警用幼犬行为测试及早期培训技术研究
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摘要
3月龄前的幼犬,是犬良好行为特性形成最为关键和可塑性最大的时期。警犬的依恋性、兴奋性、胆量、衔取欲等警用行为特性,很大程度上都取决于这一阶段的锻炼与培养。这对于专以培养警用训练犬为目标的幼犬培训工作尤为重要。然而国内的警用幼犬培训一般2月龄后才开始,几乎完全忽视了2月龄之前的培训,而实际上也缺乏有效的培训方法。为建立有效的警用幼犬培训方法,改进幼犬品质,提高警犬繁育的整体效益,我们开展了警用幼犬的行为测试及早期培训技术研究。
本研究的试验犬全部来自公安部南京警犬研究所,品种有德国牧羊犬(German Shepherd Dog, GSD)、拉布拉多犬(Labrador Retriever, LR)和英国史宾格犬(English Springer Spaniel, ESS)。试验幼犬全为进口种犬或纯繁一代种犬的后代,基础日粮为自产“福斯”牌膨化颗粒饲料。主要研究内容及结果如下：
1.幼犬的淘汰原因及影响幼犬投训的因素分析
根据2000～2007年繁育的2284头(其中：GSD980头、LR783头、ESS521头)2月龄幼犬、1992头(其中：GSD884头、LR696头、ESS412头)6月龄幼犬的培训考核记录,对幼犬的淘汰原因及影响幼犬投训的遗传与环境因素进行分析。结果发现：2月龄和6月龄幼犬的淘汰率分别为0.88%和9.49%；6月龄幼犬最主要的淘汰原因是不衔取或衔取欲低(60.11%),其次是胆小(16.85%)；性别、2月龄窝仔数和训养方式对6月龄幼犬的投训率影响不显著(P>0.05),品种、母亲年龄、出生季节和父母对幼犬投训率具有显著影响(P<0.05),拉布拉多犬和英国史宾格犬的投训率显著高于德国牧羊犬,母犬1.5岁前产的幼犬和秋季出生的幼犬投训率最低；德国牧羊犬和拉布拉多犬幼犬的投训率、衔取欲和胆小3个性状的遗传力达中等以上水平,而英国史宾格犬较低。表明,幼犬的早期培训及犬的选育应以提高其衔取欲和胆量为重点。
2.幼犬早期行为的观察及生长发育阶段的划分
(1)哺乳期幼犬的行为及其社会化观察为了解大型犬场幼犬早期的培训状况,对常规管理下的2窝1～45日龄拉布拉多犬幼犬进行全天24小时的视频监控,分析哺乳期内幼犬、母犬及饲养者的行为和相互间发生的行为。调查发现,幼犬早期的行为主要是吮乳与睡眠,其每天出现的频率与所耗时间随日龄增长而逐渐下降；幼犬间和母仔相互间行为随日龄增长而逐渐增加；幼犬在整个哺乳期内无任何培训,与人类的接触时间很少。表明现有的饲养管理模式可能不利于幼犬的社会化,应加强犬与人类的接触,增加其环境的多样性。
(2)幼犬衔取行为的发育观察为探索幼犬衔取欲的早期培训方法,分别选择父母衔取欲正常的德国牧羊犬、拉布拉多犬和英国史宾格犬幼犬各1窝,从中随机选择4头幼犬,于20日龄开始每1-2天用纱手套、小橡皮球或软质布球等玩具测试幼犬的衔取反应。观察发现,幼犬出现衔取行为的时间平均在32日龄,出现拔河游戏、追逐小球、衔取小球、衔回小球行为分别在34、36、37和40日龄后,其中“拔河游戏”的出现时间在品种间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其他行为品种间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。表明幼犬的衔取培训可在1月龄后开始。
(3)幼犬断奶后的生长曲线与发育阶段划分为了解幼犬行为发育与生长发育的相关性,根据1.5～12月龄德国牧羊犬的体重、体高、体长、胸围、荐高、胸深、管围和头长的逐月累积生长,以Gompertz模型拟合幼犬的生长曲线,以有序样本聚类分析结合行为发育对幼犬的生长发育阶段进行划分。结果发现：幼犬12月龄前各体型性状持续生长；Gompertz模型适于拟合各性状生长曲线,拟合度(R2)为0.971～0.998；各体尺性状的拐点值均小于其2月龄均值,拐点月龄均早于1.5月龄,而体重的拐点值和拐点月龄则分别处于2～4月龄均值和3-4月龄之间；持续生长期表现为体重>胸围>体长>胸深>体高>荐高>头长>管围；幼犬的生长发育可划分为4个阶段：1.5-2月龄、2-3月龄、3-6月龄和6-12月龄。表明,2月龄前的幼犬与其他时期的幼犬明显不同,不但行为发育急剧,体尺、体重增长也十分迅速。
3.警用幼犬的行为测试方法研究
为客观评价警用幼犬的品质,深入研究犬的行为及幼犬培训技术,根据国内外相关文献并结合长期警犬工作经验,按标准化要求拟订一套含12项测试内容(子测试)的幼犬行为测试方案,并用47头2月龄幼犬(GSD：26头,ESS：21头)进行检验性测试。测试结果先应用项目分析检验子测试鉴别度,剔除鉴别度不高的子测试；再以主成分分析结合正交旋转法作探索性因子分析,分析调整后测试方案的结构效度；用Cronbach's a系数检验同质信度,以两次测试成绩的Pearson积差相关系数检验其重测信度,用方差分析检验性别、品种等因素对测试成绩的影响；最后根据被试幼犬6月龄时的投训情况检验其预测效度。
分析结果显示,测试方案中有11项子测试达到要求,“稳定性”由于区分效度较低被剔除；调整后包含11项子测试的新测试方案主要包含2个因子——“衔取”因子和“社会化”因子,分别解释总变异的40.70%和14.11%；“衔取”因子的Cronbach'sα系数和折半信度分别为0.910和0.850,“社会化”因子分别为0.512和0.110,整个测试方案则分别为0.825和0.712,均达到了量表的一般要求；每项子测试的重测信度均大于0.300,其中有5项达显著水平(P<0.05)；测试总成绩和其中5项子测试的成绩与6月龄幼犬的投训与否呈显著相关(P<0.05)；品种、性别对部分子测试具有显著影响,但窝仔数影响均不显著(P>0.05)。表明本测试方案经优化后具有良好的同质信度、区分效度、结构效度和预测效度,具备一定的应用价值。
4.幼犬衔取欲的早期培训试验
衔取欲低是幼犬淘汰的主要原因之一,因此提高幼犬的衔取欲是幼犬早期培训的重要目标。本试验主要探索玩具和玩具+衔取游戏对早期幼犬衔取行为发育的影响。试验1(玩具)：选择德国牧羊犬幼犬1窝、英国史宾格犬幼犬2窝,30日龄时每窝幼犬随机分成试验组与对照组进行试验。试验组提供毛巾、纱手套、布质球、小木棒、网球等多种玩具供幼犬自由衔取或游戏,每周至少5天,每次30-45分钟。试验2(玩具+衔取游戏)：选择英国史宾格犬2窝幼犬,试验开始时间与分组方法同试验1,试验组除提供与试验1相同玩具外,试验人员同时与幼犬进行衔取游戏,每次时间10-30分钟,每周至少5天。试验至幼犬2月龄时进行行为测试。
结果显示,仅向幼犬提供玩具对2月龄行为测试成绩无显著影响(P>0.05),但提供玩具并与之进行衔取游戏具有显著作用,其中“衔取”、“占有欲”、“持久性”、“拔河测试”等衔取类项目的成绩显著高于对照组(P<0.05),“奇异声响”、“被动状态”、“活泼性”、“机械玩具”等与衔取行为无关的项目测试成绩也显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。表明,早期提供玩具并结合衔取游戏进行培训,有助于提高幼犬衔取欲,而且由于增加了与人类的接触也提高了幼犬的胆量与兴奋性。
5.幼犬早期培训程序的制订及其应用效果
在上述研究基础上,结合工作实际,拟订《警用幼犬的早期培训程序》。培训程序以幼犬早期的行为发育规律为基础,规定了早期培训的一般原则,并以周为周期列出幼犬新生儿期、过渡期和社会化期应采取的具体培训技术。培训内容侧重于衔取欲的培养、与人依恋性的建立以及对不同环境的适应性；目标主要是胆大、衔取欲强和良好的依恋性；器具要求不高,操作简单,工作量小,可与日常的饲养管理工作相结合。
为验证培训程序的实际培训效果,选择德国牧羊犬3窝,英国史宾格犬5窝共54头幼犬,每窝幼犬随机分为对照组和试验组,于5-7日龄开始进行对比培训试验,2月龄时按《警用幼犬的行为测试方案》(基于前期研究制订的一个扩展的标准化测试方案)作行为测试。结果发现,在20项行为测试中,试验组有11项成绩显著优于对照组(P<0.05),幼犬的衔取欲、依恋性、活泼性和胆量显著增强；6月龄时试验组的投训率(82.76%)也较对照组(66.67%)高(P>0.05)。表明,《警用幼犬的早期培训程序》培训效果良好,能显著提高幼犬的衔取欲、依恋性、活泼性、胆量,改善幼犬的综合品质,提高幼犬投训率,建议在警犬繁育工作中推广应用。
The first3months in the dog's life was thought the critical stages that strongly affect their learning and behavior, and many of these. Many behavioral traits which police dog must naturally possess, such as attachment, excitement, courage, retrieve drive, etc., mainly depend on the puppy training during this stage. So early puppy training is very important for their further training as police dogs. However, the puppy training during the first2months after birth is nearly ignored, and there are no valid methods in some domestic police dog breeding&training bases. The aim of the present study was to establish the valid method of police dog puppies, to improve the quality of police dog puppies, and eventually to improve the whole efficiency of the police dog breeding and training.
The animals used in this study were all bred at the Nanjing Police Dog Research Institute of Ministry of Public Security (NPDRIMPS), Jiangsu, China. The breeds included German shepherd dog (GSD), Labrador retriever (LR) and English springer spaniel (ESS). All puppies were born during2000-2007, and came from the dogs imported from Europe and their pure breeding offspring. The base diet is the FUSI(?) puffed pellet feed made in the NPDRIMPS.
1. The analysis of the rejection reasons and the factors affecting the training acceptance of puppies
Based on testing records of22842-month-old puppies (980GSD,783LR and521ESS) and19926-month-old puppies (980GSD,783LR and521ESS), which were bred in the NPDRI during2000-2007, the rejection reasons of puppies and the effect of genetic and environment factors affecting the training acceptance rate of6-month-puppies were analyzed. The results indicated that the rejection rate of the puppies at the age of2months and6months were0.88%and9.49%respectively, and main rejection reasons were lacking retrieve drive and fearfulness, accounted for60.11%and16.85%respectively. Breed, age of dam, season of birth and parents significantly affected the training acceptance rate of6-month-puppies (P<0.05), and sex, litter size at2months of age and rearing&training mode had little effect (P>0.05). The training acceptance rates of LR and ESS were significantly higher GSD (P<0.05), and the puppies born in autumn or whose mother was less than1.5years when birth had lower training acceptance rate (P<0.05). The heritability of the training acceptance rate, retrieval drive and fearfulness of6-month-old puppies, which of GSD and LR were medium or high, and ESS was lower. These revealed that the emphasis should be placed on improving the puppy's retrieve drive and fearfulness in the early puppy training program and dog breeding program.
2. The study on the early behavior and division of the developmental stages of puppies
(1) The observation of the behavior and socialization of puppies during suckling period.
In order to determine the early training condition of puppies in large kennels, we analyzed the behaviors of puppies, including the interaction behaviors with their mother, littermates and raisers, through all day video monitoring of2litters of LR puppies in whelping room from1to45days of age. The results showed that the main activities of the early puppies were sucking and sleeping, which frequency and expended time decreased gradually with increase of the puppies'age. The interaction behaviors with their mother and littermates increased with increase of the puppies'age. The puppies had not been trained, and the contact time with human beings was little. These revealed that the dog breeding and management model may not be suitable for puppies'socialization. So we suggest that the contact time of puppies with human beings should be increased, and their environment should be enriched during the suckling period.
(2) The observation of the development of puppy retrieve behavior.
The aim of this experiment was to explore the method of improving puppy's retrieval drive. In the experiment,12puppies (4GSD,4LR and4ESS), whose parents had normal retrieve drive, were randomly selected from1litter each breed. The puppies were tested from the age of20days by a tester played with gloves, a small rubber ball or a soft cotton ball every1-2day, to observe their fetching and retrieving behavior ontogeny. The results showed the fetching behavior of puppies were observed firstly at the age average32days, subsequently the tug-war, chasing ball, fetching ball and retrieving ball were observed at34,36,37and40days of age respectively. There were no significant difference between breeds (P>0.05), except for tug-war test. This suggests that the retrieve training of the early puppy could be initiated after1month of age.
(3) The construction of growth curves and the division of development stages for weaned puppies.
In order to find out the correlation between behavior and growth development of puppies, eight body traits of GSD puppies selected randomly, were measured from1.5to12months of age. Based on the data of growth, mean of each trait at each month of age were calculated, growth curves for each trait were constructed with Gompertz model, and growth periods of puppies were divided by ordered sample cluster and their behavior development. The results showed that all eight traits grew continuously during measured period. The Gompertz model could fit for all traits with0.971-0.998in indexes of fitness (R2). The value of inflection in each conformation trait was smaller than it's mean at2months of age and the points of inflection are all before1.5months of age. The value of inflection in body weight was around the mean at2-4months of age and inflection point time was between3to4months of age. The duration of growth were ordered by body weight> chest girth>body length> chest depth> body height> croup height> head length> circumference of pastern. Taking account of the physiologic and behavioral development, the growth period of weaned puppies could be divided into four stages:1.5-2month,2-3month,3-6month and6-12month. These suggest that the first2months of life is significant different from other stages, in which the puppies develop rapidly, not only their body but also their behavior.
3. The study on behavioral test of the police dog puppy
In order to assess the quality of police dog puppies impersonally and study the puppies' behavior and early training technique further, we developed a Standardized Behavioral Test (SBT) for the police dog puppy on the basis of previous studies and experience. The SBT consists of12sub-tests and each sub-test had a rating scale whose score ranged from one to six. To examine the reliability and validity of the SBT,472-month-old puppies (26GSD,21ESS) were tested, and the testing results were analyzed. The analysis procedure consist of the following:Firstly, items analysis was applied to examine critical ratio of sub-tests and the sub-test which had unsatisfactory discrimination was removed. Then exploratory factor analysis was applied to the updated SBT by the principal components analysis with varimax rotation to assess its'construct validity. Subsequently, the internal consistency (Cronbach's a coefficient) and test-retest reliability (Pearson's correlation coefficient, Pearson's R) of the updated SBT were analyzed by reliability analysis, and effects of sex, breed and litter size was analyzed by means of variance analysis. Finally the predictive validity was analyzed base on the training acceptance rate of the puppies at the age of6months.
The results showed that:In the SBT,11sub-tests were satisfactory discrimination, only the Stability was removed for its low discrimination. The11-sub-test SBT include2factors—Retrieval and Socialization, accounting for total variance40.70%and14.11%respectively. The Cronbach's a coefficient and split-half reliability of the Retrieval factor, the Socialization factor and the whole test were0.910and0.850,0.512and0.110, and0.825and0.712respectively, which all reached the requirement of general measure scale. The test-retest reliability of all sub-tests was above0.300, in which5sub-tests reached significance level(P<0.05). The total score and5sub-tests'score were significant correlation with the training acceptance rate at the age of6months (P<0.05). Breed and sex had significant effect on some sub-test's score, but the size of litter had no significant effect on all (P>0.05). These suggest that the SBT has good homogeneity reliability, differential validity, construct validity and predictive validity, and could have practical value.
4. The early training trial for improving the retrieve drive of puppy
One of aims of early puppy training is to improve the retrieve drive of puppy because lacking retrieve drive is one of the main reasons for puppy rejection. The objective of this trial is to access the effect of toys and playing with puppies on early retrieve behavior development of puppies. Trial1(toy):3litters of puppies (1GSD,2ESS) were selected, and each litter puppies were randomly divided into test group and control group. The test group was provided many toys, such as towels, gloves, cotton balls, sticks and tennis ball, for the puppies to play with or fetch in their room. The trial was conducted at least5day per week and each day lasted30-45minutes. Trial2(toy+playing):2litters of ESS were selected, and each litter was randomly divided into test group and control group. The test group was provided the toys as trial1, as the same time, a trainer played with the puppies. The trial was conducted at least5day per week and each day lasted10-30minutes. Both of trials started at the age of30days and ended by behavior test at the age of60days.
The results showed that providing toys only didn't have significant effects on the behavioral test score of the puppies (P<0.05), but providing toys and a trainer playing with the puppies had significant effects on the score (P<0.05), of which not only the retrieve type sub-tests, including Retrieve, Possessiveness, Persistence, Tug-of war, but also the non-retrieve type sub-tests, such as Strange sound, Passiveness, Activity and Mechanical toy, were higher than the control group significantly (P<0.05). This revealed that providing early puppies toys and a trainer playing with them could improve the puppy's retrieve drive, as well as the courage and excitement due to increasing the contact with human beings.
5. The study on the early puppy training program
Based on above studies, extensive literature reviews, and experience, we developed an Early Police Dog Puppy Training Program (EPDPTP). This program followed early behavior development rules of puppy, in which some general training principles were put forward, and training methods of different stages (neonatal, transitional, and socialization stage) were listed weekly. Training focused on the retrieve training, attachment building and environmental adaptation. The goal of the EPDPTP was to improve the trainability of puppies as police dog, including with fearlessness, strong retrieve drive and good attachment. The program was also suitable to application combined with the daily feeding and management for its simple tool, easy operation and tiny workload.
To validate the effects of the EPDPTP, a contrast trial was conducted.8litters of neonatal puppies (3GSD,5ESS) were selected and each litter was randomly divided to control group and test group. The test group was trained by the EPDPTP from the age of5-7days, and the control group was trained as normal. All puppies were tested by the Police Dog Puppy Behavioral Test (PDPBT), which base on the SBT and include20sub-tests, at the age of2months. The results showed that the scores of the test group were markedly better than the control group in11sub-tests (P<0.05). The retrieve drive, attachment, excitability and courage of the puppies in the test group had been improved significantly. At the age of6months, the training acceptance rate of puppy in the test group (82.76%) were higher than in the control group (66.67%)(P>0.05). These indicated that the EPDPTP is valid, by which the retrieve drive, attachment, excitability, courage and comprehensive quality of puppies, as well as the training acceptance rate of puppies, could be improved. Thus we suggest promoting the EPDPTP application in practical police dog breeding.
本研究的试验犬全部来自公安部南京警犬研究所,品种有德国牧羊犬(German Shepherd Dog, GSD)、拉布拉多犬(Labrador Retriever, LR)和英国史宾格犬(English Springer Spaniel, ESS)。试验幼犬全为进口种犬或纯繁一代种犬的后代,基础日粮为自产“福斯”牌膨化颗粒饲料。主要研究内容及结果如下：
1.幼犬的淘汰原因及影响幼犬投训的因素分析
根据2000～2007年繁育的2284头(其中：GSD980头、LR783头、ESS521头)2月龄幼犬、1992头(其中：GSD884头、LR696头、ESS412头)6月龄幼犬的培训考核记录,对幼犬的淘汰原因及影响幼犬投训的遗传与环境因素进行分析。结果发现：2月龄和6月龄幼犬的淘汰率分别为0.88%和9.49%；6月龄幼犬最主要的淘汰原因是不衔取或衔取欲低(60.11%),其次是胆小(16.85%)；性别、2月龄窝仔数和训养方式对6月龄幼犬的投训率影响不显著(P>0.05),品种、母亲年龄、出生季节和父母对幼犬投训率具有显著影响(P<0.05),拉布拉多犬和英国史宾格犬的投训率显著高于德国牧羊犬,母犬1.5岁前产的幼犬和秋季出生的幼犬投训率最低；德国牧羊犬和拉布拉多犬幼犬的投训率、衔取欲和胆小3个性状的遗传力达中等以上水平,而英国史宾格犬较低。表明,幼犬的早期培训及犬的选育应以提高其衔取欲和胆量为重点。
2.幼犬早期行为的观察及生长发育阶段的划分
(1)哺乳期幼犬的行为及其社会化观察为了解大型犬场幼犬早期的培训状况,对常规管理下的2窝1～45日龄拉布拉多犬幼犬进行全天24小时的视频监控,分析哺乳期内幼犬、母犬及饲养者的行为和相互间发生的行为。调查发现,幼犬早期的行为主要是吮乳与睡眠,其每天出现的频率与所耗时间随日龄增长而逐渐下降；幼犬间和母仔相互间行为随日龄增长而逐渐增加；幼犬在整个哺乳期内无任何培训,与人类的接触时间很少。表明现有的饲养管理模式可能不利于幼犬的社会化,应加强犬与人类的接触,增加其环境的多样性。
(2)幼犬衔取行为的发育观察为探索幼犬衔取欲的早期培训方法,分别选择父母衔取欲正常的德国牧羊犬、拉布拉多犬和英国史宾格犬幼犬各1窝,从中随机选择4头幼犬,于20日龄开始每1-2天用纱手套、小橡皮球或软质布球等玩具测试幼犬的衔取反应。观察发现,幼犬出现衔取行为的时间平均在32日龄,出现拔河游戏、追逐小球、衔取小球、衔回小球行为分别在34、36、37和40日龄后,其中“拔河游戏”的出现时间在品种间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其他行为品种间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。表明幼犬的衔取培训可在1月龄后开始。
(3)幼犬断奶后的生长曲线与发育阶段划分为了解幼犬行为发育与生长发育的相关性,根据1.5～12月龄德国牧羊犬的体重、体高、体长、胸围、荐高、胸深、管围和头长的逐月累积生长,以Gompertz模型拟合幼犬的生长曲线,以有序样本聚类分析结合行为发育对幼犬的生长发育阶段进行划分。结果发现：幼犬12月龄前各体型性状持续生长；Gompertz模型适于拟合各性状生长曲线,拟合度(R2)为0.971～0.998；各体尺性状的拐点值均小于其2月龄均值,拐点月龄均早于1.5月龄,而体重的拐点值和拐点月龄则分别处于2～4月龄均值和3-4月龄之间；持续生长期表现为体重>胸围>体长>胸深>体高>荐高>头长>管围；幼犬的生长发育可划分为4个阶段：1.5-2月龄、2-3月龄、3-6月龄和6-12月龄。表明,2月龄前的幼犬与其他时期的幼犬明显不同,不但行为发育急剧,体尺、体重增长也十分迅速。
3.警用幼犬的行为测试方法研究
为客观评价警用幼犬的品质,深入研究犬的行为及幼犬培训技术,根据国内外相关文献并结合长期警犬工作经验,按标准化要求拟订一套含12项测试内容(子测试)的幼犬行为测试方案,并用47头2月龄幼犬(GSD：26头,ESS：21头)进行检验性测试。测试结果先应用项目分析检验子测试鉴别度,剔除鉴别度不高的子测试；再以主成分分析结合正交旋转法作探索性因子分析,分析调整后测试方案的结构效度；用Cronbach's a系数检验同质信度,以两次测试成绩的Pearson积差相关系数检验其重测信度,用方差分析检验性别、品种等因素对测试成绩的影响；最后根据被试幼犬6月龄时的投训情况检验其预测效度。
分析结果显示,测试方案中有11项子测试达到要求,“稳定性”由于区分效度较低被剔除；调整后包含11项子测试的新测试方案主要包含2个因子——“衔取”因子和“社会化”因子,分别解释总变异的40.70%和14.11%；“衔取”因子的Cronbach'sα系数和折半信度分别为0.910和0.850,“社会化”因子分别为0.512和0.110,整个测试方案则分别为0.825和0.712,均达到了量表的一般要求；每项子测试的重测信度均大于0.300,其中有5项达显著水平(P<0.05)；测试总成绩和其中5项子测试的成绩与6月龄幼犬的投训与否呈显著相关(P<0.05)；品种、性别对部分子测试具有显著影响,但窝仔数影响均不显著(P>0.05)。表明本测试方案经优化后具有良好的同质信度、区分效度、结构效度和预测效度,具备一定的应用价值。
4.幼犬衔取欲的早期培训试验
衔取欲低是幼犬淘汰的主要原因之一,因此提高幼犬的衔取欲是幼犬早期培训的重要目标。本试验主要探索玩具和玩具+衔取游戏对早期幼犬衔取行为发育的影响。试验1(玩具)：选择德国牧羊犬幼犬1窝、英国史宾格犬幼犬2窝,30日龄时每窝幼犬随机分成试验组与对照组进行试验。试验组提供毛巾、纱手套、布质球、小木棒、网球等多种玩具供幼犬自由衔取或游戏,每周至少5天,每次30-45分钟。试验2(玩具+衔取游戏)：选择英国史宾格犬2窝幼犬,试验开始时间与分组方法同试验1,试验组除提供与试验1相同玩具外,试验人员同时与幼犬进行衔取游戏,每次时间10-30分钟,每周至少5天。试验至幼犬2月龄时进行行为测试。
结果显示,仅向幼犬提供玩具对2月龄行为测试成绩无显著影响(P>0.05),但提供玩具并与之进行衔取游戏具有显著作用,其中“衔取”、“占有欲”、“持久性”、“拔河测试”等衔取类项目的成绩显著高于对照组(P<0.05),“奇异声响”、“被动状态”、“活泼性”、“机械玩具”等与衔取行为无关的项目测试成绩也显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。表明,早期提供玩具并结合衔取游戏进行培训,有助于提高幼犬衔取欲,而且由于增加了与人类的接触也提高了幼犬的胆量与兴奋性。
5.幼犬早期培训程序的制订及其应用效果
在上述研究基础上,结合工作实际,拟订《警用幼犬的早期培训程序》。培训程序以幼犬早期的行为发育规律为基础,规定了早期培训的一般原则,并以周为周期列出幼犬新生儿期、过渡期和社会化期应采取的具体培训技术。培训内容侧重于衔取欲的培养、与人依恋性的建立以及对不同环境的适应性；目标主要是胆大、衔取欲强和良好的依恋性；器具要求不高,操作简单,工作量小,可与日常的饲养管理工作相结合。
为验证培训程序的实际培训效果,选择德国牧羊犬3窝,英国史宾格犬5窝共54头幼犬,每窝幼犬随机分为对照组和试验组,于5-7日龄开始进行对比培训试验,2月龄时按《警用幼犬的行为测试方案》(基于前期研究制订的一个扩展的标准化测试方案)作行为测试。结果发现,在20项行为测试中,试验组有11项成绩显著优于对照组(P<0.05),幼犬的衔取欲、依恋性、活泼性和胆量显著增强；6月龄时试验组的投训率(82.76%)也较对照组(66.67%)高(P>0.05)。表明,《警用幼犬的早期培训程序》培训效果良好,能显著提高幼犬的衔取欲、依恋性、活泼性、胆量,改善幼犬的综合品质,提高幼犬投训率,建议在警犬繁育工作中推广应用。
The first3months in the dog's life was thought the critical stages that strongly affect their learning and behavior, and many of these. Many behavioral traits which police dog must naturally possess, such as attachment, excitement, courage, retrieve drive, etc., mainly depend on the puppy training during this stage. So early puppy training is very important for their further training as police dogs. However, the puppy training during the first2months after birth is nearly ignored, and there are no valid methods in some domestic police dog breeding&training bases. The aim of the present study was to establish the valid method of police dog puppies, to improve the quality of police dog puppies, and eventually to improve the whole efficiency of the police dog breeding and training.
The animals used in this study were all bred at the Nanjing Police Dog Research Institute of Ministry of Public Security (NPDRIMPS), Jiangsu, China. The breeds included German shepherd dog (GSD), Labrador retriever (LR) and English springer spaniel (ESS). All puppies were born during2000-2007, and came from the dogs imported from Europe and their pure breeding offspring. The base diet is the FUSI(?) puffed pellet feed made in the NPDRIMPS.
1. The analysis of the rejection reasons and the factors affecting the training acceptance of puppies
Based on testing records of22842-month-old puppies (980GSD,783LR and521ESS) and19926-month-old puppies (980GSD,783LR and521ESS), which were bred in the NPDRI during2000-2007, the rejection reasons of puppies and the effect of genetic and environment factors affecting the training acceptance rate of6-month-puppies were analyzed. The results indicated that the rejection rate of the puppies at the age of2months and6months were0.88%and9.49%respectively, and main rejection reasons were lacking retrieve drive and fearfulness, accounted for60.11%and16.85%respectively. Breed, age of dam, season of birth and parents significantly affected the training acceptance rate of6-month-puppies (P<0.05), and sex, litter size at2months of age and rearing&training mode had little effect (P>0.05). The training acceptance rates of LR and ESS were significantly higher GSD (P<0.05), and the puppies born in autumn or whose mother was less than1.5years when birth had lower training acceptance rate (P<0.05). The heritability of the training acceptance rate, retrieval drive and fearfulness of6-month-old puppies, which of GSD and LR were medium or high, and ESS was lower. These revealed that the emphasis should be placed on improving the puppy's retrieve drive and fearfulness in the early puppy training program and dog breeding program.
2. The study on the early behavior and division of the developmental stages of puppies
(1) The observation of the behavior and socialization of puppies during suckling period.
In order to determine the early training condition of puppies in large kennels, we analyzed the behaviors of puppies, including the interaction behaviors with their mother, littermates and raisers, through all day video monitoring of2litters of LR puppies in whelping room from1to45days of age. The results showed that the main activities of the early puppies were sucking and sleeping, which frequency and expended time decreased gradually with increase of the puppies'age. The interaction behaviors with their mother and littermates increased with increase of the puppies'age. The puppies had not been trained, and the contact time with human beings was little. These revealed that the dog breeding and management model may not be suitable for puppies'socialization. So we suggest that the contact time of puppies with human beings should be increased, and their environment should be enriched during the suckling period.
(2) The observation of the development of puppy retrieve behavior.
The aim of this experiment was to explore the method of improving puppy's retrieval drive. In the experiment,12puppies (4GSD,4LR and4ESS), whose parents had normal retrieve drive, were randomly selected from1litter each breed. The puppies were tested from the age of20days by a tester played with gloves, a small rubber ball or a soft cotton ball every1-2day, to observe their fetching and retrieving behavior ontogeny. The results showed the fetching behavior of puppies were observed firstly at the age average32days, subsequently the tug-war, chasing ball, fetching ball and retrieving ball were observed at34,36,37and40days of age respectively. There were no significant difference between breeds (P>0.05), except for tug-war test. This suggests that the retrieve training of the early puppy could be initiated after1month of age.
(3) The construction of growth curves and the division of development stages for weaned puppies.
In order to find out the correlation between behavior and growth development of puppies, eight body traits of GSD puppies selected randomly, were measured from1.5to12months of age. Based on the data of growth, mean of each trait at each month of age were calculated, growth curves for each trait were constructed with Gompertz model, and growth periods of puppies were divided by ordered sample cluster and their behavior development. The results showed that all eight traits grew continuously during measured period. The Gompertz model could fit for all traits with0.971-0.998in indexes of fitness (R2). The value of inflection in each conformation trait was smaller than it's mean at2months of age and the points of inflection are all before1.5months of age. The value of inflection in body weight was around the mean at2-4months of age and inflection point time was between3to4months of age. The duration of growth were ordered by body weight> chest girth>body length> chest depth> body height> croup height> head length> circumference of pastern. Taking account of the physiologic and behavioral development, the growth period of weaned puppies could be divided into four stages:1.5-2month,2-3month,3-6month and6-12month. These suggest that the first2months of life is significant different from other stages, in which the puppies develop rapidly, not only their body but also their behavior.
3. The study on behavioral test of the police dog puppy
In order to assess the quality of police dog puppies impersonally and study the puppies' behavior and early training technique further, we developed a Standardized Behavioral Test (SBT) for the police dog puppy on the basis of previous studies and experience. The SBT consists of12sub-tests and each sub-test had a rating scale whose score ranged from one to six. To examine the reliability and validity of the SBT,472-month-old puppies (26GSD,21ESS) were tested, and the testing results were analyzed. The analysis procedure consist of the following:Firstly, items analysis was applied to examine critical ratio of sub-tests and the sub-test which had unsatisfactory discrimination was removed. Then exploratory factor analysis was applied to the updated SBT by the principal components analysis with varimax rotation to assess its'construct validity. Subsequently, the internal consistency (Cronbach's a coefficient) and test-retest reliability (Pearson's correlation coefficient, Pearson's R) of the updated SBT were analyzed by reliability analysis, and effects of sex, breed and litter size was analyzed by means of variance analysis. Finally the predictive validity was analyzed base on the training acceptance rate of the puppies at the age of6months.
The results showed that:In the SBT,11sub-tests were satisfactory discrimination, only the Stability was removed for its low discrimination. The11-sub-test SBT include2factors—Retrieval and Socialization, accounting for total variance40.70%and14.11%respectively. The Cronbach's a coefficient and split-half reliability of the Retrieval factor, the Socialization factor and the whole test were0.910and0.850,0.512and0.110, and0.825and0.712respectively, which all reached the requirement of general measure scale. The test-retest reliability of all sub-tests was above0.300, in which5sub-tests reached significance level(P<0.05). The total score and5sub-tests'score were significant correlation with the training acceptance rate at the age of6months (P<0.05). Breed and sex had significant effect on some sub-test's score, but the size of litter had no significant effect on all (P>0.05). These suggest that the SBT has good homogeneity reliability, differential validity, construct validity and predictive validity, and could have practical value.
4. The early training trial for improving the retrieve drive of puppy
One of aims of early puppy training is to improve the retrieve drive of puppy because lacking retrieve drive is one of the main reasons for puppy rejection. The objective of this trial is to access the effect of toys and playing with puppies on early retrieve behavior development of puppies. Trial1(toy):3litters of puppies (1GSD,2ESS) were selected, and each litter puppies were randomly divided into test group and control group. The test group was provided many toys, such as towels, gloves, cotton balls, sticks and tennis ball, for the puppies to play with or fetch in their room. The trial was conducted at least5day per week and each day lasted30-45minutes. Trial2(toy+playing):2litters of ESS were selected, and each litter was randomly divided into test group and control group. The test group was provided the toys as trial1, as the same time, a trainer played with the puppies. The trial was conducted at least5day per week and each day lasted10-30minutes. Both of trials started at the age of30days and ended by behavior test at the age of60days.
The results showed that providing toys only didn't have significant effects on the behavioral test score of the puppies (P<0.05), but providing toys and a trainer playing with the puppies had significant effects on the score (P<0.05), of which not only the retrieve type sub-tests, including Retrieve, Possessiveness, Persistence, Tug-of war, but also the non-retrieve type sub-tests, such as Strange sound, Passiveness, Activity and Mechanical toy, were higher than the control group significantly (P<0.05). This revealed that providing early puppies toys and a trainer playing with them could improve the puppy's retrieve drive, as well as the courage and excitement due to increasing the contact with human beings.
5. The study on the early puppy training program
Based on above studies, extensive literature reviews, and experience, we developed an Early Police Dog Puppy Training Program (EPDPTP). This program followed early behavior development rules of puppy, in which some general training principles were put forward, and training methods of different stages (neonatal, transitional, and socialization stage) were listed weekly. Training focused on the retrieve training, attachment building and environmental adaptation. The goal of the EPDPTP was to improve the trainability of puppies as police dog, including with fearlessness, strong retrieve drive and good attachment. The program was also suitable to application combined with the daily feeding and management for its simple tool, easy operation and tiny workload.
To validate the effects of the EPDPTP, a contrast trial was conducted.8litters of neonatal puppies (3GSD,5ESS) were selected and each litter was randomly divided to control group and test group. The test group was trained by the EPDPTP from the age of5-7days, and the control group was trained as normal. All puppies were tested by the Police Dog Puppy Behavioral Test (PDPBT), which base on the SBT and include20sub-tests, at the age of2months. The results showed that the scores of the test group were markedly better than the control group in11sub-tests (P<0.05). The retrieve drive, attachment, excitability and courage of the puppies in the test group had been improved significantly. At the age of6months, the training acceptance rate of puppy in the test group (82.76%) were higher than in the control group (66.67%)(P>0.05). These indicated that the EPDPTP is valid, by which the retrieve drive, attachment, excitability, courage and comprehensive quality of puppies, as well as the training acceptance rate of puppies, could be improved. Thus we suggest promoting the EPDPTP application in practical police dog breeding.
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