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工业化城镇化农业现代化进程中国家粮食安全问题
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摘要
我国作为一个人口大国,任何时候都要立足国内解决吃饭问题,这是治国安邦的头等大事,也是农业现代化的首要任务。没有农业和农村的稳定和发展,就不可能有城镇的发展和繁荣,也难以支撑实现工业化、城镇化。学术界对粮食安全的研究主要集中在粮食安全的制度建设,宏观管理以及微观机制上,亦有学者分别研究了工业化、城镇化、农业现代化对粮食安全各自的影响。但是工业化、城镇化和农业现代化这三大进程是需要整体推进,共同协调的。于是从三大进程的整体视角,重新审视粮食安全,以及工业化、城镇化和农业现代化对粮食安全的影响及其相互作用就显得尤为必要。本文以工业化城镇化农业现代化进程中国家粮食安全问题为对象,从粮食安全评价、工业化评价与粮食安全耦合,城镇化评价与粮食安全耦合、农业现代化发展与粮食安全以及三大进程与粮食安全的共同关系等多个角度,研究新时期我国粮食安全保障的方法与模式。基于以上背景,本文进行了以下几个方面研究,以期为新形势下国家粮食安全研究添砖加瓦、为我国粮食安全保障的实践提供参考:
     1.我国粮食安全形势变化趋势的分析与评价。从粮食安全水平的界定入手,概述了二十年来我国的粮食安全总体形势;运用层次分析法,评价了我国粮食安全形势的得分,为进一步分析提供了数据基础;简述了我国粮食安全保障制度历史变化和当前特征:分析了未来我国粮食安全面临的诸多挑战,包括资源约束、国际贸易环境、工业化、城镇化、农业现代化等。
     2.我国工业化水平的界定及其对粮食安全的影响。从工业化的界定入手,综合已有研究方法,对我国现阶段的工业化水平进行了衡量,得出了我国处于工业化中后期阶段的结论;总体分析了我国工业化进程与粮食安全保障的相关关系,并与用耦合分析的方法,综合评估了工业化和粮食安全的动态演化态势,得出工业化兼有积极和消极两方面影响的结论;探讨了工业化进程对粮食供给和消费的不同影响,得出了工业用粮上升和人均粮食消费上升会给粮食安全带来压力,而工业资本下乡对粮食安全则是有利的结论。
     3.我国城镇化进程对粮食安全的影响。通过城镇化和粮食安全的耦合分析,发现近二十年来,城镇化的推进在较多的年份抑制了粮食安全的保障,需要进行政策创新;从城镇化与粮食安全影响因素的关联分析发现,耕地面积的减少和农村劳动力的外流与城镇化之间的影响是显著的;从人口结构变化的分析中,发现了城镇化必然带来粮食消费结构的变化和总量的上升;从供给视角的分析中发现,城镇化对粮食生产资源是有威胁性的,而征地行为则对粮食安全的威胁更大。采用了动态博弈分析的模型探讨了城市扩张与粮食安全同时实现的策略。
     4.我国农业现代化的界定及其对粮食安全的影响。通过回顾我国农业现代化的历史进程,总结了从历史发展中得到的经验教训,并设计相关指标,运用层次分析法和德尔菲法,衡量了我国农业现代化的发展水平,得出了农业现代化进程相对落后的结论;依据索洛余值法,计算了农业现代化各个要素对粮食安全的贡献,得出了农业科技进步需要继续加强的结论;从粮食供给和消费两个方面分析了我国农业现代化对粮食安全的影响,得出了农业现代化对与粮食安全既有积极效应,也有不利因素,需要合理引导;从国际视角分析了我国粮食的国际竞争力,指出要继续加强对粮食生产这一弱质产业的保护。
     5.工业化城镇化农业现代化与粮食安全综合分析。从工业化、城镇化与农业现代化之间的内部联系入手,探索作为影响因素的三个进程本身的有机联系,得出了它们之间协同度不高,需要进一步加强的结论;运用多元回归模型,计算了粮食安全这个因变量与工业化、城镇化与农业现代化同时作为自变量时的回归关系,其结果较好的印证本研究的假设和前期的理论分析,从数据上证明了工业化对粮食安全的带动作用,城镇化对粮食安全的压制作用以及农业现代化发展的滞后;对三个进程和粮食安全进行关系上的两两解析,再综合分析,得到了工业化城镇化农业现代化对粮食安全的整体作用图解;最后,结合一个实证分析案例,针对性的提出了新形势下粮食安全实现的路径探索。
As a populous country, China's food security should always be based on its domestic food production, which is the most important issue in China's state administration and social stability, and China's food security is also the primary task of its agricultural modernization process. Without agricultural development and rural stable, the prosperity of the cities could not be fulfilled, and the support to the industrialization and urbanization would be weakened. The existent researches mainly focused on food security system construction, macro management and micro mechanism. Furthermore, some studies already researched the respective influences of the industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization to the food security. However, the industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization are not separated processes which should get progress and coordinate as a whole procedure. Thus, the review and reflection of the China's food security by taking the industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization processes into consider are quite important, and the analysis of the interaction among the three processes and food security is also quite necessary. Generally speaking, this research treated the China's food security in national industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization processes as the study objective, and tried to form the system and mode of the long time food security keeping by food security evaluation, coupling analysis, and interaction relationship study among the three processes and food security. Based on the above research background, the following aspects were studied so as to give suggestion and do little bit help to the China's food security system:
     The analysis and evaluation of China's food security evolution. Through the definition of the China's food security level, an over view of was given to the China's food security status in twenty years. By AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), the specific score of the China's food security in each was calculated, which support the further discussion; The historic change and contemporary characteristic of China's food security were summarized; The future challenges of the China's security including resources restriction, international trade market, the industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization processes.
     The definition of the China's industrialization and its influence to the China's food security system. Start with the definition of China's industrialization, comprehensively used the existent research methods to evaluate the current industrialization in China, and got the conclusion that the China has come into post-industrialization level; The relationship between the China's industrialization and food security was tested, and by using the coupling analysis, the dynamic evolution trend was judged, and lead to the conclusion that the industrialization could have both positive and negative influence to the food security; The different influences of the industrialization to the food supply and consume were discussed, and found that the industrial food needs increasing and food consuming increasing per capita caused by industrialization would give pressure to the food security, while the flow of industrial asset to rural area is beneficial to the food security.
     The influence of urbanization to the China's food security system. By using the coupling analysis, the restrain effect of the urbanization to the food security in most recent years was discovered, which need policy innovation to solve this problem; Through the correlation analysis between the urbanization and food security, significant influences of arable land decrease and rural labor force loss to the urbanization were found; From the population structure analysis, the food consume increasing is inevitable because of food consume structure change; From the food supply structure change analysis, the threatening of the urbanization to the foundation of food production is also inevitable, and the land acquisition is even a more threatening factor to the food production. In order to find the solution of these problems, dynamic game theory was used to discuss the possible policy chooses.
     The definition of the China's agricultural modernization and its influence to the China's food security system. By reviewing the historic China's agricultural modernization development process, and summarizing the historical experience and lessons, the China's agricultural modernization development level was evaluated, and China's agricultural modernization was the lagging indicator in China's modernization process; Through the Solow residual analysis, the element contribution of China's agricultural modernization was clarified, and the conclusion shown that the agriculture scientific and technological progress needs improvement; The influence of the China's agricultural modernization to the food security was scale down to the food supply and demand level, and the conclusion is that the China's agricultural modernization could be positive and also negative to the food security, so that the reasonable guidance is needed; As a weak industry, the government support and subside need enhancement from the international perspective.
     The comprehensive analysis of the industrialization, urbanization, agricultural modernization and food security. Start from the inner relationship analysis among the industrialization, urbanization, agricultural modernization, the mechanism and connection among were analyzed, and the conclusion shown that the synergy degree of the three process was not high enough which need further improvement; By multiple regression, the industrialization, urbanization, agricultural modernization index were treated as independent value and dependent value for food security index, and the results well confirmed the previous hypothesis and analysis, which testify that the industrialization could be a driven force to the food security, urbanization have a significant impact to the food security and the support from the agricultural modernization is not enough; Through the respective analysis between the food security and the three process, the illustration of them was formed; Finally, by a micro level case study the food security fulfill pathways were proposed in the current environment.
引文
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