重水淹稠油油藏蒸汽驱可行性研究
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摘要
锦45块已进入吞吐开发后期，目前地层压力仅为2.91MPa，重水淹区单井平均日产油仅为1.0t/d，含水92.8％，回采水率高达200%，采油速度0.51%，可采储量采出程度达92.6%。重水淹区剩余油难以依靠蒸汽吞吐方式继续挖潜，转换开发方式迫在眉睫。重水淹区转蒸汽驱开发存在较大技术风险，推动边底水油藏蒸汽驱开发仍存在一定困难，需深入认识边水在油层的侵入特征，掌握边水入侵控制要素，合理有效规避汽驱开发风险，以确定水淹层蒸汽驱是否可行。
本文首先进行重水淹区蒸汽驱数值模拟，再进行水侵制约要素可视化物模研究，数模与物模相结合，分析重水淹区蒸汽驱是否可行。
利用Petrel软件建立两个试验井组的精细地质模型，利用CMG软件进行1985年1月1日到2011年9月1日期间的蒸汽吞吐开发历史拟合，在注采参数优化的基础上，进行蒸汽驱5年预测。模拟预测过程中，在模型周围设置了庞大的边底水水体。数值模拟结果表明：水侵规律以底水锥进为主，边水并非大面积侵入，通过管外窜槽形成的水淹情况严重；油层除于I35层和于I36层基本形成热联通，油层剩余油饱和度仍有45%，地层压力为2.91MPa；蒸汽驱注汽井连续注汽使地层压力的增加，可抑制水侵速度；重水淹区蒸汽驱可提高采出程度，历时五年，累积采出程度7.74%。
开展物模实验，掌握水侵控制要素，正确解释油层水侵特征；进行水侵控制要素敏感性分析研究，提出控制边底水的保障技术。实验分析地层的非均质性、温度、压力、边水距离等对边底水水侵的敏感性。采用均质岩心模型，温度为45℃情况下，压差分别设置为0.035MPa、0.045MPa、0.055MPa；采用非均质岩心模型，温度为45℃情况下，压差分别设置为0.04MPa、0.06MPa、0.08MPa；采用均质岩心模型，压差为0.055MPa情况下，温度分别设置为45℃、60℃、75℃。将饱和充分的岩心模型进行水驱油实验，分别计量每口井的出液、出油和出水量。拟合瞬时水侵量和压差及温度的函数关系式。
水侵可视化实验研究均在实验温度45℃条件下进行，采用均质岩心模型，饱和油温度80℃，压差分别设置为0.10、0.12、0.14MPa；采用非均质岩心模型，压差分别设置为0.10、0.12、0.14MPa。通过图像采集系统采集不同时期的水侵图片，分析边水水侵规律，建立不同压差下瞬时水侵量及累积水侵量与时间的关系。
根据室内实验对井网部署中各井的产液分析，距离边水近的井受边水影响最大；与边水距离相等的两口井，产液量相差较大，不同压差下规律截然不同。可以说明，边水并非均匀侵入，而是具有各自的水侵通道且水侵通道的形成及扩大规律不尽相同；不同压差下，瞬时水侵量均表现为线性增加规律，通过拟合分析，瞬时水侵量与压差为指数函数关系。边水沿着高渗层侵入到生产井井底，在压差的作用下锥进至生产井。而距边水相等的两口井的产液不同，同样可以说明边水并非均匀侵入。通过综合分析，压差越大，区块内生产井的见水时间越提前；瞬时水侵量与时间为线性关系，温度越高，区块内各井见水的时间反而延后。通过水侵可视实验研究发现：当边水在压差作用下进入油层孔隙系统时，首先与束缚水混合，对于稠油，由于油水粘度差大，进入油层孔隙系统的水，一方面通过被束缚水占据的小孔隙流动，并首先进入较小的孔隙，然后再扩大到较大的孔隙；另一方面沿着被油饱和的较大孔隙壁上的水膜楔入，随着进入水量的增加边水前缘逐渐向前推进，水侵进一步加剧，水线一旦突破，水侵量会持续增加，后期趋于稳定。水侵规律分为三个阶段：水侵连通阶段、水侵阶段及水侵稳定阶段。
综上，重水淹区由蒸汽吞吐转蒸汽驱，完善区块注采关系，地层能量可以得到及时补充，延缓边水推进速度，控制含水上升速度，改善区块开发效果。中部转驱、边部排水、可有效控制水侵。进行水淹规律的整体分析，确定水侵方向、水淹程度，指定水侵控制措施，合理有效规避汽驱开发风险。主要是一线水淹井作为重点实施对象，二线水淹井作为辅助实施对象，实现“一线排水、二线求产”的目的。故辽河油田锦45稠油重水淹实验区转蒸汽驱开发可行。
The steam stimulation of Jin-45Block where the geo-pressure is only2.91MPa for nowhas been wandering into anaphase. In the serious flooded area，the average daily oilproduction of single well is only1.0t/d, water cut is92.8％, recovery rate of water is up to200%, and the oil recovery rate is0.51%. The produced percentage of recoverable reserve is92.6%. The remaining oil in this water-flooded area can hardly be exploited by thedevelopment method of steam stimulation, which makes the transformation of this methodmore and more urgent. It is quite a risk to spread the development method of steamstimulation for the edge and bottom water reservoir. To conform the water-flooded layersteam flooding feasible needs to learn the invasion feature of the reservoir edge water, tohandle the controlling elements of the edge water invasion, also to avoid the risk of steamflooding development efficiently.
In this paper, the numerical simulation of steam flooding in heavy water-flooded area hasbeen carried out first, and then comes the visual physical model research of the controllingelements of water invasion. Also we focus on the analysis of the steam flooding feasibility inwater-flooded area by combining the mathematical and physical models.
Using Petrel we define a fine geological model for these two test well groups, then withCMG we carry a steam flooding forecast for5years on the basis of steam stimulation historyfitting during the period from Jan1st,1985to Sep1st,2011, and also the injection-productionparameters optimization. A huge body of edge and bottom water has been set around themodel during the simulation process. Numerical simulation results show that the invasion lawis given priority to with bottom water coning, while the edge water is not widespread, and thewater-flooded situation formed by outer channeling is serious. In addition to the Yu I35layerand Yu I36layer, Oil reservoirs have basically formed heat source. The remaining oilsaturation is still45%, and the geo-pressure is2.91MPa. The increasement of geo-pressurecaused by the continuously steam injection for the steam flooding wells may restrain thewater invasion speed. With5years’ steam flooding in the serious water-flooded area, therecovery degree can be improved, and the cumulative recovery degree reaches7.74%.
Carrying out physical model experiments needs the invasion controlling elements tocorrect the characteristic interpretation of reservoir water invasion. We focus on the sensitivityanalysis of the invasion controlling elements, also come up with the security technology ofedge/bottom water controlling. The heterogeneity, temperature, pressure of geosphere, and thesensitivity of edge/bottom water invasion to the edge water distance are analyzed throughexperiments. For the homogeneous core model, the temperature is set to45℃, andrespectively differential pressures are set as0.035MPa,0.045MPa and0.045MPa. For theheterogeneous core model, of which the temperature is45℃, respectively differential pressures are0.04MPa,0.06MPa and0.06MPa. When it comes to the homogeneous modelwith a differential pressure of0.055MPa, the temperature are set to45℃,60℃,75℃respectively. The fluid, the oil and water produced quantities of each well are measuredseparately through the water flooding experiment with fully saturated core model, also thefunctional equations of instantaneous water invasion, differential pressure and temperaturesare taken shape.
Visual experimental researches for water invasion are all taken under the conditions ofsaturated oil and80℃of experimental temperature. When using the homogeneous coremodel, the differential pressure is set as0.10MPa,0.12MPa and0.14MPa respectively. Forthe heterogeneous core model, they share the same differential pressures. Water invasionpictures during different periods are collected through the image acquisition system. With theanalysis of edge-water invasion laws, the functional equations of instantaneous water invasion,cumulative water invasion and time for these differential pressures are built.
With laboratory experiments we analysis the produced fluid of each well in the pattern.We find the well closer to the edge-water gets bigger influence, while the fluid productions oftwo wells equidistant from the edge-water are quite different, the laws of which are alsodistinctly different under various differential pressures. That may explain the edge-waterinvasions are not evenly but have their very own encroachment channels, and the laws offormation and expansion are not the same. Under various differential pressures instantaneouswater invasions all shows linear increasement. Fitting instantaneous water invasions anddifferential pressures we can get exponential functions. Edge-water immerses along the highpermeability layer to the bottoms of production wells, and then under the differential pressuregets coning to production wells. The different fluid productions of two wells equidistant fromthe edge-water also show us the invasions are not evenly. Through comprehensive analysis wefind with the bigger differential pressure, the sooner water breakthrough in production wells.Instantaneous water influx shows linear relation with time, for the higher the temperature, thelater water breakthrough. Through the water-invasion visual experimental research, we realizethat after the edge-water immerses into the reservoir pore system under the action ofdifferential pressure, firstly it mixes with bound water, and then due to the great oil/waterviscosity difference of heavy oil it flows through mini-pores dominated by bound water, theninto small pores, and then into larger pores. On the other hand, it wedges along the walls oflarge pores saturated with oil, then with the water increase the front of edge-water movingahead gradually, the invasion would go further and further till the water breakthrough, andthen the water continues to increase until a stable state. Water invasion law is divided intothree phases: water connection, water invasion and stable water invasion.
In conclusion, transforming the steam stimulation of serious water-flooded reservoir intosteam flooding, and improving the injection-production relation on blocks can get the layersenergy timely replenished, get the edge-water invasion suspended, get water cut increasingrate controlled, and get the block development effect improved. Transforming in central anddraining from the edge will effectively control water invasion. Through the overall analysis of the water-invasion laws we can get the water-invasion directions and the flooded degrees toavoid the risk of steam flooding development efficiently. The idea that serious water-floodedwells as the key implementation objects and peripheral water wells as auxiliaryimplementation objects, is helping to achieve "Line A for draining, Line B for producing".Therefore, transforming Jin-45Block serious water-flooded reservoirs of Liaohe oilfield tosteam flooding development is feasible.
本文首先进行重水淹区蒸汽驱数值模拟，再进行水侵制约要素可视化物模研究，数模与物模相结合，分析重水淹区蒸汽驱是否可行。
利用Petrel软件建立两个试验井组的精细地质模型，利用CMG软件进行1985年1月1日到2011年9月1日期间的蒸汽吞吐开发历史拟合，在注采参数优化的基础上，进行蒸汽驱5年预测。模拟预测过程中，在模型周围设置了庞大的边底水水体。数值模拟结果表明：水侵规律以底水锥进为主，边水并非大面积侵入，通过管外窜槽形成的水淹情况严重；油层除于I35层和于I36层基本形成热联通，油层剩余油饱和度仍有45%，地层压力为2.91MPa；蒸汽驱注汽井连续注汽使地层压力的增加，可抑制水侵速度；重水淹区蒸汽驱可提高采出程度，历时五年，累积采出程度7.74%。
开展物模实验，掌握水侵控制要素，正确解释油层水侵特征；进行水侵控制要素敏感性分析研究，提出控制边底水的保障技术。实验分析地层的非均质性、温度、压力、边水距离等对边底水水侵的敏感性。采用均质岩心模型，温度为45℃情况下，压差分别设置为0.035MPa、0.045MPa、0.055MPa；采用非均质岩心模型，温度为45℃情况下，压差分别设置为0.04MPa、0.06MPa、0.08MPa；采用均质岩心模型，压差为0.055MPa情况下，温度分别设置为45℃、60℃、75℃。将饱和充分的岩心模型进行水驱油实验，分别计量每口井的出液、出油和出水量。拟合瞬时水侵量和压差及温度的函数关系式。
水侵可视化实验研究均在实验温度45℃条件下进行，采用均质岩心模型，饱和油温度80℃，压差分别设置为0.10、0.12、0.14MPa；采用非均质岩心模型，压差分别设置为0.10、0.12、0.14MPa。通过图像采集系统采集不同时期的水侵图片，分析边水水侵规律，建立不同压差下瞬时水侵量及累积水侵量与时间的关系。
根据室内实验对井网部署中各井的产液分析，距离边水近的井受边水影响最大；与边水距离相等的两口井，产液量相差较大，不同压差下规律截然不同。可以说明，边水并非均匀侵入，而是具有各自的水侵通道且水侵通道的形成及扩大规律不尽相同；不同压差下，瞬时水侵量均表现为线性增加规律，通过拟合分析，瞬时水侵量与压差为指数函数关系。边水沿着高渗层侵入到生产井井底，在压差的作用下锥进至生产井。而距边水相等的两口井的产液不同，同样可以说明边水并非均匀侵入。通过综合分析，压差越大，区块内生产井的见水时间越提前；瞬时水侵量与时间为线性关系，温度越高，区块内各井见水的时间反而延后。通过水侵可视实验研究发现：当边水在压差作用下进入油层孔隙系统时，首先与束缚水混合，对于稠油，由于油水粘度差大，进入油层孔隙系统的水，一方面通过被束缚水占据的小孔隙流动，并首先进入较小的孔隙，然后再扩大到较大的孔隙；另一方面沿着被油饱和的较大孔隙壁上的水膜楔入，随着进入水量的增加边水前缘逐渐向前推进，水侵进一步加剧，水线一旦突破，水侵量会持续增加，后期趋于稳定。水侵规律分为三个阶段：水侵连通阶段、水侵阶段及水侵稳定阶段。
综上，重水淹区由蒸汽吞吐转蒸汽驱，完善区块注采关系，地层能量可以得到及时补充，延缓边水推进速度，控制含水上升速度，改善区块开发效果。中部转驱、边部排水、可有效控制水侵。进行水淹规律的整体分析，确定水侵方向、水淹程度，指定水侵控制措施，合理有效规避汽驱开发风险。主要是一线水淹井作为重点实施对象，二线水淹井作为辅助实施对象，实现“一线排水、二线求产”的目的。故辽河油田锦45稠油重水淹实验区转蒸汽驱开发可行。
The steam stimulation of Jin-45Block where the geo-pressure is only2.91MPa for nowhas been wandering into anaphase. In the serious flooded area，the average daily oilproduction of single well is only1.0t/d, water cut is92.8％, recovery rate of water is up to200%, and the oil recovery rate is0.51%. The produced percentage of recoverable reserve is92.6%. The remaining oil in this water-flooded area can hardly be exploited by thedevelopment method of steam stimulation, which makes the transformation of this methodmore and more urgent. It is quite a risk to spread the development method of steamstimulation for the edge and bottom water reservoir. To conform the water-flooded layersteam flooding feasible needs to learn the invasion feature of the reservoir edge water, tohandle the controlling elements of the edge water invasion, also to avoid the risk of steamflooding development efficiently.
In this paper, the numerical simulation of steam flooding in heavy water-flooded area hasbeen carried out first, and then comes the visual physical model research of the controllingelements of water invasion. Also we focus on the analysis of the steam flooding feasibility inwater-flooded area by combining the mathematical and physical models.
Using Petrel we define a fine geological model for these two test well groups, then withCMG we carry a steam flooding forecast for5years on the basis of steam stimulation historyfitting during the period from Jan1st,1985to Sep1st,2011, and also the injection-productionparameters optimization. A huge body of edge and bottom water has been set around themodel during the simulation process. Numerical simulation results show that the invasion lawis given priority to with bottom water coning, while the edge water is not widespread, and thewater-flooded situation formed by outer channeling is serious. In addition to the Yu I35layerand Yu I36layer, Oil reservoirs have basically formed heat source. The remaining oilsaturation is still45%, and the geo-pressure is2.91MPa. The increasement of geo-pressurecaused by the continuously steam injection for the steam flooding wells may restrain thewater invasion speed. With5years’ steam flooding in the serious water-flooded area, therecovery degree can be improved, and the cumulative recovery degree reaches7.74%.
Carrying out physical model experiments needs the invasion controlling elements tocorrect the characteristic interpretation of reservoir water invasion. We focus on the sensitivityanalysis of the invasion controlling elements, also come up with the security technology ofedge/bottom water controlling. The heterogeneity, temperature, pressure of geosphere, and thesensitivity of edge/bottom water invasion to the edge water distance are analyzed throughexperiments. For the homogeneous core model, the temperature is set to45℃, andrespectively differential pressures are set as0.035MPa,0.045MPa and0.045MPa. For theheterogeneous core model, of which the temperature is45℃, respectively differential pressures are0.04MPa,0.06MPa and0.06MPa. When it comes to the homogeneous modelwith a differential pressure of0.055MPa, the temperature are set to45℃,60℃,75℃respectively. The fluid, the oil and water produced quantities of each well are measuredseparately through the water flooding experiment with fully saturated core model, also thefunctional equations of instantaneous water invasion, differential pressure and temperaturesare taken shape.
Visual experimental researches for water invasion are all taken under the conditions ofsaturated oil and80℃of experimental temperature. When using the homogeneous coremodel, the differential pressure is set as0.10MPa,0.12MPa and0.14MPa respectively. Forthe heterogeneous core model, they share the same differential pressures. Water invasionpictures during different periods are collected through the image acquisition system. With theanalysis of edge-water invasion laws, the functional equations of instantaneous water invasion,cumulative water invasion and time for these differential pressures are built.
With laboratory experiments we analysis the produced fluid of each well in the pattern.We find the well closer to the edge-water gets bigger influence, while the fluid productions oftwo wells equidistant from the edge-water are quite different, the laws of which are alsodistinctly different under various differential pressures. That may explain the edge-waterinvasions are not evenly but have their very own encroachment channels, and the laws offormation and expansion are not the same. Under various differential pressures instantaneouswater invasions all shows linear increasement. Fitting instantaneous water invasions anddifferential pressures we can get exponential functions. Edge-water immerses along the highpermeability layer to the bottoms of production wells, and then under the differential pressuregets coning to production wells. The different fluid productions of two wells equidistant fromthe edge-water also show us the invasions are not evenly. Through comprehensive analysis wefind with the bigger differential pressure, the sooner water breakthrough in production wells.Instantaneous water influx shows linear relation with time, for the higher the temperature, thelater water breakthrough. Through the water-invasion visual experimental research, we realizethat after the edge-water immerses into the reservoir pore system under the action ofdifferential pressure, firstly it mixes with bound water, and then due to the great oil/waterviscosity difference of heavy oil it flows through mini-pores dominated by bound water, theninto small pores, and then into larger pores. On the other hand, it wedges along the walls oflarge pores saturated with oil, then with the water increase the front of edge-water movingahead gradually, the invasion would go further and further till the water breakthrough, andthen the water continues to increase until a stable state. Water invasion law is divided intothree phases: water connection, water invasion and stable water invasion.
In conclusion, transforming the steam stimulation of serious water-flooded reservoir intosteam flooding, and improving the injection-production relation on blocks can get the layersenergy timely replenished, get the edge-water invasion suspended, get water cut increasingrate controlled, and get the block development effect improved. Transforming in central anddraining from the edge will effectively control water invasion. Through the overall analysis of the water-invasion laws we can get the water-invasion directions and the flooded degrees toavoid the risk of steam flooding development efficiently. The idea that serious water-floodedwells as the key implementation objects and peripheral water wells as auxiliaryimplementation objects, is helping to achieve "Line A for draining, Line B for producing".Therefore, transforming Jin-45Block serious water-flooded reservoirs of Liaohe oilfield tosteam flooding development is feasible.
引文
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