吕宋海峡黑潮流径变异的动力机制研究
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摘要
吕宋海峡黑潮的路径变异和动力机制,一直是学术界十分关注的科学问题,而且此处黑潮对我国南海北部环流以及整个南海海盆的质量和能量平衡都有着重要的影响。本文共分四部分,第一章是综述南海和吕宋海峡黑潮的研究进展和物理海洋中的迟滞现象;第二章是在参数空间Re数与形比参数γ(缺口半宽与Munk层厚度的比值),系统研究西边界流的跨跃流态,入侵流态和周期涡旋剥离流态,并确定了上述状态转捩定量关系和转捩曲线。第三章研究经向风场和台风对西边界流的流态的影响,第四章研究西边界流流态处于临界状态时,涡旋扰动源对状态转捩的作用。这些结果用来解释了吕宋海峡黑潮形变的部分结构特征。
在综合考虑缺口宽度、侧摩擦系数和流量的情况下,模式结果显示,在形比参数γ≤3.05时,无论多么小的流量,西边界流都不能进入缺口;当3. 05<γ<4.31时,较小的流量对应入侵流态,较大的流量对应跨隙流态,并且是一一对应;当γ≥4.31时,相同流量下西边界流可能存在两种稳定态——跨隙流态和入侵流态,由初始态的不同决定;在γ≥4.86时,出现第三种准稳定流态——周期甩涡流态。最后给出了西边界流流态与双参数(γ和Re)的分岔图和理论分析。
在γ和Re数不变的情况下,季风也会使西边界流流态发生改变。实验结果显示,北风有利于西边界流的反气旋入侵,而南风则有利于其跨隙流动。缺口南部海脊对北风的埃克曼输运的阻挡,导致西边界流流量的减小,从而有利于西边界流入侵西海盆。北风在缺口处产生的埃克曼输运对西边界流入侵缺口几乎没有贡献。当西边界流流量远离其流径变化的临界状态时,路径不易受风场的影响。并给出了西边界流流态与双参数(流量和经向风)的分岔图。最后还研究了台风对临界状态西边界流流态的影响。
在西边界流处于临界流态时,涡旋作为扰动源,有可能会导致其流态发生显著转变。当西边界流处于入侵流态的临界状态时,在缺口右侧,无论是反气旋式涡旋还是气旋式涡旋都能促使其发生跨隙流动的转变;而当西边界流处于跨隙流态的临界状态时,在缺口右侧,无论气旋式涡还是反气旋式涡都不能促使其转变为入侵流态。实验还显示涡旋的位置对西边界流流态变化也有很重要的影响,总体来说中尺度涡旋在缺口南侧对西边界流影响最大,在缺口东侧影响次之,而在缺口北侧影响最小。
The academia pays much attention to the transition and dynamic mechanism of the Kuroshio at Luzon Strait, and it plays an important role in determining the whole balance of mass and energy of the South China Sea. Chapter one gives a summary of the SCS and Kuroshio at Luzon Strait, and hysteresis in oceanography. Both the transport and non-dimension parameterγ(ratio of the half width of the gap and width of Munk boundary layer) control the formation of the Western Boundary Current at the gap (Chapter two). In Chapter three, we analysis how the meridional winds change the formation of the WBC at the gap, including typhoon cases. At last chapter, when the WBC is at its critical phase to transfer to another phase, meso-scale eddies may also disturb the formation the WBC. And These results can be used to explain some feature of the Kuroshio at Luzon Strait.
Considering the width of the gap, viscosity coefficient and transport of the WBC, the model results shows whenγ≤3.05, no matter how small of the transport, the WBC can not penetrate into the gap. When 3. 05<γ<4.42, the WBC can penetrate when the transport is small, while the WBC leaps when the transport is large, and one certain transport is corresponding to one certain feature. Whenγ≥4.42, the WBC may be in one of the two regime(penetrating state or leaping state)for the same parameter, depending on its initial state. The bifurcation graph of the formation of the WBC versus the parameters (γand transport) is revealed.
The path of the WBC is mostly determined by the transport of the flow, winds and eddies may also affect the transport. We focus on the effects of meridional winds influence the transport without changing the curl of the wind. The results illustrate that northerly wind favor anti-cyclonic intrusions of the WBC into the gap whereas southerly winds favor leaping across the gap. The Ekman transport which induced by northerly winds in the gap do not change the path of WBC evidently. But the blocking of Ekman transport at south of the gap can reduce the transport of the WBC remarkably, which results in penetrating state. The path of the WBC is difficult to change when it is beyond the critical value of the transitions.
Meso-scale eddies may also change the transport of the WBC. When the WBC is at critical state, the perturbation of eddies may change the state evidently. When the WBC is at critical value of penetrating state, cyclonic and anti-cyclonic eddy at right side of the gap both may change it to leap. When the WBC is at critical value of leaping state, neither cyclonic or anti-cyclonic eddy at right side of the gap can not change it to penetrate. Experiments also reveal the position of eddies is quite important, the south position of the gap is much more important than the north.
在综合考虑缺口宽度、侧摩擦系数和流量的情况下,模式结果显示,在形比参数γ≤3.05时,无论多么小的流量,西边界流都不能进入缺口;当3. 05<γ<4.31时,较小的流量对应入侵流态,较大的流量对应跨隙流态,并且是一一对应;当γ≥4.31时,相同流量下西边界流可能存在两种稳定态——跨隙流态和入侵流态,由初始态的不同决定;在γ≥4.86时,出现第三种准稳定流态——周期甩涡流态。最后给出了西边界流流态与双参数(γ和Re)的分岔图和理论分析。
在γ和Re数不变的情况下,季风也会使西边界流流态发生改变。实验结果显示,北风有利于西边界流的反气旋入侵,而南风则有利于其跨隙流动。缺口南部海脊对北风的埃克曼输运的阻挡,导致西边界流流量的减小,从而有利于西边界流入侵西海盆。北风在缺口处产生的埃克曼输运对西边界流入侵缺口几乎没有贡献。当西边界流流量远离其流径变化的临界状态时,路径不易受风场的影响。并给出了西边界流流态与双参数(流量和经向风)的分岔图。最后还研究了台风对临界状态西边界流流态的影响。
在西边界流处于临界流态时,涡旋作为扰动源,有可能会导致其流态发生显著转变。当西边界流处于入侵流态的临界状态时,在缺口右侧,无论是反气旋式涡旋还是气旋式涡旋都能促使其发生跨隙流动的转变;而当西边界流处于跨隙流态的临界状态时,在缺口右侧,无论气旋式涡还是反气旋式涡都不能促使其转变为入侵流态。实验还显示涡旋的位置对西边界流流态变化也有很重要的影响,总体来说中尺度涡旋在缺口南侧对西边界流影响最大,在缺口东侧影响次之,而在缺口北侧影响最小。
The academia pays much attention to the transition and dynamic mechanism of the Kuroshio at Luzon Strait, and it plays an important role in determining the whole balance of mass and energy of the South China Sea. Chapter one gives a summary of the SCS and Kuroshio at Luzon Strait, and hysteresis in oceanography. Both the transport and non-dimension parameterγ(ratio of the half width of the gap and width of Munk boundary layer) control the formation of the Western Boundary Current at the gap (Chapter two). In Chapter three, we analysis how the meridional winds change the formation of the WBC at the gap, including typhoon cases. At last chapter, when the WBC is at its critical phase to transfer to another phase, meso-scale eddies may also disturb the formation the WBC. And These results can be used to explain some feature of the Kuroshio at Luzon Strait.
Considering the width of the gap, viscosity coefficient and transport of the WBC, the model results shows whenγ≤3.05, no matter how small of the transport, the WBC can not penetrate into the gap. When 3. 05<γ<4.42, the WBC can penetrate when the transport is small, while the WBC leaps when the transport is large, and one certain transport is corresponding to one certain feature. Whenγ≥4.42, the WBC may be in one of the two regime(penetrating state or leaping state)for the same parameter, depending on its initial state. The bifurcation graph of the formation of the WBC versus the parameters (γand transport) is revealed.
The path of the WBC is mostly determined by the transport of the flow, winds and eddies may also affect the transport. We focus on the effects of meridional winds influence the transport without changing the curl of the wind. The results illustrate that northerly wind favor anti-cyclonic intrusions of the WBC into the gap whereas southerly winds favor leaping across the gap. The Ekman transport which induced by northerly winds in the gap do not change the path of WBC evidently. But the blocking of Ekman transport at south of the gap can reduce the transport of the WBC remarkably, which results in penetrating state. The path of the WBC is difficult to change when it is beyond the critical value of the transitions.
Meso-scale eddies may also change the transport of the WBC. When the WBC is at critical state, the perturbation of eddies may change the state evidently. When the WBC is at critical value of penetrating state, cyclonic and anti-cyclonic eddy at right side of the gap both may change it to leap. When the WBC is at critical value of leaping state, neither cyclonic or anti-cyclonic eddy at right side of the gap can not change it to penetrate. Experiments also reveal the position of eddies is quite important, the south position of the gap is much more important than the north.
引文
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