阿特拉津在不同肥力土壤中的生态效应
摘要
施用农药是现代化农业的关键措施之一，在解决人口快速增长导致的粮食危机，以及对农业的持续稳定发展等方面起着十分重要的作用。而施肥作为保证粮食产量的关键措施之一，也已被广泛的应用于农业生产。阿特拉津属均三氮苯类选择性内吸传导型除草剂，为高活性、低毒农药。本文研究了阿特拉津与化肥的复合污染，分析阿特拉津在长期定位施肥条件下对土壤的微生物及酶活性的影响，及阿特拉津在不同肥力土壤中的降解情况，并且研究不同施肥制度下，土壤微生物及酶活性的季节变化规律，以期为作物合理施肥施药、减少环境污染提供理论依据。研究结果如下：
1. 长期施肥对土壤过氧化氢酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、磷酸酶活性的影响实验结果表明，长期施肥可以增加土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性，其中有机肥与NPK配施对于增加土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性尤为显著。长期施肥降低土壤中过氧化氢酶活性，并且以NPK配施有机肥处理的土壤过氧化氢酶活性降低幅度最大。过氧化氢酶在2002年4～7月呈上升趋势，7月达到最高值，随后的8、9月份有所下降。蔗糖酶较稳定，无明显季节变化。磷酸酶活性在2002年4月～6月处于较高水平，然后呈现下降趋势。脲酶活性的季节变化规律比较复杂，4月～9月间不同施肥处理的脲酶活性变化不一。
2. 长期施肥对土壤微生物类群的影响实验结果表明，长期施肥可以提高土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量，其中NPK配施有机肥对细菌的增加效果明显大于NPK配施植物秸秆和NPK处理的。长期施用NPK对真菌的增加效果比较的显著。NPK配施有机肥及NPK配施植物秸秆对放线菌的增加效果均要优于单施NPK。土壤细菌数量在4月～7月呈现明显上升趋势，最大值基本上出现在7月份，而后几个月变化幅度不大。土壤真菌数量在4月～8月间呈现上升趋势，最大值出现在8月份，而后开始下降，除NPK＋S处理继续保持下降趋势外，其余三种处理在9月底均有回升趋势。土壤放线菌数量在4月～7月呈现明显上升趋势，其中NPK+M处理的放线菌数量在8月份继续保持上升趋势，而后呈现下降趋势。
3. 长期施肥对土壤微生物生理群的影响实验结果表明，长期施肥可以提高土壤中固氮菌的数量。 NPK配施有机肥对增加土壤中氨化细菌的数量效果最佳，而NPK配施植物秸秆和NPK这两种处理都不能明显增加氨化细菌的数量。长期施肥可以明显增加土壤中硝化细菌的数量。长期施肥可以明显增加土壤中纤维素分解菌的数量，并且NPK、NPK配施植物秸秆和NPK配施有机肥这三种施肥方式对增加土壤中纤维素分解菌数量的效果及趋势均大致相同。固氮菌数量在6、7、8月份保持较高水平。氨化细菌最大值出现在8月份，在5～8月间，呈现上升趋势，8～9月有明显的下降趋势，整个9月份变化平缓。硝化细菌变化规律较为复杂，不同施肥处理数量变化不一。CK处理的纤维素分解菌数量没有明显的季节变化，其余三种处理变化趋势基本一致，即在5、7、9月呈现三个高峰值。
4. 采用密闭静止测CO2法研究了阿特拉津对不同肥力土壤呼吸作用的影响。实验结果表明，在某一肥力条件下，阿特拉津各处理浓度之间及与对照之间无显著差异，但对四种不同肥力的土壤呼吸作用影响差异却十分显著。在整个试验周期中NPK+S施肥处理的土壤在各农药浓度处理中释放的CO2总量均为最大值，接下来依次为NPK、NPK+M、CK。CK、NPK、NPK+S这三种施肥处理中CO2的释放总量随农药浓度的提高呈现增加的趋势。在NPK+M的施肥处理中，低剂量农药处理浓度的土壤中CO2的释放总量明显高于高剂量农药处理浓度。
5. 阿特拉津对不同肥力土壤蔗糖酶的影响实验结果表明，阿特拉津刺激了NPK、NPK+S、CK处理的土壤蔗糖酶活性，就刺激程度而言，NPK＞NPK+S＞CK；阿特拉津抑制NPK+M处理的土壤蔗糖酶活性。当阿特拉津浓度为20mg·kg-1时，蔗糖酶活性值最大。
6. 阿特拉津对不同肥力土壤脲酶的影响实验结果表明，阿特拉津处理四种肥力的土壤，在实验初期时，低浓度处理对土壤脲酶活性表现为刺激作用，然后表现为抑制作用；而高浓度处理在整个处理过程中均表现为抑制作用，且随着药剂浓度的提高，抑制作用加强。CK和NPK施肥处理的土壤脲酶受抑制程度比NPK+S和NPK+M处理的大。
7. 本文研究改进了阿特拉津在土壤中的残留分析方法。土壤中阿特
拉津残留物用丙酮提取，经液－液分配和弗罗里硅土柱层析净化后，用GC-14C岛津气相色谱仪（63Ni-ECD）进行检测。阿特拉津在土壤中0.109，1.09，10.9mg·kg-1三个浓度的标准添加回收率分别为：91.41±8.05%，93.58±8.05%，90.35±9.51%，符合农药残留分析要求。
8. 阿特拉津在土壤中残留实验结果表明，在四种不同肥力土壤中，阿特拉津的降解规律基本一致，即前28天，阿特拉津降解速率较快，在后28天，阿特拉津降解速率慢。NPK+M处理的阿特拉津降解率最高，在土壤中半衰期最短。NPK+S处理中阿特拉津降解率低，其半衰期最长。在前42天中，NPK处理的阿特拉津降解率要明显高于其余三种施肥处理。阿特拉津在CK和NPK处理的半衰期则没有明显差异。
Using pesticide is a key measure in modern agriculture. Pesticide has an important effect on solving the food crisis caused by population explosion and maintaining the stable and sustainable development of agriculture. As a key measure of guaranteeing the output of food, fertilizers were applied widely in farming. Atrazine, Which has high activity towards the weed, low toxicity in the environment, belong to the selective systemic conductive triazine herbicides. The paper studied the compound pollution of atrazine and fertilizer. In this research paper, what were mainly studied was the effects of atrazine on the soil microbe and enzyme activity under the long-term fertilization conditions and its degradation in different fertility soils, meanwhile, what were studied was the seasonal succession of soil microbe and enzyme activity. These researches can offer bases and evidences for the safely and rationally applying of the pesticides and fertilizers so as to reduce the environmental pollution. The results could be summarized as follows:
1. We studied the effects of long-term fertilization on the soil hydrogen peroxidase, invertase, urease, phosphatase activities. The results were as follows: Long-term application of fertilizers, especially the treatment of NPK +M could significantly promoted the soil invertase, urease and phosphatase activities. Long-term application of fertilizers reduced the soil hydrogen peroxidase activity. Soil in the treatment of NPK+M had significantly lower of hydrogen peroxidase in four treatments. Hydrogen peroxidase activity increased from April to July in 2002 and gradually reached a maximum in July, then decreased gradually. Invertase activity remained stable during the whole
experimental period. Phosphatase remained the high activity from April to June, then decreased during the later period. Urease varied complicatedly.
2. The study of the effects of long-term fertilization on the population of the soil microbe groups demonstrated that long-term fertilization augmented the population of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Soil in the treatment of NPK+M had significantly higher numbers of bacteria than the treatments else. Soil in the treatment of NPK had significantly high numbers of fungi. The numbers of actinomycetes with the treatment of NPK were lower than with the treatments of NPK+M or NPK+S. The numbers of bacteria increased from April to July in 2002 and gradually reached a maximum in July, then remained stable during the later period. The numbers of fungi increased from April to August in 2002 and gradually reached a maximum in August, then decreased. The numbers of fungi with the treatment of NPK+S didn't renew during the later period, whereas the numbers of fungi with the treatments else renewed in the end of September. The numbers of actinomycetes increased from April to July in 2002. The numbers of actinomycetes with the treatment of NPK+M increased till August, then gradually decreased.
3. The study of the effects of long-term fertilization on the population of the soil microbe physiological groups demonstrated that long-term fertilization augmented the numbers of azotobacteria. Soil in the treatment of NPK+M had significantly higher numbers of ammonifiers than the treatments else. Long-term fertilization augmented the numbers of nitrifiers obviously. Long-term fertilization augmented the numbers of cellulose-decomposing bacteria obviously, and moreover, the numbers of cellulose-decomposing bacteria with the treatments of NPK, NPK+M and NPK+S varied similarly. The numbers of azotobacteria remained the high level from June to August. The numbers of ammonifiers increased from May to August gradually and reached a maximum in August, then decreased from August to September and remained stable in the whole September. The numbers of nitrifiers varied complicatedly. The numbers of cellulose-decomposing bacteria with the
treatment of CK remained stable during the whole experimental period, which with the treatments else varied similarly, that is, there we
1. 长期施肥对土壤过氧化氢酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、磷酸酶活性的影响实验结果表明，长期施肥可以增加土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性，其中有机肥与NPK配施对于增加土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性尤为显著。长期施肥降低土壤中过氧化氢酶活性，并且以NPK配施有机肥处理的土壤过氧化氢酶活性降低幅度最大。过氧化氢酶在2002年4～7月呈上升趋势，7月达到最高值，随后的8、9月份有所下降。蔗糖酶较稳定，无明显季节变化。磷酸酶活性在2002年4月～6月处于较高水平，然后呈现下降趋势。脲酶活性的季节变化规律比较复杂，4月～9月间不同施肥处理的脲酶活性变化不一。
2. 长期施肥对土壤微生物类群的影响实验结果表明，长期施肥可以提高土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量，其中NPK配施有机肥对细菌的增加效果明显大于NPK配施植物秸秆和NPK处理的。长期施用NPK对真菌的增加效果比较的显著。NPK配施有机肥及NPK配施植物秸秆对放线菌的增加效果均要优于单施NPK。土壤细菌数量在4月～7月呈现明显上升趋势，最大值基本上出现在7月份，而后几个月变化幅度不大。土壤真菌数量在4月～8月间呈现上升趋势，最大值出现在8月份，而后开始下降，除NPK＋S处理继续保持下降趋势外，其余三种处理在9月底均有回升趋势。土壤放线菌数量在4月～7月呈现明显上升趋势，其中NPK+M处理的放线菌数量在8月份继续保持上升趋势，而后呈现下降趋势。
3. 长期施肥对土壤微生物生理群的影响实验结果表明，长期施肥可以提高土壤中固氮菌的数量。 NPK配施有机肥对增加土壤中氨化细菌的数量效果最佳，而NPK配施植物秸秆和NPK这两种处理都不能明显增加氨化细菌的数量。长期施肥可以明显增加土壤中硝化细菌的数量。长期施肥可以明显增加土壤中纤维素分解菌的数量，并且NPK、NPK配施植物秸秆和NPK配施有机肥这三种施肥方式对增加土壤中纤维素分解菌数量的效果及趋势均大致相同。固氮菌数量在6、7、8月份保持较高水平。氨化细菌最大值出现在8月份，在5～8月间，呈现上升趋势，8～9月有明显的下降趋势，整个9月份变化平缓。硝化细菌变化规律较为复杂，不同施肥处理数量变化不一。CK处理的纤维素分解菌数量没有明显的季节变化，其余三种处理变化趋势基本一致，即在5、7、9月呈现三个高峰值。
4. 采用密闭静止测CO2法研究了阿特拉津对不同肥力土壤呼吸作用的影响。实验结果表明，在某一肥力条件下，阿特拉津各处理浓度之间及与对照之间无显著差异，但对四种不同肥力的土壤呼吸作用影响差异却十分显著。在整个试验周期中NPK+S施肥处理的土壤在各农药浓度处理中释放的CO2总量均为最大值，接下来依次为NPK、NPK+M、CK。CK、NPK、NPK+S这三种施肥处理中CO2的释放总量随农药浓度的提高呈现增加的趋势。在NPK+M的施肥处理中，低剂量农药处理浓度的土壤中CO2的释放总量明显高于高剂量农药处理浓度。
5. 阿特拉津对不同肥力土壤蔗糖酶的影响实验结果表明，阿特拉津刺激了NPK、NPK+S、CK处理的土壤蔗糖酶活性，就刺激程度而言，NPK＞NPK+S＞CK；阿特拉津抑制NPK+M处理的土壤蔗糖酶活性。当阿特拉津浓度为20mg·kg-1时，蔗糖酶活性值最大。
6. 阿特拉津对不同肥力土壤脲酶的影响实验结果表明，阿特拉津处理四种肥力的土壤，在实验初期时，低浓度处理对土壤脲酶活性表现为刺激作用，然后表现为抑制作用；而高浓度处理在整个处理过程中均表现为抑制作用，且随着药剂浓度的提高，抑制作用加强。CK和NPK施肥处理的土壤脲酶受抑制程度比NPK+S和NPK+M处理的大。
7. 本文研究改进了阿特拉津在土壤中的残留分析方法。土壤中阿特
拉津残留物用丙酮提取，经液－液分配和弗罗里硅土柱层析净化后，用GC-14C岛津气相色谱仪（63Ni-ECD）进行检测。阿特拉津在土壤中0.109，1.09，10.9mg·kg-1三个浓度的标准添加回收率分别为：91.41±8.05%，93.58±8.05%，90.35±9.51%，符合农药残留分析要求。
8. 阿特拉津在土壤中残留实验结果表明，在四种不同肥力土壤中，阿特拉津的降解规律基本一致，即前28天，阿特拉津降解速率较快，在后28天，阿特拉津降解速率慢。NPK+M处理的阿特拉津降解率最高，在土壤中半衰期最短。NPK+S处理中阿特拉津降解率低，其半衰期最长。在前42天中，NPK处理的阿特拉津降解率要明显高于其余三种施肥处理。阿特拉津在CK和NPK处理的半衰期则没有明显差异。
Using pesticide is a key measure in modern agriculture. Pesticide has an important effect on solving the food crisis caused by population explosion and maintaining the stable and sustainable development of agriculture. As a key measure of guaranteeing the output of food, fertilizers were applied widely in farming. Atrazine, Which has high activity towards the weed, low toxicity in the environment, belong to the selective systemic conductive triazine herbicides. The paper studied the compound pollution of atrazine and fertilizer. In this research paper, what were mainly studied was the effects of atrazine on the soil microbe and enzyme activity under the long-term fertilization conditions and its degradation in different fertility soils, meanwhile, what were studied was the seasonal succession of soil microbe and enzyme activity. These researches can offer bases and evidences for the safely and rationally applying of the pesticides and fertilizers so as to reduce the environmental pollution. The results could be summarized as follows:
1. We studied the effects of long-term fertilization on the soil hydrogen peroxidase, invertase, urease, phosphatase activities. The results were as follows: Long-term application of fertilizers, especially the treatment of NPK +M could significantly promoted the soil invertase, urease and phosphatase activities. Long-term application of fertilizers reduced the soil hydrogen peroxidase activity. Soil in the treatment of NPK+M had significantly lower of hydrogen peroxidase in four treatments. Hydrogen peroxidase activity increased from April to July in 2002 and gradually reached a maximum in July, then decreased gradually. Invertase activity remained stable during the whole
experimental period. Phosphatase remained the high activity from April to June, then decreased during the later period. Urease varied complicatedly.
2. The study of the effects of long-term fertilization on the population of the soil microbe groups demonstrated that long-term fertilization augmented the population of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Soil in the treatment of NPK+M had significantly higher numbers of bacteria than the treatments else. Soil in the treatment of NPK had significantly high numbers of fungi. The numbers of actinomycetes with the treatment of NPK were lower than with the treatments of NPK+M or NPK+S. The numbers of bacteria increased from April to July in 2002 and gradually reached a maximum in July, then remained stable during the later period. The numbers of fungi increased from April to August in 2002 and gradually reached a maximum in August, then decreased. The numbers of fungi with the treatment of NPK+S didn't renew during the later period, whereas the numbers of fungi with the treatments else renewed in the end of September. The numbers of actinomycetes increased from April to July in 2002. The numbers of actinomycetes with the treatment of NPK+M increased till August, then gradually decreased.
3. The study of the effects of long-term fertilization on the population of the soil microbe physiological groups demonstrated that long-term fertilization augmented the numbers of azotobacteria. Soil in the treatment of NPK+M had significantly higher numbers of ammonifiers than the treatments else. Long-term fertilization augmented the numbers of nitrifiers obviously. Long-term fertilization augmented the numbers of cellulose-decomposing bacteria obviously, and moreover, the numbers of cellulose-decomposing bacteria with the treatments of NPK, NPK+M and NPK+S varied similarly. The numbers of azotobacteria remained the high level from June to August. The numbers of ammonifiers increased from May to August gradually and reached a maximum in August, then decreased from August to September and remained stable in the whole September. The numbers of nitrifiers varied complicatedly. The numbers of cellulose-decomposing bacteria with the
treatment of CK remained stable during the whole experimental period, which with the treatments else varied similarly, that is, there we
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