计及结构弹性效应的砰击载荷与响应
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摘要
船舶与海洋结构物在作业环境下难免发生砰击现象。规范处理结构与流体之间的相互作用时,一般是将结构视为刚体,把实验或计算分析得到的砰击压力修正为静态压力,以此进行结构强度的评估。而实际结构是可变形的,流固耦合的现象是真实存在的,这种刚性壁的假设往往使流体作用在结构上的冲击压力偏大,以这个压力进行结构的强度分析会使结果偏于保守。本文以此为动机,研究结构弹性对砰击载荷的影响,目的是为工程应用更准确地分析或修正砰击载荷,提供一些有价值的结论和相关分析处理方法。为此,文中着重在下列几个方面进行了探讨：
首先,基于Wagner简化方法,考虑结构与流体的相互作用,应用Galevkin法求解板的微分方程,将得到的结构变形速度修正流场速度势,得出了一组耦合方程。通过数值算法求解偶合方程,分析了一组弹性楔形结构入水的砰击压力,并讨论了入水速度、底倾角、板厚等参数对砰击载荷水弹性效应的影响。最后讨论了该方法的应用范围和局限性。
其次,仿真研究了一系列不同特征参数的弹性楔形结构的冲击入水过程。与刚性结构入水时的砰击压力相比,总结了结构弹性对砰击载荷的影响规律。研究指出,与刚性体相比,弹性结构降低了砰击压力的峰值,同时也导致了峰值点位置的改变。由于结构弹性效应,砰击瞬时物体表面砰击压力的时间历程呈现了明显的波动性。在相同的冲击条件下,倾角越小,冲击速度越大、结构板厚越小,结构弹性的影响越大。
再次,仿真研究了射流冲击弹性板的问题。在砰击发生的初始阶段,瞬间会产生巨大的砰击压力。与射流冲击刚性板的情况相比,结构弹性降低了砰击压力峰值。此外,在第一次压力峰值后,压力波动的第二次峰值也不可忽略。进一步发现既冲击初始阶段之后,射流自由液面向四周的扩散致使砰击压力作用区增大,扩散区的压力峰值与第一次峰值相比同样具有可观的量值。另外,根据仿真各阶段现象的观察,考察了射流自由液面的变化和内部冲击波的传播速度,验证了相关理论研究的假设。
最后,把砰击载荷水弹性效应的研究,应用到弹塑性梁的动力屈曲问题。在一般梁动力屈曲的方程的基础上,结合相关理论与实验结果,提出了梁弹塑性屈曲的简化方法。分析了梁动力屈曲,载荷形式、持续时间和梁初始缺陷对屈曲临界载荷的影响。弹塑性条件下,载荷持续时间和几何初始缺陷对其屈曲载荷的影响规律为：载荷持续时间越长,屈曲载荷越小；初始缺陷越小,屈曲载荷越大。
It is unavoidable that slamming phenomenon happens on the ship and ocean structures during their long service life in harsh working environment. In general, the rules and codes take the hull as a rigid body to calculate the impact load by some effective experimental or numerical methods. Then the load is used to evaluate strength of impacted region. But, the real structure is deformable when it is subjected to high magnitude pressure. The interaction of body and fluid plays a considerable role in the synchronous slamming period. Therefore, a conservative way maybe utilized if these coupling reactions are neglected under the rigid body assumption. For this reason, the following problems are emphatically investigated.
Firstly, a group of coupling differential equations were deducted based on Wagner simplified method. Galevkin method was used to solve the deformation of wedge structure. Wagner's flat plate fitting velocity potential was amended to perform numerical analysis. A group of elastic wedges'slamming pressure was analyzed by the numerical program. The influence of structural elasticity on slamming load was summarized and some wedge related parameters'effects were discussed also.
Secondly, water entry of a series of elastic wedge models was simulated. The results show that, elasticity of structures not only reduces pressure magnitude contrasting against rigid body water entry, but also changes locations of the impacting peak pressure. The pressure time history has a wave characteristic. Smaller deadrise angles, lower entry velocity and thinner plate give more considerable elasticity influence on transient slamming pressure.
Secondly again, the model of jet impacting elastic plate was investigate to explore the load effect. In the initial period of impact, a lower magnitude pressure was produced, then the second pressure wave peak followed with a considerably notable value. Induced pressures on the extended free liquid surface also have a considerable magnitude after the initial period. For validation of related theories, free surface variation and shock wave propagation were researched against some resumes of related theories, which suppose that the free surface is changeless and the shock wave propagations velocity is on the assumption of velocity of the sound in the water.
Finally, a simplified method is proposed to solve the elastic-plastic buckling of beam under slamming load. The difference with previous study is that, the real experimental measurement of slamming pressure history and the experimental material constitutive equation were utilized in this thesis. The influences of initial geometric imperfections, duration of pressure loads were investigated and finally some conclusions are reached.
首先,基于Wagner简化方法,考虑结构与流体的相互作用,应用Galevkin法求解板的微分方程,将得到的结构变形速度修正流场速度势,得出了一组耦合方程。通过数值算法求解偶合方程,分析了一组弹性楔形结构入水的砰击压力,并讨论了入水速度、底倾角、板厚等参数对砰击载荷水弹性效应的影响。最后讨论了该方法的应用范围和局限性。
其次,仿真研究了一系列不同特征参数的弹性楔形结构的冲击入水过程。与刚性结构入水时的砰击压力相比,总结了结构弹性对砰击载荷的影响规律。研究指出,与刚性体相比,弹性结构降低了砰击压力的峰值,同时也导致了峰值点位置的改变。由于结构弹性效应,砰击瞬时物体表面砰击压力的时间历程呈现了明显的波动性。在相同的冲击条件下,倾角越小,冲击速度越大、结构板厚越小,结构弹性的影响越大。
再次,仿真研究了射流冲击弹性板的问题。在砰击发生的初始阶段,瞬间会产生巨大的砰击压力。与射流冲击刚性板的情况相比,结构弹性降低了砰击压力峰值。此外,在第一次压力峰值后,压力波动的第二次峰值也不可忽略。进一步发现既冲击初始阶段之后,射流自由液面向四周的扩散致使砰击压力作用区增大,扩散区的压力峰值与第一次峰值相比同样具有可观的量值。另外,根据仿真各阶段现象的观察,考察了射流自由液面的变化和内部冲击波的传播速度,验证了相关理论研究的假设。
最后,把砰击载荷水弹性效应的研究,应用到弹塑性梁的动力屈曲问题。在一般梁动力屈曲的方程的基础上,结合相关理论与实验结果,提出了梁弹塑性屈曲的简化方法。分析了梁动力屈曲,载荷形式、持续时间和梁初始缺陷对屈曲临界载荷的影响。弹塑性条件下,载荷持续时间和几何初始缺陷对其屈曲载荷的影响规律为：载荷持续时间越长,屈曲载荷越小；初始缺陷越小,屈曲载荷越大。
It is unavoidable that slamming phenomenon happens on the ship and ocean structures during their long service life in harsh working environment. In general, the rules and codes take the hull as a rigid body to calculate the impact load by some effective experimental or numerical methods. Then the load is used to evaluate strength of impacted region. But, the real structure is deformable when it is subjected to high magnitude pressure. The interaction of body and fluid plays a considerable role in the synchronous slamming period. Therefore, a conservative way maybe utilized if these coupling reactions are neglected under the rigid body assumption. For this reason, the following problems are emphatically investigated.
Firstly, a group of coupling differential equations were deducted based on Wagner simplified method. Galevkin method was used to solve the deformation of wedge structure. Wagner's flat plate fitting velocity potential was amended to perform numerical analysis. A group of elastic wedges'slamming pressure was analyzed by the numerical program. The influence of structural elasticity on slamming load was summarized and some wedge related parameters'effects were discussed also.
Secondly, water entry of a series of elastic wedge models was simulated. The results show that, elasticity of structures not only reduces pressure magnitude contrasting against rigid body water entry, but also changes locations of the impacting peak pressure. The pressure time history has a wave characteristic. Smaller deadrise angles, lower entry velocity and thinner plate give more considerable elasticity influence on transient slamming pressure.
Secondly again, the model of jet impacting elastic plate was investigate to explore the load effect. In the initial period of impact, a lower magnitude pressure was produced, then the second pressure wave peak followed with a considerably notable value. Induced pressures on the extended free liquid surface also have a considerable magnitude after the initial period. For validation of related theories, free surface variation and shock wave propagation were researched against some resumes of related theories, which suppose that the free surface is changeless and the shock wave propagations velocity is on the assumption of velocity of the sound in the water.
Finally, a simplified method is proposed to solve the elastic-plastic buckling of beam under slamming load. The difference with previous study is that, the real experimental measurement of slamming pressure history and the experimental material constitutive equation were utilized in this thesis. The influences of initial geometric imperfections, duration of pressure loads were investigated and finally some conclusions are reached.
引文
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