新课程理念下高中化学作业的设计
摘要
作业一直以来被视为“课堂教学的延伸和补充”,是教师用来衡量自己课堂教学效果的一种重要手段,也是学生巩固和深化知识的一种有效方法。在新课程理念的指导下,普通高中的教学方式、方法已有很明显的改变,但是长期以来积淀下来的作业形式、内容、完成标准及评价方式一直延用老一套方式,远离学生实际生活和社会生活,过分注重学生死记硬背、机械训练,弊端重重。因此研究新课程背景下的化学作业的设计具有重大的实际意义,优化作业的设计势在必行。笔者在近两年多的教学实践中不断探索新课程理念下高中化学作业的设计问题,采用形式多样的作业方式,尤其注重开放性作业的设计与实施,如归纳比较型、习题推荐型、方案设计型、实验探究型和实践活动型作业在化学教学中的灵活应用。遵循作业设计以人为本、联系实际、因人而异、注重合作原则,充分体现了作业的巩固与延伸功能、培养与发展功能和反馈与交流功能,并取得了小小成效。既培养了学生的探究意识和创新能力,增强了学生的团体意识和合作精神,又训练了学生的发散思维、集中思维、批判思维、等效思维和逆向思维等。使每个学生在学习活动中都能得到充分、自由的发展,使原本枯燥死板的作业环节焕发出生命的活力。
Homework has always been considered“the necessary extension and supplement for classroom teaching”. It can both act as an important way for teachers to know the efficiency of their classroom teaching and an efficient way for students to consolidate and deepen what they have learned. Under the direction of the new curriculum ,the teaching styles and methods of senior high have been changed greatly ,but homework’s forms ,contents ,criteria of accomplishment and assessments haven’t been changed accordingly .They are still for from real social life and pay too much attention to remember and drill mechanically .So it has important practical significance to study the designing of chemistry homework under the direction of the new curriculum ,and it’s very necessary to optimize homework designing .I have been studying the designing of senior high chemistry homework during the last two years’teaching process in which I adopt a variety of homework forms and pay attention to the designing and implementing of“open homework assignments”to be used in chemistry teaching ,for instance,“the style of summary and contrast”, the style of“exercise recommendation”, the style of“schemes’designing”, the style of“researching through experiments”and the style of“practical homework”, etc. I follow the rules of homework designing based on students’real level relating to practice closely , students’differences and cooperation , which realize the homework function of consolidation and extension , training and development , and feedback and communication .During the process students’research enthusiasm and creative competence are festered , and their team work spirit and cooperative tendency are trained .Therefore, students’divergence thinking, concentration thinking, criticizing thinking ,equal-efficiency thinking and reverted thinking are trained ,which enable students to study butter and more freely and make the former inflexible homework become an efficient part of teaching.
Homework has always been considered“the necessary extension and supplement for classroom teaching”. It can both act as an important way for teachers to know the efficiency of their classroom teaching and an efficient way for students to consolidate and deepen what they have learned. Under the direction of the new curriculum ,the teaching styles and methods of senior high have been changed greatly ,but homework’s forms ,contents ,criteria of accomplishment and assessments haven’t been changed accordingly .They are still for from real social life and pay too much attention to remember and drill mechanically .So it has important practical significance to study the designing of chemistry homework under the direction of the new curriculum ,and it’s very necessary to optimize homework designing .I have been studying the designing of senior high chemistry homework during the last two years’teaching process in which I adopt a variety of homework forms and pay attention to the designing and implementing of“open homework assignments”to be used in chemistry teaching ,for instance,“the style of summary and contrast”, the style of“exercise recommendation”, the style of“schemes’designing”, the style of“researching through experiments”and the style of“practical homework”, etc. I follow the rules of homework designing based on students’real level relating to practice closely , students’differences and cooperation , which realize the homework function of consolidation and extension , training and development , and feedback and communication .During the process students’research enthusiasm and creative competence are festered , and their team work spirit and cooperative tendency are trained .Therefore, students’divergence thinking, concentration thinking, criticizing thinking ,equal-efficiency thinking and reverted thinking are trained ,which enable students to study butter and more freely and make the former inflexible homework become an efficient part of teaching.
引文
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[3]教育部.普通高中化学课程标准.人民教育出版社 :2003.1-2 3-4.
[4]袁振国.当代教育学.教育科学出版社:1999. 22-23.
[5]吕大为.美国中小学生家庭作业历史演变及启示.沈阳师范大学出版社:2003.12.
[6]化学课程教材研究开发中心.普通高中课程标准实验教科书化学①.人民教育出版社:2006.
[7]人民教育出版社化学室.全日制普通高级中学教科书(必修加选修)第二册.人民教育出版社:2002.
[8]毕华林.化学新教材开发与使用.高等教育出版社:2003. 22-31.
[9]童宝康 张于君.新课程理念下化学作业布置的功能与策略.中学化学教学参考,2005,6:17-18.
[10]李建堂.浅谈化学作业的改革.中学化学教学参考,2006,6:25-26.
[11] 王祖浩 张天若.化学问题设计与问题解决.高等教育出版社:2003.115.
[12] 国家研究委员会 国家科学教育调查局 .教与学指导 .华盛顿:国家学术出版社,2000 .46.
[13] 叶玉海.几种心理效应对教育教学的启示.人民教育,2005,12:37.
[14] 李世宏.平民圣人.上海教育.2005.6:42.
[15] 江慧君. 开放性教学的新视角—延时作业.中学化学教学参考,2005,4:17-19.
[16] 王祖浩 张天若.化学问题设计与问题解决.高等教育出版社,2003.103-104.
[17] 熊川武.实践教育学.上海教育出版社:2001.11.
[18] 王祖浩 张天若.化学问题设计与问题解决.高等教育出版社:2003. 184-193.
[19] 张国兰.新课程理念下高一化学作业设计探究.中学化学教学参考,2005,5:36-37.
[20] 人民教育出版社化学室.全日制普通高级中学教科书(必修加选修)第三册.人民教育出版社:2003.91-92.
[21] 苏霍姆林斯基. 给教师的建议.教育科学出版社:1984.2.
[22] 郑长龙.化学实验教学新视野.高等教育出版社:2003.38.
[23] 郅庭瑾.教会学生思维.教育科学出版社:2001. 176.
[24] 杨树.有机化学中的等效原理.中学化学教学参考,2005,5:50-51.
[25] 教育部基础教育司.校本教研与教师专业发展.高等教育出版社:2004.2.
[26] 高凌飚.普通高中新课程模块学业评价.高等教育出版社: 2005. 15-16.
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