宁夏酿酒葡萄气候区划与品种区域化的研究
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摘要
本论文旨在通过EXCEL软件对宁夏回族自治区24个一般站点30年(1979—2008)的气象资料进行统计分析,按照李华等提出的气候区划指标体系,即无霜期为一级指标,干燥度(4—9月)为二级指标,埋土防寒线为三级指标,对宁夏进行气候区划,并根据区划结果利用ARCGIS软件做图;在气候区划的基础上,采用有效积温对宁夏进行酿酒葡萄品种和酒种区域化的研究。
1.宁夏酿酒葡萄气候区划
1.1气候区划指标体系
我国的大陆性季风气候与国外的地中海气候有很大的差异,我国春秋寒冷,夏季炎热,雨热同季,因此在采用区划指标时,应选择适应我国实际气候情况的指标,通过比较和分析宁夏无霜期和活动积温的计算结果,得出用无霜期作为宁夏葡萄气候区划的热量指标是合适的。因此我们采用李华等提出的气候区划指标体系,对宁夏进行区划。
1.2区划方法
采用无霜期作为一级指标,生长季干燥度作为二级指标,埋土防寒为第三指标,对宁夏24个站点的气象资料用EXCEL表格进行处理数据,排除数据缺失较多的年份,日值缺失则用上一日的数值代替,求其平均值。并采用ARCGIS作图。
1.3各指标分区
通过分别统计和分析各指标的计算结果,可详细的了解各指标的分布情况,得出适宜栽培区和不适宜栽培区。
1.4宁夏酿酒葡萄气候区划结果Ⅰ区:永宁、贺兰、石嘴山、吴忠、青铜峡Ⅱ区:同心Ⅲ区:石炭井、惠农、平罗、银川、陶乐、中卫、中宁Ⅳ区:麻黄山、韦州、海原
通过对各产区气候条件以及土壤条件的分析,根据无霜期、生长季干燥度对各产区进行评估,其中Ⅰ区和Ⅲ区在种植酿酒葡萄均可以获得较好的品质,而Ⅳ区由于无霜期较短可能会影响酿酒葡萄品质,需要选择抗寒性强的葡萄品种。
2宁夏酿酒葡萄品种区域化研究
2.1宁夏酿酒葡萄品种区划方法
在分析和研究前人对葡萄品种的区划研究的基础上,得出采用由生长季有效积温作为区划指标对宁夏适宜种植区进行葡萄品种的区划是适合的。
2.2宁夏酿酒葡萄品种区划结果
根据宁夏酿酒葡萄适宜栽培区(16个地区)30年(1979—2008年)的气候资料,统计分析不同地区的有效积温,结果如下:
(1)麻黄山、海原地区有效活动积温<1290℃,适宜栽白品诺、灰品诺、琼瑶浆、霞多丽、米勒、西万尼。这两个地区适宜发展起泡葡萄酒和干白葡萄酒。
(2)石炭井、中卫、韦州地区有效积温1300—1560℃,适宜栽培雷司令、黑品诺、霞多丽、法国蓝、西万尼、梅鹿辄、白玉霓、赛美容。这三个地区适宜发展新鲜型葡萄酒和起泡葡萄酒。
(3)石嘴山、贺兰、吴忠、青铜峡、永宁、惠农、平罗、银川、陶乐、中卫、同心等地区有效活动积温1570—1840℃,适宜发展索味浓、白品诺、霞多丽、贵人香、雷司令、黑品诺、梅鹿特、神索、赤霞珠、佳美、品丽珠、蛇龙珠、西万尼、白玉霓等葡萄品种。这些地区适宜发展干白和干红葡萄酒。
Based on the climate data of 24 meteorological stations in the past 30 years (1979—2008), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was discussed and classified in the paper, by using the climatic zoning system which presented by Lihua, etc. The climatic zoning system used Frost Free Days as the first index, Dryness Index (from April to September) as the second index and Mean lowest temperature below -15℃a s the third index. These indices was calculated by EXCEL software and made the drafting by ARCGIS software. And basing the result of the climate divisions, we used the effective accumulated temperature (from April to September) as the index of the grapevine variety zoning in Ningxia.
1. The climatic zoning of viticulture in Ningxia
1.1The climatic zoning of viticulture system
China is continental monsoon climate, which is different from the Mediterranean climate in abroad. Spring and Autumm were cold and summer was hot, rain and heat were in the same quarter. So when choosing the climate indicators, we should chose them which meet Chinese climate. And by comparing the results of frost-free period and accumulated temperature, we can find frost-free period as the heat index for grapevine climatic zoning in Ningxia was appropriate. So we used the climatic zoning system which presented by Lihua, et al.
1.2 The method of the climatic zoning
Based on the climate data of 24 meteorological stations in the past 30 years (1979—2008), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was classified using frost-free period and dryness index as climatic zoning indexes. If one year had more missing data, then all the data of the year was excluded And the date of the previous day was used to take the place of the missing date of one day. And ARCGIS software was used to make the drafting by
1.3 The divisions of the climate indicators
Based on the analysis and statistics of the results of the indicators, we can learn more about the distribution of each index and obtain the suitable cultivation areas and unsuitable cultivation areas.
1.3 The result of the climatic zoning of viticulture in NingxiaⅠ: Yongning, Helan, Shizuishan, Wuzhong, QingtongxiaⅡ: Tongxin Ⅲ: Shitanjing, Pingluo, Huinong, Yinchuan, Taole, Zhongwei, ZhongningⅣ: Mahuangshan, Weizhou, Haiyuan
After the analysis and comparing of the climate of these areas, 4 zones were suitable for viticulture, in whichⅠregion andⅢregion can produce the highest quality grape. Because the frost free days were short,Ⅳregion can chose the special varieties of grapevine that have a strong resistibility.
2. The grapevine variety zoning in Ningxia
2.1 The method of the grapevine variety zoning in Ningxia
Based on the analysis and study of previous research on the grapevine variety zoning, we found that we can use the effective accumulated temperature as the index. Therefore the suitable areas of Ningxia were classified using the effective accumulated temperature as the index.
2.2 The result of the grapevine variety zoning in Ningxia
(1)The effective accumulated temperature in Mahuangshan and Haiyuan is less than 1290℃, and the area is suitable to plant Pinot Gris, Pinot Blanc, Gewurztraminer, Chardonnay, Muller-Thurgau and Syvaner. These areas were also suitable to produce Sparkling wine and white wine.
(2)The effective accumulated temperature in Shitanjing, Zhongwei and Weizhou is 1300—1560℃, which is suitable to plant Pinot Noir, Chardonnay ,Riesling, Blue French, Syvaner, Merlot, Ugni Blanc, Semilliom. These areas were also suitable to produce Sparkling wine and new wine.
(3)The effective accumulated temperature in the area. is 1570—1840℃, which is suitable to plant Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Blanc, Chardonnay, Italian Riesling, Riesling, Pinot Noir, Merlot, Cinsault, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay, Syvaner, Ugni Blanc, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Gernischet, et al. These areas were also suitable to produce white and red wine.
1.宁夏酿酒葡萄气候区划
1.1气候区划指标体系
我国的大陆性季风气候与国外的地中海气候有很大的差异,我国春秋寒冷,夏季炎热,雨热同季,因此在采用区划指标时,应选择适应我国实际气候情况的指标,通过比较和分析宁夏无霜期和活动积温的计算结果,得出用无霜期作为宁夏葡萄气候区划的热量指标是合适的。因此我们采用李华等提出的气候区划指标体系,对宁夏进行区划。
1.2区划方法
采用无霜期作为一级指标,生长季干燥度作为二级指标,埋土防寒为第三指标,对宁夏24个站点的气象资料用EXCEL表格进行处理数据,排除数据缺失较多的年份,日值缺失则用上一日的数值代替,求其平均值。并采用ARCGIS作图。
1.3各指标分区
通过分别统计和分析各指标的计算结果,可详细的了解各指标的分布情况,得出适宜栽培区和不适宜栽培区。
1.4宁夏酿酒葡萄气候区划结果Ⅰ区:永宁、贺兰、石嘴山、吴忠、青铜峡Ⅱ区:同心Ⅲ区:石炭井、惠农、平罗、银川、陶乐、中卫、中宁Ⅳ区:麻黄山、韦州、海原
通过对各产区气候条件以及土壤条件的分析,根据无霜期、生长季干燥度对各产区进行评估,其中Ⅰ区和Ⅲ区在种植酿酒葡萄均可以获得较好的品质,而Ⅳ区由于无霜期较短可能会影响酿酒葡萄品质,需要选择抗寒性强的葡萄品种。
2宁夏酿酒葡萄品种区域化研究
2.1宁夏酿酒葡萄品种区划方法
在分析和研究前人对葡萄品种的区划研究的基础上,得出采用由生长季有效积温作为区划指标对宁夏适宜种植区进行葡萄品种的区划是适合的。
2.2宁夏酿酒葡萄品种区划结果
根据宁夏酿酒葡萄适宜栽培区(16个地区)30年(1979—2008年)的气候资料,统计分析不同地区的有效积温,结果如下:
(1)麻黄山、海原地区有效活动积温<1290℃,适宜栽白品诺、灰品诺、琼瑶浆、霞多丽、米勒、西万尼。这两个地区适宜发展起泡葡萄酒和干白葡萄酒。
(2)石炭井、中卫、韦州地区有效积温1300—1560℃,适宜栽培雷司令、黑品诺、霞多丽、法国蓝、西万尼、梅鹿辄、白玉霓、赛美容。这三个地区适宜发展新鲜型葡萄酒和起泡葡萄酒。
(3)石嘴山、贺兰、吴忠、青铜峡、永宁、惠农、平罗、银川、陶乐、中卫、同心等地区有效活动积温1570—1840℃,适宜发展索味浓、白品诺、霞多丽、贵人香、雷司令、黑品诺、梅鹿特、神索、赤霞珠、佳美、品丽珠、蛇龙珠、西万尼、白玉霓等葡萄品种。这些地区适宜发展干白和干红葡萄酒。
Based on the climate data of 24 meteorological stations in the past 30 years (1979—2008), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was discussed and classified in the paper, by using the climatic zoning system which presented by Lihua, etc. The climatic zoning system used Frost Free Days as the first index, Dryness Index (from April to September) as the second index and Mean lowest temperature below -15℃a s the third index. These indices was calculated by EXCEL software and made the drafting by ARCGIS software. And basing the result of the climate divisions, we used the effective accumulated temperature (from April to September) as the index of the grapevine variety zoning in Ningxia.
1. The climatic zoning of viticulture in Ningxia
1.1The climatic zoning of viticulture system
China is continental monsoon climate, which is different from the Mediterranean climate in abroad. Spring and Autumm were cold and summer was hot, rain and heat were in the same quarter. So when choosing the climate indicators, we should chose them which meet Chinese climate. And by comparing the results of frost-free period and accumulated temperature, we can find frost-free period as the heat index for grapevine climatic zoning in Ningxia was appropriate. So we used the climatic zoning system which presented by Lihua, et al.
1.2 The method of the climatic zoning
Based on the climate data of 24 meteorological stations in the past 30 years (1979—2008), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was classified using frost-free period and dryness index as climatic zoning indexes. If one year had more missing data, then all the data of the year was excluded And the date of the previous day was used to take the place of the missing date of one day. And ARCGIS software was used to make the drafting by
1.3 The divisions of the climate indicators
Based on the analysis and statistics of the results of the indicators, we can learn more about the distribution of each index and obtain the suitable cultivation areas and unsuitable cultivation areas.
1.3 The result of the climatic zoning of viticulture in NingxiaⅠ: Yongning, Helan, Shizuishan, Wuzhong, QingtongxiaⅡ: Tongxin Ⅲ: Shitanjing, Pingluo, Huinong, Yinchuan, Taole, Zhongwei, ZhongningⅣ: Mahuangshan, Weizhou, Haiyuan
After the analysis and comparing of the climate of these areas, 4 zones were suitable for viticulture, in whichⅠregion andⅢregion can produce the highest quality grape. Because the frost free days were short,Ⅳregion can chose the special varieties of grapevine that have a strong resistibility.
2. The grapevine variety zoning in Ningxia
2.1 The method of the grapevine variety zoning in Ningxia
Based on the analysis and study of previous research on the grapevine variety zoning, we found that we can use the effective accumulated temperature as the index. Therefore the suitable areas of Ningxia were classified using the effective accumulated temperature as the index.
2.2 The result of the grapevine variety zoning in Ningxia
(1)The effective accumulated temperature in Mahuangshan and Haiyuan is less than 1290℃, and the area is suitable to plant Pinot Gris, Pinot Blanc, Gewurztraminer, Chardonnay, Muller-Thurgau and Syvaner. These areas were also suitable to produce Sparkling wine and white wine.
(2)The effective accumulated temperature in Shitanjing, Zhongwei and Weizhou is 1300—1560℃, which is suitable to plant Pinot Noir, Chardonnay ,Riesling, Blue French, Syvaner, Merlot, Ugni Blanc, Semilliom. These areas were also suitable to produce Sparkling wine and new wine.
(3)The effective accumulated temperature in the area. is 1570—1840℃, which is suitable to plant Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Blanc, Chardonnay, Italian Riesling, Riesling, Pinot Noir, Merlot, Cinsault, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay, Syvaner, Ugni Blanc, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Gernischet, et al. These areas were also suitable to produce white and red wine.
引文
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袁海燕,张晓煜,刘玉兰,张磊,亢艳莉,孙占波. 2006.酿酒葡萄总糖含量与气象条件的关系.宁夏农林科技, (4): 46～49
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张军翔,李玉鼎,樊文博. 2001.宁夏贺兰山东麓地区2000年酿酒葡萄冻害调查.中外葡萄与葡萄酒, (3): 45～47
张晓煜,刘静,张亚红,张磊,官景得. 2008.中国北方酿酒葡萄气候适宜性区划干旱区地理, 31(5): 707～712
张晓煜,韩颖娟,张磊,卫建国,曹宁,亢艳莉. 2007.基于GIS的宁夏酿酒葡萄种植区划.农业工程学报, 23(10): 275～278
张燕,朱济义. 2009.中国葡萄酒行业现状、存在的问题及发展趋势, 11: 128～131
张振文,刘延琳,惠竹梅. 2002.葡萄与葡萄酒种气候区域化.陕西农业科学, (5): 7～10
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中国自然资源丛书编撰委员会. 1995.中国自然资源丛书——宁夏卷.北京.中国环境科学出版社
周彦. 2009.论我国葡萄酒产业的推广[硕士学位论文]青岛:山东大学
周艳琼. 2006.我国葡萄酒市场的发展.中国酿造, 4(6): 80～81
祝尚东,田衍棠. 1997.试论葡萄的产地效应葡萄栽培与酿酒, (1): 6～11
A. J. Winkler J. A. Cook W. M. Kliewer L. A. Lider. 1962. General Viticulture.University of California Press
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D et al. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration guidelines for computing crop water requirements FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Andrew G Reynolds, Wesley D Lowrey, Christiane De Savigny. 2005.Influence of irrigation and fertigation on fruit composition,Vine performance,nd water relations of concord and niagara grapevines. Am J EnolVitic, 56 : 110～128
Andrews P K, Johnson J R. 1996. Physiology of sunburn development in apples. Good Fruit Grower, 47 (12) : 33～36
Belancic A, Agosin E, Ibacache A, et al. 1997,.Influence of sun exposure on the aromatic composition of Chilean Muscat Grape Cultivars Moscatel de Alejandría and Moscatel rosada. Am J Enol Vitic, 48(2):181～186
Branas J.Relations entre la vigne et al. 1978. systeme climat—sol, Ecologie de la Vigne, C. R.ler Sympo. Interna Ecologie Vigne, 39～47
Cleland RE, Melis A, Neale PJ. 1986. Mechanism of photoinhibition:photochemical reaction centerin activation in photosystemⅡo f chloroplasts, (9)
Coombe B. G. 1987. Influence of temperature On Composition and quality of grapes. Acta Horticulture. {206}: 23～33
Cornelis vanl, Philippe F;,Xavier C, et al. 2004. Influence of climate,soil and cultivar on terroir.AmJ Enol Vitic,,55(3): 207～217
Failla O, MarianiL, et al. 2004. Spatial distribution of solarradiation and its effects on vine phenology and grape ripening in analpine envirorment.AmJEno Vitic, 55(2): 128～138
Fouad M M, Gomaa A H, EI ZaherMHA.1995. Factors influencing in vitro establishment and multiplication stages of peach. Acta Hortic, 409: 191～196
Gómez-del-Campo M, Ruiz C, Lissarrague J R.2002.Effect of water stress on leaf area development, photosynthesis, and productivity in Chardonnayand Airén grapevines. Am J Enol Vitic, 53(2): 138～143
Huglin P. 1978. Nouveau mode d’evaluation des possibilities heliothermiques d’un milieu viticole. C.R.Acd. Agric. France, 1117～1126
Huglin P. 1998. Biologie et ecologie de la vigne.Paris Payot Lausanne, 297～304
Jackson D I.988. Prediction of a district’s grape—ripening capacity using latitude–temperature index (LTI). Am J Enol vatic, 139(1): 19～28
Nagajarah S.1987. Effects of soil texture on the rooting patterns of Thompson Seedless vines on own roots and on Ramsey root—stock in irrigated vineyards. Am.J.Enol.Vitic, 38: 54～59
Oz Clarke. 2002. Oz Clarke’s new wine atlas. New York San Diego London: Harcourt Inc, 389～450
Rabinowitch D, Ben-David B, FriedmannM. 1986. Light is essential for sunscald induction in cucumberand pepper fruits, whereas heat conditioning p rovides protection. Scientia Horticulturae, (29) : 21～29
Renquist A R, Harrison G H, Mattew K R. 1989. Combined high temperature and ultraviolet radiation injury of red raspberry fruit. HortScience, (2): 25～27
Ribereau—Gayon J, Peynaud E, 1971. Sciences et techniques de la vigne,Tom 1,2,Paris
Schrader L, Zhang J G, Dup lagaW. 2001. Two types of sunburn in app le caused by high fruit surface ( peel) temperature. Plant Health Progress, (10) : 1～5
Simpson J, Rom C R, PattersonM. 1988. Causes and possible controls of sunburn on app les. Good Fruit Grawer, (39): 16～17
Sivilotti P, Bonetto C, Paladin M, et al. 2005,Effect of soil moisture availability on merlot: from leaf water potential to grape composition. Am J Enol Vitic, 56(1): 9～18
Souza C R, Maroco J P, Santos T P, et al. 2005,.Impact of deficit irrigation on water use efficiency and carbon isotope composition (13C) of field—grown grapevines under Mediterranean climate. Journal of ExperimentalBotany, 56(418): 2163～2172
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