农村住宅抗震性能试验及综合改造研究
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摘要
本文以北京地区农村住宅为主要研究对象,通过对北京地区农村住宅结构类型和抗震性能调研,进行了典型住宅的结构分类、抗震性能分析、抗震加固措施及其优化研究；同时进行了典型农村住宅的原型和加固模型的振动台试验、构件的低周反复荷载试验、模型的材料试验以及数值模拟分析,对比分析了结构原型和加固模型在试验过程中的损伤和裂缝的发展、结构的动力特性(频率和阻尼特性、动力放大特性)、滞回曲线、刚度退化特性等,验证分析了抗震加固及节能综合改造措施的有效性和可行性,加固后模型达到了“小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒”的抗震设防目标。本课题主要的研究内容如下：
(1)在大量现场调研工作的基础上,归纳了北京地区既有典型单层农宅的结构布局特征,指出了其抗震性能方面存在的问题,提出了北京地区既有单层农宅抗震性能研究方案,建议了抗震加固的目标与抗震加固措施。
(2)根据既有农宅抗震加固性能研究方案,按照不同加固措施、不同材料特性组合,完成了3片墙体的低周反复荷载拟静力试验。分析了墙体在试验过程中开裂发展和破坏情况,总结了墙体破坏的主要特征。同时对不同试件的归一化骨架曲线、实测位移、滞回曲线、刚度退化、耗能性能等进行对比分析,总结了不同加固墙体的抗震性能和承载能力。并通过数值模拟分析,验证了实验结果的可靠性。
(3)根据农宅典型性分析结果,选取了北京地区典型三开间单层农村砖木结构住宅作为振动台试验对象,完成了1个未加固模型与2个不同抗震加固模型的模拟地震振动台试验,分别采用了8度小震(0.072g)、8度中震(0.2g)和8度大震(0.4g)的水平地震动输入,并对振动台试验结果进行分析,通过分析不同加载等级下的地震反应、结构频率和阻尼比、结构损伤和裂缝发展,总结了未加固农宅和采用不同措施抗震加固后农宅的抗震性能,检验了北京既有单层农宅的抗震能力以及验证了抗震加固措施的有效性。
(4)利用SAP2000软件,对振动台试验整体模型进行了模态分析,得出了试验模型的振动频率和振型,并对不同配重施加方式的误差和影响进行了分析。
(5)研究提出了农宅纵墙抗侧刚度的简化计算方法,解决了实际工程加固设计时,定量计算前后纵墙的抗侧刚度的问题,对于确定农宅抗震加固措施、尽可能减小前后纵墙的抗侧刚度差,有重要实用意义。回归提出了加固前后砖砌体极限承载力理论计算公式。
(6)开展了试点工程建设,根据试验模型和典型农宅结构类型,分别选取了2个试点工程,针对试点工程的结构特点分别设计了抗震加固和节能综合改造方案,并组织施工。通过与传统加固方法的对比,证明本文提出的加固方法具有加固针对性强、施工便利、经济节约等优点,同时试点工程的建设为后期农宅抗震加固和节能改造工作的全面铺开,起到了示范作用。
本文提出了两种前檐加固措施：增设钢门窗框的抗震加固措施和增设钢筋混凝土门框的加固措施。提出了钢板圈梁整体加固农宅的措施。这些加固措施均是不同于传统加固方法的创新性研究成果,并已经都取得了专利。
成果对北京地区乃至全国农村住宅的抗震节能综合改造都有重要技术支撑作用,已发布的《北京市农村住宅建筑(平房)综合改造实施技术导则》以本文提出的综合改造措施作为重要方法,本文成果为正在编制的北京市地方标准提供了有力的技术支持。
Abstract:In order to improve the seismic and thermal insulation performance of the rural houses in Beijing, a large amount of researches and structural characteristics analysis have been finished, which lead to the comprehensive modification methods for these rural houses. The classification of typical structures, the research of seismic performance, the strengthening methods and optimization have been figured out during the preliminary research. The shaking table tests of seismic strengthening of engineering and prototype models, components under low reversed cyclic loading test, material tests and numerical simulation analysis have been done in order to comparatively analyze the damages and crack development, dynamic performance such as structure frequency and damping characteristics, hysteresis curves and stiffness degradations. These experiments and researches verified the significance and practicability about strengthening methods and energy-saving comprehensive modification. The strengthened models have reached the seismic fortification goals. This dissertation mainly researches in the following aspects:
(1) Based on a large amount of preliminary researches, the structural characteristics of rural housing in Beijing have been summed up and the existing problems about seismic performance have been pointed out. The seismic strengthening for engineering plans within the goals and methods have been figured out.
(2) Three pieces of wall under low reversed cyclic loading pseudo-static tests have been finished according to the seismic strengthening for engineering plan and combination with different strengthening methods and materials come up with crack development and damages during the test. From the comparison analysis about skeleton curves, displacement, hysteresis curve, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation, come to the seismic performance and capacity between different strengthened walls.
(3) The shaking table test is focused on the typical three-bay single layer rural house built with wood and brick in Beijing. One prototype model and two strengthened models with different reinforcement methods have been built to simulate their response when subjected to horizontal seismic wave about8degrees (0.072g),8degrees (0.2g) and8degrees (0.4g). The experiments concluded and testified the seismic performance and the effectiveness between the prototype model and strengthened models by analyzing the seismic response, structural frequency and damping ratio, structural damage and cracks develop.
(4) Modal analyses about shaking table models have been finished by using SAP2000software. The results come up with frequencies and mode shape. The impact and deviation between different ways of loading have been analyzed by computer simulation.
(5) The simplified calculation method about lateral stiffness of longitudinal wall has been figured out in this study, which solved the quantitative calculation of the lateral stiffness of the longitudinal wall when doing the practical strengthening design. It is important to determine the strengthening methods and minimize the lateral stiffness differences between front and rear vertical wall. The ultimate bearing capacity calculation formula has been figured out for original and strengthened brick masonry wall.
(6) The pilot project houses have been rebuilt based on the experimental models and typical structure shape of rural house. In accordance with the structural features of pilot projects, we designed the seismic strengthening of engineering and energy-saving comprehensive modification plan, and organized the construction. The modification performance and economy have been analyzed according to the modification experiences. The pilot projects played an important role as demonstation examples for future application and promotion.
The study puts forwards the steel ring beam first, which is a strengthening method in order to improve the integrity, and testified by the shaking table test. The study proposed two strengthening methods for front longitudinal wall to solve the large different stiffness of the front and rear wall which is caused by the opening in the front wall. The methods are adding steel door/window frame and concrete door/window frame, both of which have been patented.
The results and conclusions in this study play an important technical support in the seismic strengthening of engineering and energy-saving comprehensive modification in Beijing, even all over the country. The comprehensive modification methods in this study are the major methods accepted and used by "The Guideline for Comprehensive Modification of Beijing Rural Residential Buildings (Single-storey House)", also an important technical support for the local standard in Beijing which is now compiling.
(1)在大量现场调研工作的基础上,归纳了北京地区既有典型单层农宅的结构布局特征,指出了其抗震性能方面存在的问题,提出了北京地区既有单层农宅抗震性能研究方案,建议了抗震加固的目标与抗震加固措施。
(2)根据既有农宅抗震加固性能研究方案,按照不同加固措施、不同材料特性组合,完成了3片墙体的低周反复荷载拟静力试验。分析了墙体在试验过程中开裂发展和破坏情况,总结了墙体破坏的主要特征。同时对不同试件的归一化骨架曲线、实测位移、滞回曲线、刚度退化、耗能性能等进行对比分析,总结了不同加固墙体的抗震性能和承载能力。并通过数值模拟分析,验证了实验结果的可靠性。
(3)根据农宅典型性分析结果,选取了北京地区典型三开间单层农村砖木结构住宅作为振动台试验对象,完成了1个未加固模型与2个不同抗震加固模型的模拟地震振动台试验,分别采用了8度小震(0.072g)、8度中震(0.2g)和8度大震(0.4g)的水平地震动输入,并对振动台试验结果进行分析,通过分析不同加载等级下的地震反应、结构频率和阻尼比、结构损伤和裂缝发展,总结了未加固农宅和采用不同措施抗震加固后农宅的抗震性能,检验了北京既有单层农宅的抗震能力以及验证了抗震加固措施的有效性。
(4)利用SAP2000软件,对振动台试验整体模型进行了模态分析,得出了试验模型的振动频率和振型,并对不同配重施加方式的误差和影响进行了分析。
(5)研究提出了农宅纵墙抗侧刚度的简化计算方法,解决了实际工程加固设计时,定量计算前后纵墙的抗侧刚度的问题,对于确定农宅抗震加固措施、尽可能减小前后纵墙的抗侧刚度差,有重要实用意义。回归提出了加固前后砖砌体极限承载力理论计算公式。
(6)开展了试点工程建设,根据试验模型和典型农宅结构类型,分别选取了2个试点工程,针对试点工程的结构特点分别设计了抗震加固和节能综合改造方案,并组织施工。通过与传统加固方法的对比,证明本文提出的加固方法具有加固针对性强、施工便利、经济节约等优点,同时试点工程的建设为后期农宅抗震加固和节能改造工作的全面铺开,起到了示范作用。
本文提出了两种前檐加固措施：增设钢门窗框的抗震加固措施和增设钢筋混凝土门框的加固措施。提出了钢板圈梁整体加固农宅的措施。这些加固措施均是不同于传统加固方法的创新性研究成果,并已经都取得了专利。
成果对北京地区乃至全国农村住宅的抗震节能综合改造都有重要技术支撑作用,已发布的《北京市农村住宅建筑(平房)综合改造实施技术导则》以本文提出的综合改造措施作为重要方法,本文成果为正在编制的北京市地方标准提供了有力的技术支持。
Abstract:In order to improve the seismic and thermal insulation performance of the rural houses in Beijing, a large amount of researches and structural characteristics analysis have been finished, which lead to the comprehensive modification methods for these rural houses. The classification of typical structures, the research of seismic performance, the strengthening methods and optimization have been figured out during the preliminary research. The shaking table tests of seismic strengthening of engineering and prototype models, components under low reversed cyclic loading test, material tests and numerical simulation analysis have been done in order to comparatively analyze the damages and crack development, dynamic performance such as structure frequency and damping characteristics, hysteresis curves and stiffness degradations. These experiments and researches verified the significance and practicability about strengthening methods and energy-saving comprehensive modification. The strengthened models have reached the seismic fortification goals. This dissertation mainly researches in the following aspects:
(1) Based on a large amount of preliminary researches, the structural characteristics of rural housing in Beijing have been summed up and the existing problems about seismic performance have been pointed out. The seismic strengthening for engineering plans within the goals and methods have been figured out.
(2) Three pieces of wall under low reversed cyclic loading pseudo-static tests have been finished according to the seismic strengthening for engineering plan and combination with different strengthening methods and materials come up with crack development and damages during the test. From the comparison analysis about skeleton curves, displacement, hysteresis curve, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation, come to the seismic performance and capacity between different strengthened walls.
(3) The shaking table test is focused on the typical three-bay single layer rural house built with wood and brick in Beijing. One prototype model and two strengthened models with different reinforcement methods have been built to simulate their response when subjected to horizontal seismic wave about8degrees (0.072g),8degrees (0.2g) and8degrees (0.4g). The experiments concluded and testified the seismic performance and the effectiveness between the prototype model and strengthened models by analyzing the seismic response, structural frequency and damping ratio, structural damage and cracks develop.
(4) Modal analyses about shaking table models have been finished by using SAP2000software. The results come up with frequencies and mode shape. The impact and deviation between different ways of loading have been analyzed by computer simulation.
(5) The simplified calculation method about lateral stiffness of longitudinal wall has been figured out in this study, which solved the quantitative calculation of the lateral stiffness of the longitudinal wall when doing the practical strengthening design. It is important to determine the strengthening methods and minimize the lateral stiffness differences between front and rear vertical wall. The ultimate bearing capacity calculation formula has been figured out for original and strengthened brick masonry wall.
(6) The pilot project houses have been rebuilt based on the experimental models and typical structure shape of rural house. In accordance with the structural features of pilot projects, we designed the seismic strengthening of engineering and energy-saving comprehensive modification plan, and organized the construction. The modification performance and economy have been analyzed according to the modification experiences. The pilot projects played an important role as demonstation examples for future application and promotion.
The study puts forwards the steel ring beam first, which is a strengthening method in order to improve the integrity, and testified by the shaking table test. The study proposed two strengthening methods for front longitudinal wall to solve the large different stiffness of the front and rear wall which is caused by the opening in the front wall. The methods are adding steel door/window frame and concrete door/window frame, both of which have been patented.
The results and conclusions in this study play an important technical support in the seismic strengthening of engineering and energy-saving comprehensive modification in Beijing, even all over the country. The comprehensive modification methods in this study are the major methods accepted and used by "The Guideline for Comprehensive Modification of Beijing Rural Residential Buildings (Single-storey House)", also an important technical support for the local standard in Beijing which is now compiling.
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