碳基超级电容器单体性能相关理论与应用技术研究
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摘要
摘要：超级电容器是一种介于传统电容器和充电电池之间的新型储能元件,其电容量大、功率密度高、充放电循环寿命长、充电时间短、可靠性高,使其在各个领域都得到广泛应用,随着电力电子和储能技术的不断发展,超级电容器的应用也得到了更多的技术支持。但是在实用化过程中,仍有很多关键技术问题尚待解决。本论文在目前的超级电容器生产水平和现代变换控制技术的基础上,以双电层超级电容器为研究对象,以MATLAB仿真平台和电力电子新技术为研究手段,针对其单体性能,结合储能应用技术,进行了如下研究：
第一,从超级电容器单体能量密度和功率密度的关键性能出发,分析超级电容器的单体内部结构,基于制备双电层电容器的电极及电解质材料的特性,从理论上探讨其所能制备的能量密度与功率密度的极限值,并分析了在实际应用的过程中,双电层超级电容器能量密度与功率密度的影响因素,并绘制各个特性曲线图,对超级电容器的结构优化具有指导作用。
第二,选取目前超级电容器充放电方法中应用最广泛的恒流充放电法进行超级电容器单体恒电流充放电性能的实验研究。为了满足超级电容器工作特性的实验研究要求,设计并制作了基于DSP控制的恒流测试系统,通过该系统对实际双电层超级电容器单体进行了充放电实验,分析测试数据结果,描绘不同电流水平下电容的电容量、内阻及效率的变化曲线,讨论其以上参数与充放电电流之间的关系,研究超级电容器在恒流充放电条件下的工作特性,并分析了产生该特性的原因,为超级电容器在各种系统中的实际应用中选择最有效的产品,配置系统的最优方案提供了依据。
第三,在比较已有电参数模型的基础上,针对双电层超级电容器的多孔电极材料的特殊物理特征,通过对电极孔径和形状的分析和近似,提出一种新的双电层超级电容器的电参数模型,并将EIS电化学实验测试方法引入对超级电容器的建模研究中,选用不同参数的超级电容器单体进行实验,MATLAB/CFTOOL软件拟合结果验证了文中所提出的新模型的有效性和精准性。满足某些高动态精度要求的超级电容器应用系统的系统仿真和能量管理需求。
第四,作为超级电容器的储能特性应用研究,针对目前超级电容器充电电路频率噪声高的问题,提出一种改进的低噪声充电电路,优化充电控制方案,突破传统的PWM型恒流充电模式,降低开关损耗、减小工作噪声,建立该电路的数学模型,进行了超级电容器充电电路的整体化结构和参数设计,进行了仿真分析,并对仿真结果进行了对比,通过开展实验研究,验证本文提出的充电电路方案的可行性和有效性。
ABSTRACT:Ultracapacitors are emerging new energy storage device whose electrochemical properties make these systems act as intermediate power and energy sources between electrochemical batteries and dielectric capacitors. As compared to dielectric capacitors, ultracapacitor has large capacity, high power density, charge-discharge cycle life, short charging time and high reliability. It has being applied in various fields. With the development of power electronics and energy storage technologies, its application got more technical support. However, there are still a lot of key technical issues need to be solved. Combined with the power integration requirements, this dissertation used the electric double layer capacitor as the research object, MATLAB simulation software and power electronic new technology as the research means, did the following research:
First, the cell structure was analyzed from the point of view of the ultracapacitor characteristics. Based on the characteristics of the electrode and electrolyte materials in the electric double layer capacitor, its theoretical limit of the energy density and power density is discussed. Meanwhile, the influencing factors in its practical application are also analyzed and each characteristic curves is drew, which provides a guiding role of ultracapacitors structure optimization.
Second, the constant current charge-discharge method is selected to do the experimental study of the ultracapacitor operating characteristics. In order to meet the charge-discharge experimental research requirements, a constant current test system based on DSP control is designed and produced. Then the actual cells are tested by this system. How that these parameters such as capacitance, equivalent series resistance and efficiency change as a function of current are plotted by analyzing the test results. The constant current charge-discharge operating characteristics of ultracapacitors are studied and the causing reasons were analyzed. It provides the basis for choosing the effective product and configuring the optimal solution in a variety of ultracapacitor application systems.
Third, basing on the existing ultracapacitor model and the particular physical characteristics of the porous electrode material of the electric double layer capacitor, a new ultracapacitor model is proposed through analyzing and approximating the size and shape of electrode pores. EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) test method is introduced in the dissertation. Different ultracapacitors are tested. Fitting results by the MATLAB/CFTOOL software show its effectiveness and accuracy. It met some high dynamic accuracy requirement system simulation and energy management needs.
Fourth, for the low charging efficiency and high frequency noise of current ultracapacitor charging circuit, an improved ultracapacitor charging circuit is proposed, which optimized charging control scheme, broke the traditional PWM constant current charging mode, reduced switching losses and working noise. The circuit mathematical model is established. The circuit structure and parameters are designed and simulated. Simulation results are compared and experiment verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the new charging circuit proposed in the dissertation.
第一,从超级电容器单体能量密度和功率密度的关键性能出发,分析超级电容器的单体内部结构,基于制备双电层电容器的电极及电解质材料的特性,从理论上探讨其所能制备的能量密度与功率密度的极限值,并分析了在实际应用的过程中,双电层超级电容器能量密度与功率密度的影响因素,并绘制各个特性曲线图,对超级电容器的结构优化具有指导作用。
第二,选取目前超级电容器充放电方法中应用最广泛的恒流充放电法进行超级电容器单体恒电流充放电性能的实验研究。为了满足超级电容器工作特性的实验研究要求,设计并制作了基于DSP控制的恒流测试系统,通过该系统对实际双电层超级电容器单体进行了充放电实验,分析测试数据结果,描绘不同电流水平下电容的电容量、内阻及效率的变化曲线,讨论其以上参数与充放电电流之间的关系,研究超级电容器在恒流充放电条件下的工作特性,并分析了产生该特性的原因,为超级电容器在各种系统中的实际应用中选择最有效的产品,配置系统的最优方案提供了依据。
第三,在比较已有电参数模型的基础上,针对双电层超级电容器的多孔电极材料的特殊物理特征,通过对电极孔径和形状的分析和近似,提出一种新的双电层超级电容器的电参数模型,并将EIS电化学实验测试方法引入对超级电容器的建模研究中,选用不同参数的超级电容器单体进行实验,MATLAB/CFTOOL软件拟合结果验证了文中所提出的新模型的有效性和精准性。满足某些高动态精度要求的超级电容器应用系统的系统仿真和能量管理需求。
第四,作为超级电容器的储能特性应用研究,针对目前超级电容器充电电路频率噪声高的问题,提出一种改进的低噪声充电电路,优化充电控制方案,突破传统的PWM型恒流充电模式,降低开关损耗、减小工作噪声,建立该电路的数学模型,进行了超级电容器充电电路的整体化结构和参数设计,进行了仿真分析,并对仿真结果进行了对比,通过开展实验研究,验证本文提出的充电电路方案的可行性和有效性。
ABSTRACT:Ultracapacitors are emerging new energy storage device whose electrochemical properties make these systems act as intermediate power and energy sources between electrochemical batteries and dielectric capacitors. As compared to dielectric capacitors, ultracapacitor has large capacity, high power density, charge-discharge cycle life, short charging time and high reliability. It has being applied in various fields. With the development of power electronics and energy storage technologies, its application got more technical support. However, there are still a lot of key technical issues need to be solved. Combined with the power integration requirements, this dissertation used the electric double layer capacitor as the research object, MATLAB simulation software and power electronic new technology as the research means, did the following research:
First, the cell structure was analyzed from the point of view of the ultracapacitor characteristics. Based on the characteristics of the electrode and electrolyte materials in the electric double layer capacitor, its theoretical limit of the energy density and power density is discussed. Meanwhile, the influencing factors in its practical application are also analyzed and each characteristic curves is drew, which provides a guiding role of ultracapacitors structure optimization.
Second, the constant current charge-discharge method is selected to do the experimental study of the ultracapacitor operating characteristics. In order to meet the charge-discharge experimental research requirements, a constant current test system based on DSP control is designed and produced. Then the actual cells are tested by this system. How that these parameters such as capacitance, equivalent series resistance and efficiency change as a function of current are plotted by analyzing the test results. The constant current charge-discharge operating characteristics of ultracapacitors are studied and the causing reasons were analyzed. It provides the basis for choosing the effective product and configuring the optimal solution in a variety of ultracapacitor application systems.
Third, basing on the existing ultracapacitor model and the particular physical characteristics of the porous electrode material of the electric double layer capacitor, a new ultracapacitor model is proposed through analyzing and approximating the size and shape of electrode pores. EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) test method is introduced in the dissertation. Different ultracapacitors are tested. Fitting results by the MATLAB/CFTOOL software show its effectiveness and accuracy. It met some high dynamic accuracy requirement system simulation and energy management needs.
Fourth, for the low charging efficiency and high frequency noise of current ultracapacitor charging circuit, an improved ultracapacitor charging circuit is proposed, which optimized charging control scheme, broke the traditional PWM constant current charging mode, reduced switching losses and working noise. The circuit mathematical model is established. The circuit structure and parameters are designed and simulated. Simulation results are compared and experiment verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the new charging circuit proposed in the dissertation.
引文
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