改进型电流传输器及其连续时间滤波器研究
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摘要
连续时间全集成滤波器是近年来大规模模拟集成电路设计技术中取得最重要进展的领域之一，是当今国内外微电子、电路与系统学界研究的前沿课题。电流模式连续时间全集成滤波器因具有较宽的信号带宽、高速、更大的线性度和动态范围、低电压、低功耗和电路简单等特点而受到人们的重视，它在通信、电子测量、视频信号处理等领域有着广泛的应用前景。本文在国际、国内学者对电流模式连续时间滤波器研究的基础上分析了第二代电流传输器(CCII)，性能上的不足和基于CCII的连续时间全集成滤波器设计中存在的挑战，结合集成设计工艺要求，系统地研究了第二代电流传送器的改进电路及其连续时间电流模式滤波器的设计和实现的理论与技术。主要成果和结论如下：
1．通过优化电路参数，研究了频率响应高的CMOS MOCCII电路
通过优化CMOS CCII的电路参数，研究了结构简单、频率响应高和工作电压低的CMOS MOCCII电路。在±1.5V电源电压下，采用TSMC 0.35-μm CMOS工艺参数模拟表明：电压跟随带宽为112MHz(-3dB)，电流跟随带宽为75MHz(-3dB)，75MHz范围内，Z端口跟随X端口电流的传输误差小于2％。
2．以电流放大器为基础，提出了新型CMOS ECCII电路
提出了基于电流放大器的新型CMOS电调谐第二代电流传输器(CMOS ECCII)，其电流增益能够通过外接直流偏置电流镜的数值比率来调节。在TSMC 0.35-μmCMOS工艺条件和±1.2V供电下模拟仿真，电流传输增益因子达到了2.4，—3dB的电压传输带宽和电流传输带宽分别达到85MHz和61MHz，电流增益有了明显提高。
3．研究了基于改进型CCII的电流模式二阶滤波器设计理论和方法
通过优化电路结构，研究了基于MOCCII的最少元件的KHN结构电流模式滤波器电路；提出了最少元件多输入多输出通用二阶电流模式滤波器和基于ASM方法的能容易满足制造工艺的最少元件单输入单输出的电流模式等电容和等电阻双二阶滤波器：
(1)研究得出的KNH电流模式滤波器仅由3个MOCCII器件及6个RC元件构成，能同时实现低通、带通、高通输出，有很低的无源灵敏度。与基于CCII的电压模式KHN滤波器，电路结构简单、所使用的有源器件数目明显减少。
(2)提出了一种基于MOCCII的多输入多输出滤波通用双二阶电路，各滤波功能既能单独输出又能同时实现多种滤波输出。电路仅由两个MOCCII及4个RC元件构成。该电路的优势在于不需要任何输入电流之间的匹配和无源元件的匹配，这在集成滤波实现中很重要。
(3)提出了一种基于ASM方法的单输入单输出等电容和等电阻电流模式双二阶滤波器。该电路由4个MOCCII及8个RC元件构成，能实现五种滤波功能，所有无源元件均接地，整个电路有很低的无源灵敏度；由于采用等电容或等电阻的设计方法，大大减少了准确制造电容、电阻的难度，且能用可编程的方式实现各种滤波功能的转换，有利于单片集成。
4．重点研究了基于改进型CCII的电流模式高阶滤波器设计理论和设计方法
利用反馈法、系数匹配法和传递函数分析综合法(ASM)等方法研究了多种电流模式高阶滤波器：
(1)提出了一种基于MOCCII的n阶最少元件的多输入单输出电流模式滤波器电路。该滤波器电路具有以下特点：通过改变外部信号的不同接入方式获得不同类型的滤波模式，而电路内部元器件的连接方式及元器件数量无需改变就能产生高阶低通、带通、高通、带阻及全通滤波；电路结构及电路参数设计简单；所有RC元件均接地；有利于单片集成。
(2)提出了一种基于ASM的等电容和等电阻n阶电流模式滤波器和偶数阶椭圆型滤波器设计综合方法。用该方法设计的通用滤波器具有对部分无源灵敏度之和和全部无源灵敏度之和为0的特点，这非常有利于滤波器制造设计和滤波参数的稳定。而用该方法设计的椭圆型滤波器较好的解决了这类特殊滤波器由于传输函数复杂所带来的高阶综合难题。
(3)研究了一种电流模式跳耦结构滤波系数匹配设计方法，通过定义一个从滤波器的输入到第j阶积分器输出的传输函数H_j(s)(I_(o(j))／I_(in))，然后利用电路连接关系和H_j(s)可以方便的求出全极点和含任意传输零点的跳耦结构滤波器的传输函数H(s)，并与给定的传输函数H_d(s)的分子、分母进行系数匹配，从而求出滤波器的各个参数。文中推导了三到五阶的设计公式，只要通过简单计算就可以得到三到五阶的全极点和含任意传输零点的跳耦结构滤波器电路。为高阶跳耦结构滤波器提供了一种更直接明了的参数设计方法。
In recent years, fully integrated current-mode continuous-time filters have become oneof the several research fields where analog VLSI technologies have obtained significantachievements. The study on related circuits and design methods and its applications are afront subject in microelectronics, circuits and systems. Current-mode continuous-timefilters have drawn great attentions for their important feature of wide bandwidth, highspeed, large dynamic range, good linearity, low power consumption, low operatingvoltage and simple topologies. It also has a broad application prospect intelecommunication, video signal processing, electronic measure, etc. Research works inthis dissertation is started after a fully investigation on the research results given by bothabroad and domestic researchers. The lacks of the performance of second-generationcurrent conveyor (CCII) and the challenges of the design of the fully integratedcontinuous-time filters based on the CCII are analyzed. Theory and technologies fordesigning and implementing current-mode continuous-time filters and improved circuitsof second-generation current conveyor (CCII) are studied systematically. The mainachievements consist of following several aspects:
1. A CMOS MOCCII circuit with simple structure and low operation voltage andhigh accuracy is studied
By optimizing the parameter of the circuits, the studied CMOS CCII circuit is has asimple structure, a low operation voltage and a high accuracy, and a MOCCII is designedby using the basic current mirrors and the CCII. Simulation with TSMC 0.35-μm CMOStechnologies process to the proposed circuit when the power voltage is±1.5V isimplemented, the voltage tracking bandwidth is 112MHz (-3dB) and The current trackingbandwidth is 75MHz (-3dB). The current tracking error of the inverting terminal andnon-inverting terminal is equal to 0.02 in the 75MHz. Good performance comes from thelower input resistance X-terminal.
2. A novel CMOS ECCII circuit is proposed based on the current-amplifier
A new CMOS high-performance electronically tunable second-generation currentconveyor (ECCII) is presented based on the current-amplifier. The current gain of theproposed ECCII can be controlled electronically by adjusting the ratio of dc bias currentsof the ECCII. Simulation results with TSMC 0.35-μm CMOS technologies process whenthe power voltage is±1.2V shows: the voltage tracking bandwidth is 85 MHz (-3dB) andthe current tracking bandwidth is 61 MHz (-3dB) and Current-gain(k) is 2.4.Current-gain(k) is improved clearly.
3. The design theory and method of current-mode second-order filters isresearched
By optimizing the structure of the circuits, a KHN current-mode filter, current-modefilters with a single input multiple outputs, current-mode filters with multiple inputsmultiple outputs and universal biquadratic filter with equal capacitance and equalresistance based on ASM method are proposed:
(1) The KHN current-mode based on MOCCIIs is studied. Filtering circuit is composedof three MOCCIIs and six RC elements. It can realize low-pass, band-pass and high-passfilter outputs at one time. Its passive sensitivity is very low. Compared with the proposeduniversal voltage-mode KHN filters, the composed circuit has a simpler structure andlower number of components.
(2) The proposed universal current-mode biquadratic filter with multiple inputs multipleoutputs based on MOCCIIs can realize low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, band-stop andall-pass filtering outputs simultaneously. Filtering circuit is composed of two MOCCIIsand four RC elements. The circuit has the advantage of not any matching among the inputcurrents and passive components, in which is very important to filter integration.
(3) A novel current-mode biquadratic filter synthesis method with equal capacitanceand equal resistance based on ASM method is proposed. The proposed synthesis methodis based on the analytical solution of a biquad filter transfer function and the generation ofrealizable transfer functions implemented using lossless integrators. The filter circuitcontains four active elements and eight grounded passive elements, and can realize all fivedifferent generic filtering (LP, BP, HP, BR, and AP) signals by using digitallyprogrammable switches, the passive sensitivities of which are very low. Equal capacitanceand equal resistance designs lead to vanishing the difficulty for accurately tuning the capacitances and resistances in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication.
4. Focus on the design theory and method of current-mode high order filters isresearched
A lot of current-mode high order filters are researched with feedback method andanalytical synthesis method based on transfer function (ASM):
(1) A current-mode filter with multiple inputs and multiple outputs based on MOCCIIsis presented. Various kinds of filters can be realized just by changing the amount andmode of joining external current signals to the circuit. Internal structure of circuit andamount of elements need not change. The circuit is convenient to be integrated.
(2) It is presented a novel current-mode universal nth filter with equal capacitance andequal resistance and a new general synthesis method for arbitrary nth-order current- modeelliptic filter based on MOCCII. The universal nth filter circuit can complete all fivedifferent generic filtering at the output term by using digitally programmable switches, thesensitivities of which have a null sum partly and fully. It is also a good method to solvethe difficulty of synthesis method because of the complicated transfer function of thenth-Order Elliptic Filter and easy method to design the value of circuit elements.
(3) A method of the nth order current mode leapfrog-type filter based on MCCCII ispresented. By defining the transfer function H_j(s)(I_(o(j))/I_(in)) from the filter input to the outputof integrator j, the corresponding transfer H(s) of the all-pole filters and filters witharbitrary transmission zeros can be derived. Parameter values of the designed filter can beobtained from the coefficient matching equations based on the comparison between thenumerator and denominator polynomials coefficients of H(s)and the given H_d(S). Parametervalues of the designed filter can be computed easily.
1．通过优化电路参数，研究了频率响应高的CMOS MOCCII电路
通过优化CMOS CCII的电路参数，研究了结构简单、频率响应高和工作电压低的CMOS MOCCII电路。在±1.5V电源电压下，采用TSMC 0.35-μm CMOS工艺参数模拟表明：电压跟随带宽为112MHz(-3dB)，电流跟随带宽为75MHz(-3dB)，75MHz范围内，Z端口跟随X端口电流的传输误差小于2％。
2．以电流放大器为基础，提出了新型CMOS ECCII电路
提出了基于电流放大器的新型CMOS电调谐第二代电流传输器(CMOS ECCII)，其电流增益能够通过外接直流偏置电流镜的数值比率来调节。在TSMC 0.35-μmCMOS工艺条件和±1.2V供电下模拟仿真，电流传输增益因子达到了2.4，—3dB的电压传输带宽和电流传输带宽分别达到85MHz和61MHz，电流增益有了明显提高。
3．研究了基于改进型CCII的电流模式二阶滤波器设计理论和方法
通过优化电路结构，研究了基于MOCCII的最少元件的KHN结构电流模式滤波器电路；提出了最少元件多输入多输出通用二阶电流模式滤波器和基于ASM方法的能容易满足制造工艺的最少元件单输入单输出的电流模式等电容和等电阻双二阶滤波器：
(1)研究得出的KNH电流模式滤波器仅由3个MOCCII器件及6个RC元件构成，能同时实现低通、带通、高通输出，有很低的无源灵敏度。与基于CCII的电压模式KHN滤波器，电路结构简单、所使用的有源器件数目明显减少。
(2)提出了一种基于MOCCII的多输入多输出滤波通用双二阶电路，各滤波功能既能单独输出又能同时实现多种滤波输出。电路仅由两个MOCCII及4个RC元件构成。该电路的优势在于不需要任何输入电流之间的匹配和无源元件的匹配，这在集成滤波实现中很重要。
(3)提出了一种基于ASM方法的单输入单输出等电容和等电阻电流模式双二阶滤波器。该电路由4个MOCCII及8个RC元件构成，能实现五种滤波功能，所有无源元件均接地，整个电路有很低的无源灵敏度；由于采用等电容或等电阻的设计方法，大大减少了准确制造电容、电阻的难度，且能用可编程的方式实现各种滤波功能的转换，有利于单片集成。
4．重点研究了基于改进型CCII的电流模式高阶滤波器设计理论和设计方法
利用反馈法、系数匹配法和传递函数分析综合法(ASM)等方法研究了多种电流模式高阶滤波器：
(1)提出了一种基于MOCCII的n阶最少元件的多输入单输出电流模式滤波器电路。该滤波器电路具有以下特点：通过改变外部信号的不同接入方式获得不同类型的滤波模式，而电路内部元器件的连接方式及元器件数量无需改变就能产生高阶低通、带通、高通、带阻及全通滤波；电路结构及电路参数设计简单；所有RC元件均接地；有利于单片集成。
(2)提出了一种基于ASM的等电容和等电阻n阶电流模式滤波器和偶数阶椭圆型滤波器设计综合方法。用该方法设计的通用滤波器具有对部分无源灵敏度之和和全部无源灵敏度之和为0的特点，这非常有利于滤波器制造设计和滤波参数的稳定。而用该方法设计的椭圆型滤波器较好的解决了这类特殊滤波器由于传输函数复杂所带来的高阶综合难题。
(3)研究了一种电流模式跳耦结构滤波系数匹配设计方法，通过定义一个从滤波器的输入到第j阶积分器输出的传输函数H_j(s)(I_(o(j))／I_(in))，然后利用电路连接关系和H_j(s)可以方便的求出全极点和含任意传输零点的跳耦结构滤波器的传输函数H(s)，并与给定的传输函数H_d(s)的分子、分母进行系数匹配，从而求出滤波器的各个参数。文中推导了三到五阶的设计公式，只要通过简单计算就可以得到三到五阶的全极点和含任意传输零点的跳耦结构滤波器电路。为高阶跳耦结构滤波器提供了一种更直接明了的参数设计方法。
In recent years, fully integrated current-mode continuous-time filters have become oneof the several research fields where analog VLSI technologies have obtained significantachievements. The study on related circuits and design methods and its applications are afront subject in microelectronics, circuits and systems. Current-mode continuous-timefilters have drawn great attentions for their important feature of wide bandwidth, highspeed, large dynamic range, good linearity, low power consumption, low operatingvoltage and simple topologies. It also has a broad application prospect intelecommunication, video signal processing, electronic measure, etc. Research works inthis dissertation is started after a fully investigation on the research results given by bothabroad and domestic researchers. The lacks of the performance of second-generationcurrent conveyor (CCII) and the challenges of the design of the fully integratedcontinuous-time filters based on the CCII are analyzed. Theory and technologies fordesigning and implementing current-mode continuous-time filters and improved circuitsof second-generation current conveyor (CCII) are studied systematically. The mainachievements consist of following several aspects:
1. A CMOS MOCCII circuit with simple structure and low operation voltage andhigh accuracy is studied
By optimizing the parameter of the circuits, the studied CMOS CCII circuit is has asimple structure, a low operation voltage and a high accuracy, and a MOCCII is designedby using the basic current mirrors and the CCII. Simulation with TSMC 0.35-μm CMOStechnologies process to the proposed circuit when the power voltage is±1.5V isimplemented, the voltage tracking bandwidth is 112MHz (-3dB) and The current trackingbandwidth is 75MHz (-3dB). The current tracking error of the inverting terminal andnon-inverting terminal is equal to 0.02 in the 75MHz. Good performance comes from thelower input resistance X-terminal.
2. A novel CMOS ECCII circuit is proposed based on the current-amplifier
A new CMOS high-performance electronically tunable second-generation currentconveyor (ECCII) is presented based on the current-amplifier. The current gain of theproposed ECCII can be controlled electronically by adjusting the ratio of dc bias currentsof the ECCII. Simulation results with TSMC 0.35-μm CMOS technologies process whenthe power voltage is±1.2V shows: the voltage tracking bandwidth is 85 MHz (-3dB) andthe current tracking bandwidth is 61 MHz (-3dB) and Current-gain(k) is 2.4.Current-gain(k) is improved clearly.
3. The design theory and method of current-mode second-order filters isresearched
By optimizing the structure of the circuits, a KHN current-mode filter, current-modefilters with a single input multiple outputs, current-mode filters with multiple inputsmultiple outputs and universal biquadratic filter with equal capacitance and equalresistance based on ASM method are proposed:
(1) The KHN current-mode based on MOCCIIs is studied. Filtering circuit is composedof three MOCCIIs and six RC elements. It can realize low-pass, band-pass and high-passfilter outputs at one time. Its passive sensitivity is very low. Compared with the proposeduniversal voltage-mode KHN filters, the composed circuit has a simpler structure andlower number of components.
(2) The proposed universal current-mode biquadratic filter with multiple inputs multipleoutputs based on MOCCIIs can realize low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, band-stop andall-pass filtering outputs simultaneously. Filtering circuit is composed of two MOCCIIsand four RC elements. The circuit has the advantage of not any matching among the inputcurrents and passive components, in which is very important to filter integration.
(3) A novel current-mode biquadratic filter synthesis method with equal capacitanceand equal resistance based on ASM method is proposed. The proposed synthesis methodis based on the analytical solution of a biquad filter transfer function and the generation ofrealizable transfer functions implemented using lossless integrators. The filter circuitcontains four active elements and eight grounded passive elements, and can realize all fivedifferent generic filtering (LP, BP, HP, BR, and AP) signals by using digitallyprogrammable switches, the passive sensitivities of which are very low. Equal capacitanceand equal resistance designs lead to vanishing the difficulty for accurately tuning the capacitances and resistances in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication.
4. Focus on the design theory and method of current-mode high order filters isresearched
A lot of current-mode high order filters are researched with feedback method andanalytical synthesis method based on transfer function (ASM):
(1) A current-mode filter with multiple inputs and multiple outputs based on MOCCIIsis presented. Various kinds of filters can be realized just by changing the amount andmode of joining external current signals to the circuit. Internal structure of circuit andamount of elements need not change. The circuit is convenient to be integrated.
(2) It is presented a novel current-mode universal nth filter with equal capacitance andequal resistance and a new general synthesis method for arbitrary nth-order current- modeelliptic filter based on MOCCII. The universal nth filter circuit can complete all fivedifferent generic filtering at the output term by using digitally programmable switches, thesensitivities of which have a null sum partly and fully. It is also a good method to solvethe difficulty of synthesis method because of the complicated transfer function of thenth-Order Elliptic Filter and easy method to design the value of circuit elements.
(3) A method of the nth order current mode leapfrog-type filter based on MCCCII ispresented. By defining the transfer function H_j(s)(I_(o(j))/I_(in)) from the filter input to the outputof integrator j, the corresponding transfer H(s) of the all-pole filters and filters witharbitrary transmission zeros can be derived. Parameter values of the designed filter can beobtained from the coefficient matching equations based on the comparison between thenumerator and denominator polynomials coefficients of H(s)and the given H_d(S). Parametervalues of the designed filter can be computed easily.
引文
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