汞砷蒸气发生新方法及其在原子光谱分析中的应用研究
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摘要
本论文对蒸气发生/电化学氢化物发生(VG/EC-HG)进样技术的原理以及其在原子光谱(AS)分析中的应用,进行了较为详细的概述。AS是检测环境样品中金属元素较为成熟的分析手段,同时随着科技的发展,分析工作者对原子光谱仪器的在线分析、微型化以及环境友好等方面提出了更高的要求。论文包括了实验装置的设计,设计原理的讨论,测量条件的优化,实际样品的处理,分析方法的建立等。
第一章首先介绍了原子光谱分析中冷蒸气发生(CVG)、氢化物发生(HG)和挥发物发生等蒸气发生进样技术,然后文中重点阐述了化学蒸气(CHG)/EC-HG的原子化机理、可能干扰以及如何消除、电解池构造、电极材料和电解质溶液的选择等。最后对CHG/EC-HG-AS体系性能改进以及实际应用做了简要概述。
第二章研究并建立了一种新颖的微型化汞蒸气发生原子荧光(CVG-AFS)检测系统,该体系采用具有高气体渗透性和紫外光透过性的无定形聚四氟乙烯管(Teflon AF-2400)作为CVG-AFS系统的气液分离器和检测池,同时文中对Teflon-AF 2400管的渗透机理以及设计原理做了比较深入的研究。在最佳实验条件下,方法的检出限为0.02μg/L,相对标准偏差(n=11)为3.3%。该体系所占的体积小、样品消耗少、灵敏度和稳定性好,并成功应用于卷烟样品中汞含量的检测,回收率为97%～102%。
第三章首次将固体聚合物电化学氢化发生(SPE-HG)技术应用于原子光谱分析进样,并设计了一种新型的SPE-HG电解池,采用耐腐蚀性强的镀铱钛网做阳极,延长了发生池的使用寿命;使用透气性好、高氢超电势的石墨毡做为阴极,大大提高了砷氢化物的生成效率;Nafion?117膜具有良好的质子交换能力,以及电极和质子膜之间的紧密接触,降低了反应所消耗的功率。该氢化物发生池改变了以往传统氢化发生池阳极使用酸性电解质的特点,阳极液使用纯水,电解池可直接通过四个C型夹挤压固定,该体系具有价格低廉、易于安装、环境友好的优点。将该体系与原子荧光光谱仪联用,成功地实现了卷烟样品中痕量砷的测定。方法的精密度和准确度非常理想。
A review on the theory and application of vapor generation/electrochemical hydride generation(VG/EC-HG) sampling technique used in Atomic Spectrum(AS) was introduced in detail in this article. Determination of metal elements inenvironmental samples with atomic spectrum has been a very excellent analytical method. However, many analytical workers pay more attention to sample on-line, miniature apparatus and environment-friendly in actual works. In the article the experimental apparatus were set up ; the design theory was discussed ; the effect of detecting conditions were studied; the sample pretreatment techniques were investigated and analytical methods were developed.
In the chapter one, the various vapor sampling techniques that applied to AS including cold vapor generation(CVG), hydride generation(HG) and volatilization generation were introduced firstly. Then, the atomic mechanism of chemical hydride generation(CHG)/EC-HG, possible interference and elimination, the design of electrolysis cell, the choice of electrode material and electrolyte, etc. were discussed. Finally, the improvement and application of CHG/EC-HG technique in AS were described.
In the chapter two, a novel miniature CVG-AFS system was developed using amorphous Teflon AF-2400 tube as the gas-liquid separator and detection cell for the determination of Hg in tobacco, based on the Teflon AF-2400 tube’s excellent gas transport behavior and high UV transparence. At the same time,the mechanization of design and gas permeation were discussed in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit was 0.02μg/L, and relative standard deviation ( RSD ) was 3.3% for eleven consecutive measurements of 0.50μg/L Hg standard solution. The novel system showed the advantages of micro-scale, low sample consumption and high sensitivity. The method had been successfully used in the determination of Hg in tobacco sample with recoveries of 97%–102%.
In the chapter three, solid polymer electrolyte hydride generation technology (SPE-HG) for metal elements determination was first applied in AS analysis. A new SPE-HG cell, mainly composed of three components was laboratory manufactured and employed for detecting As in tobacco samples by coupling to AFS. A corrosion- resisting Ti mesh modified by Ir was chosen as anode material which could lengthen the cell’s using life; high porous graphite felt with high hydrogen overvoltage was used as cathode, which enhanced the productivity of AsH3; Nafion 117 membrane as the ion exchange membrane and close contaction between electrodes with membrane reduced the power efficiency. Water as an alternative anolyte was first used in the SPE-HG cell. The entire arrangement was fastened with four clamps of C type at fourdifferent directions. So the new system has advangtages of low-cost, long-life, easy-assembly and environment friendly. It was successful to detect As in tobacco by coupling the new cell to Atomic Fluorescence Spectrum with high precision.
第一章首先介绍了原子光谱分析中冷蒸气发生(CVG)、氢化物发生(HG)和挥发物发生等蒸气发生进样技术,然后文中重点阐述了化学蒸气(CHG)/EC-HG的原子化机理、可能干扰以及如何消除、电解池构造、电极材料和电解质溶液的选择等。最后对CHG/EC-HG-AS体系性能改进以及实际应用做了简要概述。
第二章研究并建立了一种新颖的微型化汞蒸气发生原子荧光(CVG-AFS)检测系统,该体系采用具有高气体渗透性和紫外光透过性的无定形聚四氟乙烯管(Teflon AF-2400)作为CVG-AFS系统的气液分离器和检测池,同时文中对Teflon-AF 2400管的渗透机理以及设计原理做了比较深入的研究。在最佳实验条件下,方法的检出限为0.02μg/L,相对标准偏差(n=11)为3.3%。该体系所占的体积小、样品消耗少、灵敏度和稳定性好,并成功应用于卷烟样品中汞含量的检测,回收率为97%～102%。
第三章首次将固体聚合物电化学氢化发生(SPE-HG)技术应用于原子光谱分析进样,并设计了一种新型的SPE-HG电解池,采用耐腐蚀性强的镀铱钛网做阳极,延长了发生池的使用寿命;使用透气性好、高氢超电势的石墨毡做为阴极,大大提高了砷氢化物的生成效率;Nafion?117膜具有良好的质子交换能力,以及电极和质子膜之间的紧密接触,降低了反应所消耗的功率。该氢化物发生池改变了以往传统氢化发生池阳极使用酸性电解质的特点,阳极液使用纯水,电解池可直接通过四个C型夹挤压固定,该体系具有价格低廉、易于安装、环境友好的优点。将该体系与原子荧光光谱仪联用,成功地实现了卷烟样品中痕量砷的测定。方法的精密度和准确度非常理想。
A review on the theory and application of vapor generation/electrochemical hydride generation(VG/EC-HG) sampling technique used in Atomic Spectrum(AS) was introduced in detail in this article. Determination of metal elements inenvironmental samples with atomic spectrum has been a very excellent analytical method. However, many analytical workers pay more attention to sample on-line, miniature apparatus and environment-friendly in actual works. In the article the experimental apparatus were set up ; the design theory was discussed ; the effect of detecting conditions were studied; the sample pretreatment techniques were investigated and analytical methods were developed.
In the chapter one, the various vapor sampling techniques that applied to AS including cold vapor generation(CVG), hydride generation(HG) and volatilization generation were introduced firstly. Then, the atomic mechanism of chemical hydride generation(CHG)/EC-HG, possible interference and elimination, the design of electrolysis cell, the choice of electrode material and electrolyte, etc. were discussed. Finally, the improvement and application of CHG/EC-HG technique in AS were described.
In the chapter two, a novel miniature CVG-AFS system was developed using amorphous Teflon AF-2400 tube as the gas-liquid separator and detection cell for the determination of Hg in tobacco, based on the Teflon AF-2400 tube’s excellent gas transport behavior and high UV transparence. At the same time,the mechanization of design and gas permeation were discussed in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit was 0.02μg/L, and relative standard deviation ( RSD ) was 3.3% for eleven consecutive measurements of 0.50μg/L Hg standard solution. The novel system showed the advantages of micro-scale, low sample consumption and high sensitivity. The method had been successfully used in the determination of Hg in tobacco sample with recoveries of 97%–102%.
In the chapter three, solid polymer electrolyte hydride generation technology (SPE-HG) for metal elements determination was first applied in AS analysis. A new SPE-HG cell, mainly composed of three components was laboratory manufactured and employed for detecting As in tobacco samples by coupling to AFS. A corrosion- resisting Ti mesh modified by Ir was chosen as anode material which could lengthen the cell’s using life; high porous graphite felt with high hydrogen overvoltage was used as cathode, which enhanced the productivity of AsH3; Nafion 117 membrane as the ion exchange membrane and close contaction between electrodes with membrane reduced the power efficiency. Water as an alternative anolyte was first used in the SPE-HG cell. The entire arrangement was fastened with four clamps of C type at fourdifferent directions. So the new system has advangtages of low-cost, long-life, easy-assembly and environment friendly. It was successful to detect As in tobacco by coupling the new cell to Atomic Fluorescence Spectrum with high precision.
引文
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