日本对东南亚海盗问题的介入及其影响》,载《东南亚研究》,2002年第6期
51.胡友聪:《聚焦反盗合作拉开帷幕》,载《中国海洋报》,2003年7月30日
52.编者:《关于海盗和海上暴力行为的示范国内法简介》,载《中国远洋航务》,2004年第2期
53.孙莎岚:《和平崛起与我国的南海政策》,载《中山大学学报》,2005年第3期
54.王秀英:《南海权益与中国崛起》,载《理论界》,2005年第6期
55.王传军:《区外大国对南海地区的渗透及其影响》,载《当代亚太》,2005年第11期
56.赵长庆:《东盟、上海合作组织与中国》,载《当代亚太》,2003年第11期
57.罗剑波:《美国的南中国海政策与中国国家安全环境》,载《云南大学学报》,2006年第1期
58.廖新年、李玉华:《大国争夺中的马六甲海峡》,载《当代世界》,2006年第3期
59.陈明定:《东盟区域论坛的发展对中国安全环境的影响》,载《东南亚纵横》,2005年第4期
60.张蕴岭:《中国在亚太地区面临的国际环境》,中国社会科学出版社,2005年版
61.岳德明:《中国南海政策刍议》,载《战略与管理》,2007年第2期
62.骆莉:《中国国家安全中的南海问题初探》,载《暨南学报》,第一卷,2005
63.宋志发译:《伊里亚特》,中国少年儿童出版社,2001年版
64.Will Durant著,罗兴译:《世界文明史:希腊的兴起》,世界知识出版社,2000年版
65.[荷]格老秀斯著,何勤华等译:《战争与和平法》,上海人民出版社,2005年版
66.[荷]格老秀斯著,马忠法译:《论海洋自由》,上海人民出版社,2005年版
67.[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1995年版
68.L.A.Shearer著,陈锦华译:《国际法》,台北五南图书出版社,2000年版
69.Pew Oceans Commission编,周秋麟等译:《规划美国海洋事业的航程》,海洋出版社,2005年版
70.[英]希金斯著,王强生等译:《海上国际法》,法律出版社,1957年版
71.[英]伊恩·布朗利著,曾令良等译:《国际公法原理》,法律出版社,2003年版
72.[美]马汉著,萧伟中译:《海权论》,中国言实出版社,1997年版
73.[英]巴瑞·布赞等著,朱宁译:《新安全论》,浙江人民出版社,2003年版
74.[加]E.M.鲍基斯著,孙清等译:《海洋管理与联合国》,海洋出版社,1996年版
75.[德]沃尔夫刚。格拉夫、魏智勇主编,吴越、毛晓飞译:《国际法》,法律出版 社,2002年版
76.联合国新闻部编,高之国译:《联合国海洋法公约评介》,海洋出版社,1986年版
77.丘宏达编:《现代国际法基本文件》,台湾三民书局,1984年版
78.刘振民编:《海洋法基本文件集》,海洋出版社,2002年版
79.《第三次联合国海洋法会议正式记录》
80.张海文主编:《<联合国海洋法公约>释义集》,海洋出版社,2006年版
81.傅岷成编校:《海洋法相关公约及中英文索引》,厦门大学出版社,2005年版
82.吴士存主编:《南海问题文献汇编》,海南出版社,2001年版
83.南海问题研究中心:《“21世纪的南海问题与前瞻”研讨会文选》,2000年
84.中国国际法学会:《中国国际法年刊(1982-2005)》,法律出版社
85.中国国际法学会学术年会论文资料汇编(2004-2007)
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3.R.R.Churchill and A.V.Lowe,The Law of the Sea,Manchester University Press,1988
4.E.P.Andreyev,The International Law of the Sea,Progress Publishers,1988
5.H.A.Smith,The Law and Custom of the sea,London:Stevens and Sons Ltd.,1980
6.James K.Sebenius,Negotiating the Law of the Sea,Harvard University Press,1990
7.C.M.Senior,A National of pirates:English Piracy in Its Heyday,New York:Crane Russak,1986
8.D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984
9.Henry Whenton,Elements of International Law,Oxford University Press,1986
10.Adam Watson,European International Society and Its Expansion,Baltimore,Md York Press,1987
11.Ian Brownlie,Principles of Public International Law,4~(th) ed,Oxford Clarendon Press,1990
12.David Delison Hebb,Piracy and the English Government:1616-1642,Aldershot:Scholar Press,1994
13.Ben Saul,Defnning Terrorism in The International Law of Sea,Oxford University Press,2006
14.Barry Buzan and ole Wver,Regions and powers:The structure of The International Law of Sea,Cambridge University Press,2006
15.Thomas M.Franck,“To Define and Punish Piracies—The Lesson Of the Santa Maria:A Comment”,International Criminal Law,Published by Fred B.Rothma Co.New York 1985
16.J.W.Boulton,“The Law of Piracy,” Indian Year Book of International Affairs(l989)17.Song Yann-Huei,“The Overall Situation in the Sea in the New Millenium:Before and After the September 11 Terrorist Attacks.” Ocean Development & International Law,2004
18.Ghosh P.K,“Maritime Security Challenges in South Asia and the Indian Ocean:Response Strategies.” Center for Strategic and International Studies,Honolulu,Hawaii,January 2004
19.Smith Gary J,“Multilateralism and Regional Security in Asia:The ASEAN Regional Forum(ARF) and APEC's Geopolitical Value.” The Weatherhead Center for International Affairs Harvard University,2005
20.Bateman Sam and Stephen Bates,“The Seas Unite:Maritime Cooperation in the Asia Pacific Region,” Canberra:Australian National University,Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,2006
21.P.W.Birnie,“Piracy:Past,Present and future”,Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988)
22.Ethan A.Nadelman,“Global Prohibition Regimes:The Norms in International Society,” International Organization,Vol.44(1992)
23.M.J.Peterson,“An Histornical Perspective on the Incidence of Piracy,” Eric Ellen,Piracy at sea,Paris:International Maritime Bureau,(1989)
24.Valencia Mark J,“League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law,Questionnaire No.6:Piracy,”American Journal of International Law,Vol.20(1986)
25.Harvard Research in International Law,Draft Convention on Piracy,American Journal of International Law,Supplement 743(1982)
26.George R.Constantinople,“Toward a New Definition of Piracy:The Achille Lauro Incident”,Virginia Journal of International Law,Vol.26(1986)
27.JacobW.F.Sundburg,“Piracy:Air and Sea,”De Paul Law Review,Vol.20(1988)
28.G.Edward White,“The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases”,American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990
29.Alfred P.Rubin,“Is Piracy illegal?”,American Journal of International Law,Vol.70,1976
30.John Noyes,“An Introduction to the International Law of Piracy,” California Western International Law Journal,Vol.21(1990)
31.Samuel Pyeatt Menefee,“Scourgers of the Sea:Piracy and Violent Maritime Grime,” Marine Policy Reports,Vol.1(1989)
32.IMO,Piracy and armed robbery at sea.IMO,January 2000.CSS,“Piracy in southeast Assia”,Strategic Briefing Papers,Volume 3,Part 2,June 2000
33.Luft Gal and Anne Korin.,“Terrorism Goes To Sea”.Foreign Affairs,November/December 2004
34.Jay M.Vodelson,“Multinational Approaches to Eradicating International Pirates”,The International Lawyer,spring 2002,Volume36
35.Mo John,“Options to Combat Maritime Piracy”.Ocean Development And International Law,2003
36.Naomichi H.Terazaki,“The UNCTAD Perspective on Piracy,” Eric Ellen,Piracy at Sea,Paris:International Maritime Bureau,1989
37.Akimoto Kazumine,“The Current State of Maritime Security--Structural Weaknesses and Threats in the Sea Lanes.” From the conference “Maritime Security in Southeast Asia and Southwest Asia”,Institute for International Policy Studies,Tokyo,11-13 December 2006
38.Beckman Robert C,“Combatting Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships:The Way Forward.” Ocean Development and International Law,2002
39.Bradford John,“The Growing Prospects For Maritime Security Coperation In Asia..” Naval War College Review,Summer 2005,Vol.58,No.3
40.Snyder Craig A,“Building Multilateral Security Cooperation in the South China Sea.”Asian Perspective 21,Spring-Summer,2006
41.Ji Guoxing,“Rough Waters in the South China Sea:Navigation Issues and Confidence-Building Measures.” East-West Center Analysis,August 2005
42.Valencia Mark J,“Regional Maritime Marine Building:Prospects in Southeast Asia”,Ocean Development and International Law,2006
43.Thao Nguyen Hong,“The 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea:A Note.” Ocean Development & International Law,2003
44.Ko Tun Hwa,“Piracy and anti-piracy,”Singapore:Heinemann Asia,1988
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48.Phillip A.Buhler,"New Struggle with an old Menace:Towards a Revised Definition of Maritime Piracy,"South Texas College of Law Currents International Trade Law Journal,Vol.Ⅸ,No.10(2001)
49.IMO,Worldwide maritime piracy:A real world snapshot of modern day maritime piracy situation,IMO,June 2005
50.D.J.Harris,Cases and Materials on International Law,1989
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53.Report of the International Law Commission to the General
54.Assembly,U.N.Doc.A13159,in 2 Year Book of the International Law Committee,8~(th)Session,1956
55.DWT7762,IMO NO.9178094,MSC/Circ.937,No.9
56.Reports and acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships in 2006,MSC/Circ.976,01,Janurary 2008,IMO
57.A report on the conference is contained in IMO Doc[J]Msc 73/INF 4,annex 2,annex 4
1.http://www.lib.whu.edu.cn
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7.http://www.cindycallar.com
8.http://campus.northpark.edu
9.http://www.Yale.eduSouth
10.http://www.stci.edu
11.http://www.imo.org
12.http://www.marisec.org
13.http://www.geocities.com
14.http://www.un.org
15.www.iccwbo.org
16.http://www.mps.gov.cn
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18.http://www.scssinfo.com
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22.http://www.mxfa.go.jp
2 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,p3
3 H.A.Smith,The Law and Custom of the sea,London:Stevens and Sons Ltd.,1980,p78
4 一说希腊文"peirates"的意思只是“冒险者”(adventurer).Jacobw.F.Sundburg,“Piracy:Air and Sea,''De Paul Law Review,Vol.20(1987),P337;一说"pirata"意为“海上骑士”(maritime knight).J.w.Boulton,“The Law of piracy”,The Indian Year Book of International Affairs(1989),p.97
5 《荷马史诗》是现存最早描述海盗的历史性文物,作者荷马生存年代一般估计为公元前10世纪,这也是本文界定古希腊海盗时间的由来。
6 宋志发译:《伊里亚特》,中国少年儿童出版社,2001年版,第2页
7 Will Durant著,罗兴译:《世界文明史:希腊的兴起》,世界知识出版社,2000年版,第3页
8 宋志发译:《伊里亚特》,中国少年儿童出版社,2001年版,第28页
9 http://www.cindyvallar.com
10 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p2
11 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p3
12 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p3
13 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,p10
14 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,p11
15 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,p13
16 http://www.cindyvallar.com
17 http://www.cindyvallar.com
18 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future",Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p163
19 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future",Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p 164
20 Ethan A.Nadelman,"Global Prohibition Regimes:The Norms in International Society," International Organization,Vol.44(1992),pp486--487
21 M.J.Peterson,"An Histornical Perspective on the Incidence of Piracy," in Eric Ellen ed.,Piracy at sea,Paris:International Maritime Bureau,(1989),p51
22 M.J.Peterson,"An Histornical Perspective on the Incidence of Piracy," in Eric Ellen ed.,Piracy at sea,Paris:International Maritime Bureau,(1989),p52
23 C.M.Senior,A National of pirates:English Piracy in Its Heyday,New York:Crane Russak,1986,p149
24 David Delison Hebb,Piracy and the English Government:1616--1642,Aldershot:Scholar Press,1994,p273
25 Adam Watson,European International Society and Its Expansion,Baltimore,Md York Press,1987,p155
26 Adam Watson,European International Society and Its Expansion,Baltimore,Md York Press,1987,p158
27 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,pp19--25
28 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,pp26--29
29 E.P.Andreyev,The International Law of the Sea,Progress Publishers,1988,pp55-57
30 周忠海:《论现代国际海洋法中的海盗》,自《周忠海国际法论文集》,北京出版社,2005年版,第251页
31 Ethan A.Nadelman,"Global Prohibition Regimes:The Norms in International Society," International Organization,Vol.44(1992),p490
32 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p58
33[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第174页
34 Henry Whenton,Elements of International Law,Oxford University Press,1986,pp 163--164
35 E.P.Andreyev,The International Law of the Sea,Progress Publishers,1988,p45
36 E.P.Andreyev,The International Law of the Sea,Progress Publishers,1988,p87
37 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future",Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p 169
38 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,pp3--4
39 L.A.Shearer著,陈锦华译:《国际法》,台北五南图书出版社,2000年版,第309页
40 Central and South America Chornology Website.http://campus.northpark.edu/history/webchron/Americas/Tordesillas.html.visited on April 1,2007
41 L.A.Shearer著,陈锦华译:《国际法》,台北五南图书出版社,2000年版,第310页
42[荷]格老秀斯著,马忠法译:《论海洋自由》,上海人民出版社,2005年版,第86页
43 丘宏达:《现代国际法》,台北三民书局,1995年版,第68页
44 Law of War:Declaration of Paris,1856,available at the Avalon Project at the Yale Law School Website,http://www.Yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/law of war/decparis.htm visited on April 8,2007
45[德]沃尔夫刚·格拉夫、魏智勇主编,吴越、毛晓飞译:《国际法》,法律出版社,2002年版,第289页
46 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Vol.2,edited by A.Shearer,Oxford Clarendon Press,1984,p979
47 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,pp36--42
48 Alfred P.Rubin,The Law of Piracy,New Port,Island Rhode:Naval War College Press,1988,pp86--87
49 此论点在1696年RexV.Dauson案中得到法官Charles Hedges爵士的支持,成为英国扩大其对海上犯罪管辖权的理论基础。
50 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p14
51 Valencia Mark J,"League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law,Questionnaire No.6:Piracy,"American Journal of International Law,Vol.20(1986),p585
52 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future",Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p 169
53 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future",Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p 169
54 H.A.Smith,"The Law and Custom of the sea",London:Stevens and Sons Ltd.,1980,p98
55 H.A.Smith,"The Law and Custom of the sea",London:Stevens and Sons Ltd.,1980,p98
56 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p44
57 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p45
58 Harvard Research in International Law,"Draft Convention on Piracy",American Journal of International Law Supplement 743(1982),p386
59 George R.Constantinople,"Toward a New Definition of Piracy:The Achille Lauro Incident",Virginia Journal of International Law,Vol.26(1986),p733
60 George R.Constantinople,"Toward a New Definition of Piracy:The Achille Lauro Incident",Virginia Journal of International Law,Vol.26(1986),p734
61 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p104
62 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p105
63 Phillip A.Buhler,"New Struggle with an old Menace:Towards a Revised Definition of Maritime Piracy",South Texas College of Law Currents International Trade Law Journal,Vol.Ⅸ,No.10(2001),available at South Texas College of Law Website,http://www.stci.edu/currents/upcoming.topics.html,visited on April 16,2006
66 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p123
67 H.A.Smith,The Law and Custom of the sea,London:Stevens and Sons Ltd.,1980,p88
68 H.A.Smith,The Law and Custom of the sea,London:Stevens and Sons Ltd.,1980,p105
69 Jacob W.F.Sundburg,"Piracy:Air and Sea,"De Paul Law Review,Vol.20(1988),pp341--346
70[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第175页
80 DWT7762,IMO NO.9178094,MSC/Circ.937,No.9
81 IMO,Piracy and armed robbery at sea.IMO,January 2000.CSS,Piracy in southeast Assia,Strategic Briefing Papers,Volume 3,Part 2,June 2000
82 Mark Bruyneel,"Tale ofa Mordern Pirate Gang",at http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Garden/5213/gang.htm,visited in July 25,2007
83 Reports and acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships in 2006,MSC/Circ.976,01,Janurary 2008,IMO
84 Barry Buzan and ole Wver,Regions and powers:The structure of The International Law of Sea,Cambridge University Press,2006,p 156
85 Song Yann-Huei.,"The Overall Situation in the Sea in the New Millenium:Before and After the September 11Terrorist Attacks." Ocean Development & International Law,2004.p45
86 包括2005年6月5日《国际先驱论坛报》、2005年6月9日美国国际战略发展研究中心、2005年6月29日美国《时代周刊》)
91 IMO,Worldwide maritime piracy:A real world snapshot of modern day maritime piracy situation,IMO,June 2005
92 赫凛冽:《当前国际社会海盗犯罪的特点及对策》,载《辽宁警专学报》,2005年第7期,第32页
93 安南在“民主、恐怖主义和安全问题国际首脑会议全体闭幕式上的主旨讲话”2005年3月,西班牙马德里,http://www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/sg/sg_madrid.htm
94 王逸舟著:《恐怖主义溯源》,社会科学文献出版社,2002年版,第14页
95 陈志军:《恐怖主义定义解读》,载《法学研究》,2005年第1期,第24页
96 Ben Saul,Defnning Terrorism in The International Law of Sea,Oxford University Press,2006,p 126
97 Ben Saul,Defnning Terrorism in The International Law of Sea,Oxford University Press,2006,p128
98 中国现代国际关系研究所反恐怖研究中心:《国际恐怖主义与反恐怖斗争》,北京时事出版社,2001年版第4页
99 王英强:《警惕海上恐怖主义浪潮》,载《国家安全通讯》,2003年第8期,第25页
100 Luft,Gal and Anne Korin.,"Terrorism Goes To Sea".Foreign Affairs,November/December 2004,p119
101 Luft,Gal and Anne Korin.,"Terrorism Goes To Sea".Foreign Affairs,November/December 2004,p120
102 Luft,Gal and Anne Korin.,"Terrorism Goes To Sea".Foreign Affairs,November/December 2004,p121
103 刘中民:《海洋领域的非传统安全威胁及其对当代国际关系的影响》,载《中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版)》,2004年第4期,第41页
104 刘中民:《海洋领域的非传统安全威胁及其对当代国际关系的影响》,载《中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版)》,2004年第4期,第41页
105 刘中民:《海洋领域的非传统安全威胁及其对当代国际关系的影响》,载《中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版)》,2004年第4期,第43页
106 刘亚莉:《论马六甲海峡的安全现状-非传统威胁与传统威胁并存》,载《东南亚之窗》,2007年第1期,第13页
107 刘亚莉:《论马六甲海峡的安全现状-非传统威胁与传统威胁并存》,载《东南亚之窗》,2007年第1期,第15页
108 王英强:《警惕海上恐怖主义浪潮》,载《国家安全通讯》,2003年第8期,第25页
109 王铁崖:《国际法》,法律出版社,1995年版,第35页
110 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p979
111 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p980
112 周忠海主编:《国际法学述评》,法律出版社,2001年版,第129页
113 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p983
114 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p984
115 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p985
116 储槐植译:《美国刑法》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第21页
117 罗结珍译:《法国刑法典》,中国人民公安大学出版社,1995年版,第128页
118 赵微译:《俄罗斯联邦刑法》,北京法律出版社,2003年版,第379页
119 卞建林等译:《加拿大刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社,1999年版,第44-45页
120 潘灯译:《西班牙刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年版,第66页
121 张明楷等译:《日本刑法典》,法律出版社,1999年版,第158页
122 张明楷等译:《日本刑法典》,法律出版社,1999年版,第158页
123 金永哲译:《韩国刑法典及单行刑法》,中国人民大学出版社,1996年版,第88页
124 许久生等译:《德国刑法典》,中国法制出版社,2000年版,第215页
125 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p917
126 E.P.Andreyev,The International Law of the Sea,Progress Publishers,1988,p 176
127 E.P.Andreyev,The International Law of the Sea,Progress Publishers,1988,p 143
128 E.P.Andreyev,The International Law of the Sea,Progress Publishers,1988,p 177
129 D.P.O'Connell,The International Law of the Sea,Oxford Clarendon Press 1984,p917
130 Thomas M.Franck,"To Define and Punish Piracies-The Lesson Of the Santa Maria:A Comment."in "International Criminal Law",Published by Fred B.Rothma Co.New York 1985,p220
131 Thomas M.Franck,"To Define and Punish Piracies-The Lesson Of the Santa Maria:A Comment".in "International Criminal Law",Published by Fred B.Rothma Co.New York 1985,p221
132 Thomas M.Franck,"To Define and Punish Piracies-The Lesson Of the Santa Mada:A Comment".in "International Criminal Law",Published by Fred B.Rothma Co.New York 1985,p223
133[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第176页
134 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp825-828
135 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp825--828
136 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp829--831
137 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp832--834
138 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp834--835
139 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp835--848
140 British International Law Cases,Vol3.London,Stevens and Sons Ltd,1985,pp837--839
141 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp730--731
142 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp730--731
143 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp730--731
144 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp731--733
145 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp733--734
146 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp735--736
147 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp736--737
148 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp738--739
149 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp738--739
150 G.Edward White,"The Marshall Court and International Law:The Piracy Cases",American Journal of International Law,Vol.83,1990,pp739--740
151 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p119
152 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p120
153 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p121
154 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p121
155 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p122
156 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p123
159 J.W.Boulton,"The Law of Piracy," Indian Year Book of International Affairs(1989),p108
160 雷菘生:《海洋法》,台北中华书局,1964年版,第22页
161[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第175页
162 朱子芬:《海洋法》,台北国立编译馆,1983年版,第85页
163 P.W.Bimie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future",Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p176
164 Ian Brownlie,Principles of Public International Law,4~(th) ed,Oxford Clarendon Press,1990,p241
165 Ian Brownlie,Principles of Public International Law,4~(th) ed,Oxford Clarendon Press,1990,p151
166[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第176页
167[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第177页
168 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p929
169 黄异:《国际海洋法》,台北中华书局,1990年版,第80页
170 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p162
171 王秋玲:《论国际法上海盗罪构成条件之弊端》,载《法学杂志》,2006年第6期,第22页
172 王秋玲:《论国际法上海盗罪构成条件之弊端》,载《法学杂志》,2006年第6期,第23页
173 J.W.Boulton,"The Law of Piracy," Indian Year Book of International Affairs(1989),p109
174[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第178页
175 J.W.Boulton,"The Law of Piracy," Indian Year Book of International Affairs(1989),p110
176 J.W.Boulton,"The Law of Piracy," Indian Year Book of International Affairs(1989),p109
177 Alfred P.Rubin,"Is Piracy illegal?" American Journal of International Law,Vol.70,1976,p92
178 Alfred P.Rubin,"Is Piracy illegal?" American Journal of International Law,Vol.70,1976,p93
179 Alfred P.Rubin,"Is Piracy illegal?" American Journal of International Law,Vol.70,1976,p94
180 R.R.Churchill,The Law of Sea,Manchester Press,1988,p189
181 R.R.Churchill,The Law of Sea,Manchester Press,1988,p198
182 丘宏达:《现代国际法》,台北三民书局,1995年版,第372页
183 刘楠来、周子亚、王可菊等著:《国际海洋法》,海洋出版社,1986年版,第198页
184 联合国新闻部编,高之国译:《联合国海洋法公约评介》,海洋出版社,1986年版,第123页
185 联合国新闻部编,高之国译:《联合国海洋法公约评介》,海洋出版社,1986年版,第124页
186[英]詹宁斯·瓦茨修订,王铁崖等译:《奥本海国际法》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版,第178页
191 俞宽赐:《新世纪国际法》,台北:作者自版,1995年,第80页
192 L.Oppenheim,International Law,Vol.l,8~(th)ed.edited by H.Lauterpacht(London:Longrnan,1957),p.28.
193 p.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future,"Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p177
194 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy:Past,Present and future,"Marine Piracy,Vol.11(1988),p178
195 赵理海著:《海洋法问题研究》,北京大学出版社,1997年版,第198页
196 赵理海著:《海洋法问题研究》,北京大学出版社,1997年版,第199页
197 Ben Saul,Defnning Terrorism in The International Law of the Sea,Oxford University Press,2006,p35
198 Ben Saul,Defnning Terrorism in The International Law of the Sea,Oxford University Press,2006,p35
199 Ben Saul,Defnning Terrorism in The International Law of the Se,Oxford University Press,2006,p48
200 洪慧珠:《劫机行为之国际法研究》,台北商务印书馆,1987年版,第7页
201 Barry Hart Dubner,The Law of International Sea Piracy,The Hague:Nijhiff,1980,p65
202 牛振宇:《关于普遍原则若干问题的思考》,载于《四川大学学报》1996年第2期,第35页
203 万鄂湘:《国际强行法与国际公共政策》,武汉大学出版社1991年版,第117页。
204 吉敏丽:《国际合作原则与构建和谐世界》,载《甘肃省政法管理干部学院学报》,2006年第4期,第56页
205 周忠海主编:《国际法》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年版,第140页
206 Jay M.Vodelson,"Multinational Approaches to Eradicating International Pirates ",The International Lawyer,spring 2002,Volume3 6,p69
207 Jay M.Vodelson,"Multinational Approaches to Eradicating International Pirates",The International Lawyer,spring 2002,Volume36,p70
208 Jay M.Vodelson,"Multinational Approaches to Eradicating International Pirates",The International Lawyer,spring 2002,Volume36,p71
209 Jay M.Vodelson,"Multinational Approaches to Eradicating International Pirates",the International Lawyer,spring 2002,Volume36,p69
210 周鲠生:《国际法》(上册),商务印书馆,1981年10月版,第66页
211 张海文主编:《<联合国海洋法公约>释义集》,海洋出版社,2006年版,第188页
213 www.iccwbo.org/ccs/news-archives/2005/electric--fence.asp.visiting at 23,January,2005
214 Mo John."Options to Combat Maritime Piracy".Ocean Development And International Law,2003.p127
215 Mo John."Options to Combat Maritime Piracy".Ocean Development And International Law,2003.p131
216 朱凤岚:《日本对东南亚海盗问题的介入及其影响》,载《东南亚研究》,2002年第6期,第32页
217 朱凤岚:《日本对东南亚海盗问题的介入及其影响》,载《东南亚研究》,2002年第6期,第33页
218 胡友聪:《聚焦反盗合作拉开帷幕》,载《中国海洋报》,2003年7月30日
219 胡友聪:《聚焦反盗合作拉开帷幕》,载《中国海洋报》,2003年7月30日
220 端木正主编:《国际法》,北京大学出版社,1989年版,第159页
221 有关联合国秘书长每年提出的海洋与海洋法报告书的相关内容,可以查询“国际海事组织”的网站。http://www.imo.org
222 Reports and acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships in 2006,A/RES/53/32,visited on 01,Janurary 2007,http://www.un.org
223 http://www.imo.org/about/mainframe.sap?topic_id=3,visited on 5 Nov,2006
224 http://www.imo.org/about/mainframe.sap?topic_id=3,visited on 5 Nov,2006
225 http://www.imo.org/about/mainframe.sap?topic_id=3,visited on 5 Nov,2006
226 编者:《关于海盗和海上暴力行为的示范国内法简介》,载《中国远洋航务》,2004年第2期
227 http://www.iccwbo.org/id96/index.html,visited on 8 Aug,2006
228 孙莎岚:《和平崛起与我国的南海政策》,载《中山大学学报》,2005年第3期,第35页
229 孙莎岚:《和平崛起与我国的南海政策》,载《中山大学学报》,2005年第3期,第35页
230 Akimoto,Kazumine."The Current State of Maritime Security -- Structural Weaknesses and Threats in the Sea Lanes." From the conference "Maritime Security in Southeast Asia and Southwest Asia",Institute for International Policy Studies,Tokyo,11-13 December 2006.p77
231 王秀英:《南海权益与中国崛起》,载《理论界》,2005年第6期,第34页
232 Akimoto,Kazumine,"The Current State of Maritime Security -- Structural Weaknesses and Threats in the Sea Lanes." From the conference "Maritime Security in Southeast Asia and Southwest Asia",Institute for International Policy Studies,Tokyo,11-13 December 2006.p77
233 王秀英:《南海权益与中国崛起》,载《理论界》,2005年第6期,第34页
234 王传军:《区外大国对南海地区的渗透及其影响》,载《当代亚太》,2005年第11期,第14页
235 王秀英:《南海权益与中国崛起》,载《理论界》,2005年第6期,第34页
236 邵津主编:《国际法》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第47页
237 Beckman Robert C,"Combatting Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships:The Way Forward."Ocean Development and International Law,2002,p29
238 http://www.mps.gov.cn,visited on 18 Aug,2007
239 http://www.msa.gov.cn/Jgjj,visited on 18 Aug,2007
240 http://www.scssinfo.com/zfjc,visited on 18 Aug,2007
241 http://www.mps.gov.cn/cenweb/brjlCenweb/jsp/common/three_jsgl/category=700708&category_pic040561
242 http://www.scssinfo.com/zfjc/jc-0011.htm,visited on 18Aug,2007
243 http://www.msa.gov.cn/Jgjj/Nsjg.aspx?category_id=1&category=2,visited on 18 Aug,2007
244 http://www.jsmsa.gov.cn/,visited on 18 Aug,2007
245 http://www.gdmsa.gov.cn/,visited on 18 Aug,2007
246 http://www.gxmsa.gov.cn/,visited on 18 Aug,2007
247 http://www.mps.gov.cn/cenweb/brjlCenweb/jsp/common/three_jsgl.jsp?category=700708&category_pic=700708099,visited on 19 Aug,2007
248 吴纯光:《太平洋上的较量--当代中国的海洋战略问题》,今日中国出版社,1998年版,第30页
249 赵长庆:《东盟、上海合作组织与中国》,载《当代亚太》,2003年第11期,第33页
250 赵长庆:《东盟、上海合作组织与中国》,载《当代亚太》,2003年第11期,第33页
251 罗剑波:《美国的南中国海政策与中国国家安全环境》,载《云南大学学报》,2006年第1期,第45页
252 http://www.iccwbo.org/id96/index.html,visited on 8 Aug,2006
253 Bradford John.,"The Growing Prospects For Maritime Security Coperation".In Asia Naval War College Review,Summer 2005,Vol.58,No.3,p33
254 Ghosh P.K.,"Maritime Security Challenges in South Asia and the Indian Ocean:Response Strategies." Center for Strategic and International Studies,Honolulu,Hawaii,January 2004,p45
255 http://www.un.org/law/sea/#article,visited on 20 Aug,2007
256 Pew Oceans Commission编,周秋麟等译:《规划美国海洋事业的航程》,海洋出版社,2005年版,第102页
257 Pew Oceans Commission编,周秋麟等译:《规划美国海洋事业的航程》,海洋出版社,2005年版,第98页
258 Pew Oceans Commission编,周秋麟等译:《规划美国海洋事业的航程》,海洋出版社,2005年版,第231页
259 Snyder Craig A," Building Multilateral Security Cooperation in the South China Sea".,Asian Perspective 21,Spring-Summer,2006,p67
260 李金明:《马六甲海峡与东南亚地区安全》,载《东南亚研究》,2007年第6期,第34页
261 Snyder Craig A,"Building Multilateral Security Cooperation in the South China Sea.," Asian Perspective 21,Spring-Summer,2006,p68
262 廖新年、李玉华:《大国争夺中的马六甲海峡》,载《当代世界》,2006年第3期,第24页
263 王传军:《区外大国对南海地区的渗透及其影响》,载《当代亚太》,2005年第11期,第15页
264 王传军:《区外大国对南海地区的渗透及其影响》,载《当代亚太》,2005年第11期,第15页
265 罗剑波:《美国的南中国海政策与中国国家安全环境》,载《云南大学学报》,2006年第1期,第46页
266 张刚:《东南亚海上通道安全与大国博弈》,载《当代海军》,2006年第7期,第35页
267 张刚:《东南亚海上通道安全与大国博弈》,载《当代海军》,2006年第7期,第38页
268 南海问题研究中心:《“21世纪的南海问题与前瞻”研讨会文选》,2000年,第87页
269 陈明定:《东盟区域论坛的发展对中国安全环境的影响》,载《东南亚纵横》,2005年第4期,第27页
270 Smith Gary J," Multilateralism and Regional Security in Asia:The ASEAN Regional Forum(ARF) and APEC's Geopolitical Value",The Weatherhead Center for International Affairs Harvard University 2005,p66
271 Smith Gary J," Multilateralism and Regional Security in Asia:The ASEAN Regional Forum(ARF) and APEC's Geopolitical Value.",The Weatherhead Center for International Affairs Harvard University 2005,p67
272 Bateman,Sam and Stephen Bates,eds," The Seas Unite:Maritime Cooperation in the Asia Pacific Region,"Canberra:Australian National University,Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,2006,p43
273 Ji Guoxing,"Rough Waters in the South China Sea:Navigation Issues and Confidence-Building Measures.",East-West Center Analysis,August 2005,p21
274 Valencia Mark J,"Regional Maritime Marine Building:Prospects in Southeast Asia",Ocean Development and International Law,2006,p97
275 Valencia Mark J,"Regional Maritime Marine Building:Prospects in Southeast Asia",Ocean Development and International Law,2006,p97
276 Bateman Sam and Stephen Bates,eds,"The Seas Unite:Maritime Cooperation in the Asia Pacific Region",Canberra:Australian National University,Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,2006,p32
277 Bateman Sam and Stephen Bates,eds,"The Seas Unite:Maritime Cooperation in the Asia Pacific Region",Canberra:Australian National University,Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,2006,p33
278 陈明定:《东盟区域论坛的发展对中国安全环境的影响》,载《东南亚纵横》,20D5年第4期,第28页
279 Ghosh P.K," Maritime Security Challenges in South Asia and the Indian Ocean:Response Strategies.",Center for Strategic and International Studies,Honolulu,Hawaii,January 2004.,p46
280 张蕴岭:《中国在亚太地区面临的国际环境》,中国社会科学出版社,2005年版,第121页
281 Thao Nguyen Hong," The 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea:A Note." Ocean Development & International Law,2003,p63
282 Thao Nguyen Hong.,"The 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea:A Note." Ocean Development & International Law,2003,p65
283 Thao Nguyen Hong,"The 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea:A Note."Ocean Development & International Law,2003,p67
284 杨凯:《东南亚海盗的区域治理》,载《东南亚纵横》,2005年第7期,第31页
285 杨凯:《东南亚海盗的区域治理》,载《东南亚纵横》,2005年第7期,第32页
286 骆莉:《中国国家安全中的南海问题初探》,载《暨南学报》,第一卷,2005年,第21页
287 孙晖明:《亚洲的海盗问题》,载《国际资料信息》,2005年第10期,第34页
288 http://www.mxfa.go.jp/announce/2006/0428.html
289 Ethan A.Nadelman,"Global Prohibition Regimes:The Norms in International Society," International Organization,Vol.44(1992)pp484--486
290 Barry Hart Dubner,"piracy in contemporary national and international law,"The California Western International Law Journal,Vol.21(1998),pp 146-147
291 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy in Mordern International Law,"Grotius Society,Vol.43(1997),pp69-70
292 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy in Mordern International Law,"Grotius Society,Vol.43(1997),p68
293 P.W.Birnie,"Piracy in Mordern International Law,"Grotius Society,Vol.43(1997),p71
294 Samuel Pyeatt Menifee,"Scourges of the sea:Piracy and violent Maritime crime,"Marine Policy Reports Vol.1(1989),p27
295 Samuel Pyeatt Menifee,"Scourges of the sea:Piracy and violent Maritime crime,"Marine Policy Reports Vol.1(1989),p28
296 Ko Tun Hwa,"Piracy and anti-piracy,"Singapore:Heinemann Asia,1988,p193
297 Eric Ellen,"Piracy at Sea,"Paris:International Maritime Bureau,1989,p5
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299 http://www.iccwbo.org/id05005/index.html,visited on 13 Oct,2007
1.周忠海著:《周忠海国际法论文集》,北京出版社,2006年版
2.周忠海主编:《国际法》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年版
3.周忠海主编:《国际法学述评》,法律出版社,2001年版
4.周忠海著:《国际海洋法》,中国政法大学出版社,1987年版
5.周鲠生著:《国际法》(上册),商务印书馆,1981年10月版
6.王铁崖著:《国际法》,法律出版社,1995年版
7.端木正主编:《国际法》,北京大学出版社,1989年版
8.邵津主编:《国际法》,北京大学出版社,2005年版
9.赵理海著:《海洋法的新发展》,北京大学出版社,1984年版
10.赵理海著:《当代海洋法的理论与实践》,法律出版社,1987年版
11.赵理海著:《海洋法问题研究》,北京大学出版社,1997年版
12.刘楠来、周子亚、王可菊等著:《国际海洋法》,海洋出版社,1986年版
13.雷菘生著:《海洋法》,台北中华书局,1964年版
14.朱子芬著:《海洋法》,台北国立编译馆,1983年版
15.黄异著:《国际海洋法》,台北中华书局,1990年版
16.丘宏达著:《现代国际法》,台北三民书局,1995年版
17.俞宽赐著:《新世纪国际法》,台北:作者自版,1995年
18.高之国、张海文、贾宇主编:《国际海洋法的理论与实践》,海洋出版社,2006年版
19.鹿守本主编:《海洋法律制度》,光明日报出版社,1992年版
20.万鄂湘著:《国际强行法与国际公共政策》,武汉大学出版社1991年版
21.储槐植译:《美国刑法》,北京大学出版社,2005年版
22.罗结珍译:《法国刑法典》,中国人民公安大学出版社,1995年版
23.赵微译:《俄罗斯联邦刑法》,北京法律出版社,2003年版
24.卞建林等译:《加拿大刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社,1999年版
25.潘灯译:《西班牙刑法典》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年版
26.张明楷译:《日本刑法典》,法律出版社,1999年版
27.金永哲译:《韩国刑法典及单行刑法》,中国人民大学出版社,1996年版
28.许久生等译:《德国刑法典》,中国法制出版社,2000年版
29.吴纯光著:《太平洋上的较量--当代中国的海洋战略问题》,今日中国出版社,1998年版
30.洪慧珠著:《劫机行为之国际法研究》,台北商务印书馆,1987年版
31.王逸舟著:《恐怖主义溯源》,社会科学文献出版社,2002年版
32.中国现代国际关系研究所反恐怖研究中心:《国际恐怖主义与反恐怖斗争》,北京时事出版社,2001年版
33.周忠海:《论现代国际海洋法中的海盗》,自《周忠海国际法论文集》,北京出版社,2005年版
34.周忠海、王忠宝:《论国际反恐怖斗争中的国际法问题》,载《政法论坛》,2003年第4期
35.石刚:《全球海盗问题综述》,载《国际资料信息》,2004年第3期
36.赫凛冽:《当前国际社会海盗犯罪的特点及对策》,载《辽宁警专学报》,2005年第7期
37.刘亚莉:《论马六甲海峡的安全现状-非传统威胁与传统威胁并存》,载《东南亚之窗》,2007年第1期
38.李金明:《马六甲海峡与东南亚地区安全》,载《东南亚研究》,2007年第6期
39.张刚:《东南亚海上通道安全与大国博弈》,载《当代海军》,2006年第7期
40.王秋玲:《论国际法上海盗罪构成条件之弊端》,载《法学杂志》,2006年第6期
41.朱华友:《南海航行安全对世界经济的影响》,载《南洋问题研究》,2006年第3期
42.杨凯:《东南亚海盗的区域治理》,载《东南亚纵横》,2005年第7期
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44.孙晖明:《亚洲的海盗问题》,载《国际资料信息》,2005年第10期
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