不同室内热经历下人体生理热适应对热反应的影响研究
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摘要
热适应研究是人体热舒适研究的重要领域,对于人们正确认识气候、建筑环境对热舒适影响规律具有重要意义,也能为今后建筑设计标准制定和节能设计提供指导。但已有的研究缺少对热适应内在机制的深入探索,尤其在生理适应和热舒适之间的关系上还不够明确；此外,现有的热适应模型将室内舒适温度完全归结为室外气候的影响,忽略了人的室内热经历的重要作用,其合理性和可靠性还需要进一步的研究。
针对以上问题,本文开展了以下的研究工作：
(1)进行了表征人体热反应的代表性生理指标的实验研究。通过人体热反应实验,对已有文献中提到较多的可能可以用来反映人体热反应的生理指标进行验证,并对一些新的生理指标进行探索,最终筛选出皮肤温度和心率变异性可以作为表征人体热反应的代表性指标。
(2)对具有不同夏季室内热经历的人群进行人体热反应的实验研究。该研究比较了长期在空调建筑中的人(空调组)与长期在非空调建筑中的人(非空调组)在相同热冲击环境下的主观热反应、生理反应的差异。结果表明,夏季室内热经历对人体在偏热环境下的热适应性有重要的影响作用,空调组对偏热环境的生理适应性不如非空调组,并且发现对偏热环境的生理适应性能够显著改善人体在偏热环境下的热舒适,但不影响人体在中性环境下的热舒适。
(3)对具有不同冬季室内热经历的人群进行人体热反应的实验研究。该研究比较了冬季长期在采暖建筑中的人(采暖组)与长期在非采暖建筑中的人(非采暖组)在相同偏冷环境下的主观热反应、生理反应的差异。结果表明,冬季室内热经历对人体在偏冷环境下的热适应性有重要的作用,采暖组对偏冷环境的生理适应性不如非采暖组,并且发现对偏冷环境的生理适应性能够显著改善人们在偏冷环境下的热舒适。
(4)以实验研究为基础,结合生理学、心理学的相关理论进行了人体生理适应与热适应、热经历与热适应性的关系的分析。分析结果明确了生理适应是热适应的本质属性,提出了皮肤温度、出汗率、HRV和HSP70可以作为人体对偏热环境产生生理适应的表征指标,皮肤温度可以作为人体对偏冷环境产生生理适应的表征指标；指出了热经历是影响人体热适应性的重要因素,对多数人而言,室内热经历比室外热经历的影响更显著；对热经历、热适应内在机制、热舒适之间建立了较完善的热适应模型作用框架。
本课题研究所积累的人体热反应实验数据和研究分析,能够为热适应模型的合理建立提供数据支持和理论依据；本文所证实的室内热经历对生理适应的重要影响以及生理适应在建筑环境人体热适应中的重要作用,为进一步完善建筑环境控制标准设定提供理论指导。
Thermal adaption is an important field of studies on human thermal comfort, as it plays a significant role on helping to understand the effects of the outdoor climate and built environments on human thermal comfort, thus provides guidance for the design of environmental control standards and building energy savings. However, current studies on thermal adaption do not explain clearly such internal mechanisms of thermal adaptation as the relation between physiological acclimatization and thermal comfort. Besides, the current Adaptive Models only link indoor comfort temperatures to outdoor climate and do not consider the effects of building occupants'past indoor thermal histories on thermal comfort, which raises a doubt on its reliability and rationality. The objectives of this paper are to exam the effects of physiological acclimatization on thermal comfort and the effects of past indoor thermal histories on thermal adaption.
Research results presented in this paper are as follows:
(1) Human thermal response experiments were conducted in a climate chamber to determine if some of the physiological parameters used in existing studies to reflect thermal comfort were sensitive to thermal responses. Some other new physiological parameters were also investigated. Results indicated that skin temperature and heart rate variability (HRV) present close relationships with thermal comfort and could be used in further studies on human thermal response.
(2) Climate chamber experiments were conducted on the influence of people's past indoor thermal histories in summer on human thermal response:we tracked the different responses of thermal comfort and physiological indexes to a heat shock of people accustomed to buildings air-conditioned or not in summertime conditions. Results showed that living and working in indoor thermal environments for long periods of time in summer affects people's physiological acclimatization to hot environments-people accustomed to air-conditioned environments have a weaker environments-people accustomed to air-conditioned environments have a weaker capacity to acclimatize to hot environments than those accustomed to non-air-conditioned environments-and that physiological acclimatization to hot environments can significantly affect thermal comfort response to hot environments, but does not affect thermal comfort response to neutral environments.
(3) Climate chamber experiments on the influence of people's past indoor thermal histories in winter on human thermal response were conducted:we examined the different responses of thermal comfort and physiological indexes to cold environments between the people accustomed to buildings heated or not in winter. It showed that living and working in indoor thermal environments for long periods of time in winter affects people's thermal adaption to cold environments-people accustomed to heated environments have a weaker capacity to acclimatize to cold environments than those accustomed to non-heated environments - and that physiological acclimatization to cold environments can significantly affect people's thermal comfort response to cold environments.
(4) Combining the experimental results above with related theories in the fields of physiology and psychology, the role of physiological acclimatization on thermal adaption, the effects of thermal histories on thermal adaptability were analyzed. It pointed out the fact that physiological acclimatization is an essential factor of thermal adaption, that skin temperature, sweating rate, HRV and HSP70 levels can be used as representative indexes for human thermal adaptability to hot environments and that skin temperature for human thermal adaptability to cold environments. Besides, it revealed that thermal histories are extremely important factors on thermal adaptability: for most people, indoor thermal histories have a more significant influence on human thermal adaptability than outdoor thermal histories. In addition, we proposed a model for the internal relationship between thermal history, the internal mechanisms of thermal adaption and human thermal comfort, in order to improve the conceptual framework of the Adaptive Model.
In this paper, experimental data on human thermal response was reported that led to some improvement proposals for the conceptual framework of the adaptive model, they could contribute to a more rational establishment of the adaptive model based on actual experimental data; besides, the important impacts of past indoor thermal histories of building occupants on physiological acclimatization and the significant role played by physiological acclimatization on thermal adaption in built environments were put into light, which could provide theoretical guidance for the design of new building environmental control standards.
针对以上问题,本文开展了以下的研究工作：
(1)进行了表征人体热反应的代表性生理指标的实验研究。通过人体热反应实验,对已有文献中提到较多的可能可以用来反映人体热反应的生理指标进行验证,并对一些新的生理指标进行探索,最终筛选出皮肤温度和心率变异性可以作为表征人体热反应的代表性指标。
(2)对具有不同夏季室内热经历的人群进行人体热反应的实验研究。该研究比较了长期在空调建筑中的人(空调组)与长期在非空调建筑中的人(非空调组)在相同热冲击环境下的主观热反应、生理反应的差异。结果表明,夏季室内热经历对人体在偏热环境下的热适应性有重要的影响作用,空调组对偏热环境的生理适应性不如非空调组,并且发现对偏热环境的生理适应性能够显著改善人体在偏热环境下的热舒适,但不影响人体在中性环境下的热舒适。
(3)对具有不同冬季室内热经历的人群进行人体热反应的实验研究。该研究比较了冬季长期在采暖建筑中的人(采暖组)与长期在非采暖建筑中的人(非采暖组)在相同偏冷环境下的主观热反应、生理反应的差异。结果表明,冬季室内热经历对人体在偏冷环境下的热适应性有重要的作用,采暖组对偏冷环境的生理适应性不如非采暖组,并且发现对偏冷环境的生理适应性能够显著改善人们在偏冷环境下的热舒适。
(4)以实验研究为基础,结合生理学、心理学的相关理论进行了人体生理适应与热适应、热经历与热适应性的关系的分析。分析结果明确了生理适应是热适应的本质属性,提出了皮肤温度、出汗率、HRV和HSP70可以作为人体对偏热环境产生生理适应的表征指标,皮肤温度可以作为人体对偏冷环境产生生理适应的表征指标；指出了热经历是影响人体热适应性的重要因素,对多数人而言,室内热经历比室外热经历的影响更显著；对热经历、热适应内在机制、热舒适之间建立了较完善的热适应模型作用框架。
本课题研究所积累的人体热反应实验数据和研究分析,能够为热适应模型的合理建立提供数据支持和理论依据；本文所证实的室内热经历对生理适应的重要影响以及生理适应在建筑环境人体热适应中的重要作用,为进一步完善建筑环境控制标准设定提供理论指导。
Thermal adaption is an important field of studies on human thermal comfort, as it plays a significant role on helping to understand the effects of the outdoor climate and built environments on human thermal comfort, thus provides guidance for the design of environmental control standards and building energy savings. However, current studies on thermal adaption do not explain clearly such internal mechanisms of thermal adaptation as the relation between physiological acclimatization and thermal comfort. Besides, the current Adaptive Models only link indoor comfort temperatures to outdoor climate and do not consider the effects of building occupants'past indoor thermal histories on thermal comfort, which raises a doubt on its reliability and rationality. The objectives of this paper are to exam the effects of physiological acclimatization on thermal comfort and the effects of past indoor thermal histories on thermal adaption.
Research results presented in this paper are as follows:
(1) Human thermal response experiments were conducted in a climate chamber to determine if some of the physiological parameters used in existing studies to reflect thermal comfort were sensitive to thermal responses. Some other new physiological parameters were also investigated. Results indicated that skin temperature and heart rate variability (HRV) present close relationships with thermal comfort and could be used in further studies on human thermal response.
(2) Climate chamber experiments were conducted on the influence of people's past indoor thermal histories in summer on human thermal response:we tracked the different responses of thermal comfort and physiological indexes to a heat shock of people accustomed to buildings air-conditioned or not in summertime conditions. Results showed that living and working in indoor thermal environments for long periods of time in summer affects people's physiological acclimatization to hot environments-people accustomed to air-conditioned environments have a weaker environments-people accustomed to air-conditioned environments have a weaker capacity to acclimatize to hot environments than those accustomed to non-air-conditioned environments-and that physiological acclimatization to hot environments can significantly affect thermal comfort response to hot environments, but does not affect thermal comfort response to neutral environments.
(3) Climate chamber experiments on the influence of people's past indoor thermal histories in winter on human thermal response were conducted:we examined the different responses of thermal comfort and physiological indexes to cold environments between the people accustomed to buildings heated or not in winter. It showed that living and working in indoor thermal environments for long periods of time in winter affects people's thermal adaption to cold environments-people accustomed to heated environments have a weaker capacity to acclimatize to cold environments than those accustomed to non-heated environments - and that physiological acclimatization to cold environments can significantly affect people's thermal comfort response to cold environments.
(4) Combining the experimental results above with related theories in the fields of physiology and psychology, the role of physiological acclimatization on thermal adaption, the effects of thermal histories on thermal adaptability were analyzed. It pointed out the fact that physiological acclimatization is an essential factor of thermal adaption, that skin temperature, sweating rate, HRV and HSP70 levels can be used as representative indexes for human thermal adaptability to hot environments and that skin temperature for human thermal adaptability to cold environments. Besides, it revealed that thermal histories are extremely important factors on thermal adaptability: for most people, indoor thermal histories have a more significant influence on human thermal adaptability than outdoor thermal histories. In addition, we proposed a model for the internal relationship between thermal history, the internal mechanisms of thermal adaption and human thermal comfort, in order to improve the conceptual framework of the Adaptive Model.
In this paper, experimental data on human thermal response was reported that led to some improvement proposals for the conceptual framework of the adaptive model, they could contribute to a more rational establishment of the adaptive model based on actual experimental data; besides, the important impacts of past indoor thermal histories of building occupants on physiological acclimatization and the significant role played by physiological acclimatization on thermal adaption in built environments were put into light, which could provide theoretical guidance for the design of new building environmental control standards.
引文
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