生物医学图像的几何形态测量研究
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摘要
任何生物体在形态结构上的改变,都反映了它们功能上的变化。通过生物医学图像对生物体进行几何形态测量,可以定量地获取其特征信息和活动规律,很好地辅助医学诊断和治疗。随着医学成像技术和计算机技术的发展,通过断层重建技术建立的三维图像中包含了生物体的内、外部立体结构,图像中形态信息完整,为几何形态测量提供了很好的平台。不过这种建模方法需要高昂的设备投入,而且其成像方式也并不适用于所有的生物医学领域。根据研究对象和研究目的的不同,很多情况下生物医学图像要通过其它的成像方法获取,导致图像中的形态信息并不完整,增加了准确测量的难度。通过图像处理的方法,可以对这些图像中缺失的信息进行拟合,从而达到提高测量效率和精度的目的。
本研究从显微图像与人体解剖图像两个方面,分别对大鼠睾丸组织的二维切片图像和人体乳房的三维表面模型的几何形态测量进行了研究。对图像中缺失的形态信息进行了估计和拟合,并针对现有测量方法中存在的问题进行了改进,提高了方法的效率和准确性。
睾丸切片图像中只包含了截面的二维形态信息,对三维结构的测量是采用体视学的方法进行的。体视学是一种通过叠加几何探针来估计面积和体积值的测量方法。本研究基于体视学的原理编写了测量程序SMP,提供了完善的体视学测量功能。针对几何探针数量不足时方法准确性较差和几何探针手工计数效率低下的问题,提出了基于图像分割的自动测量方法。颜色分布简单的生物图像通过阈值法的原理就可以进行分割。而大鼠睾丸组织切片图像具有颜色和形态信息复杂,噪声较多的特点,使用传统的方法分割效果较差。本研究提出了一种基于多种图像处理和分割算法相结合的图像分割方法。通过高阶统计量分析对预处理后图像进行噪声平滑,然后采用多阈值分割和形态特征识别相结合的方法,实现了睾丸图像中生精小管轮廓的自动分割。基于分割后的图形,体视学测量程序SMP可以对几何探针分布自动计数,快速准确地完成体视学测量。
三维乳房表面模型中缺失的是乳房的内部形态信息,因此乳房底面的确定是体积测量中的关键问题。目前常用的平面拟合方法可重复性差,而且不能反映出身姿和胸壁轮廓对乳房体积的影响。本研究提出了一种通过乳房的4条边界曲线来拟合胸壁曲面的方法,基于这一拟合曲面的体积测量结果更能反映出乳房的真实情况。另一方面,针对现有的乳房对称性评估指标没有标准化的缺点,提出了一个新的评估指标,即两侧乳房交集与并集的体积之比,能够更好地反映出乳房的对称性。
最后,本研究根据整形外科临床的需求,将乳房三维模型的测量功能网络化,建立了一个基于整形外科患者信息数据库的在线乳房形态测量系统。用户仅通过浏览器就可以观察到三维的乳房模型并进行线性特征参量、体积和对称性的测量。
本研究的主要创新点如下：
1.提出了一种新的图像分割方法,以高阶统计量对图像进行噪声平滑后,进行多阈值灰度分割,然后根据先验形态特征对大鼠睾丸切片图像中的生精小管轮廓进行了自动分割。
2.根据体视学原理编写了二维图像的几何形态测量程序,实现了几何探针的定制和基于图像分割的探针自动计数功能,极大的提高了体视学测量的效率和准确性。
3.提出了采用4条边界曲线拟合来确定乳房内部底面的方法,使得乳房体积的测量结果更接近真实情况。
4.提出了一种新的乳房对称性分析指标,相比于以前的RMS值能够更好地反应两侧乳房的对称程度。5.建立了在线的乳房三维模型测量系统,用户可以直接在浏览器中对乳房的形态特征参量进行测量。
The transformation of any organism in morphological structure reflected the changes in their function. The geometric morphous of organisms could be measured through biomedical images to gain the feature information and activity rules quantitatively. It was helpful to assist medical diagnosis and treatment. With the development of medical imaging and computer technologies, three-dimensional models were reconstructed by tomographic imaging technology which contained the outer side and inside stereo structure. The images included whole morphous information, which provided a good platform for geometric morphological measurement. However, this modeling method needed expensive equipments and the imaging method was not fitted for the studies in some biomedical area. According to the research purposes and objects, biomedical images were still generated by traditional methods in many conditions. The incomplete morphological information increased the difficulty of accurate measurement. The estimation and fitting could increase the accuracy and efficiency of the measurements.
In this work we did the research about the geometric morphological measurements of microscopic images and anatomical images, including the two-dimensional slice images of rats' testicle tissues and three-dimensional surface models of human breasts. The lost morphological information were estimated and fitted with the improved method in the research according to the existed problems in the present methods. The research increased the accuracy and efficiency of the methods.
Two-dimensional slice images of rats' testicle tissues only contained the information of intersecting surfaces. The three-dimensional parameters were measured by using stereological method. The basic theory of stereological method was estimating the two and three dimensional parameters such as area and volume by covering the geometric probes on the slice images. The stereological measurement program, SMP, was developed to provide the complete functions of stereological measurement. Partial results were significant different with actual values and the efficiency of manual probes counting was low with traditional stereogogical methods. To overcome these problems, an automatic measurement method was proposed based on image segmentation. The stereological measurement could be much more efficiency and accurate by the program of automatic porbes counting. The biomedical images with simple color distributions could be segmented by threshold methods. However, the slice images of rats' testicle tissues were noisy and complicated in color and morphology. The segementation results of traditional methods usually unsatisfactory. In this paper we proposed a novel image segmentation method based on multiple image processing and segmentation methods. The noises were removed by using the high order statistical method. Then the method with the combination of multiple thresholds and morphological models segmentation achieved the automatic segmentation of seminiferous tubule in the images.
The lost imformation of three-dimensional surface models of the breast were internal morphological information. Thus the definition of breast base was the key point of the volume measurement. The usual method with defining a base plane was bad in repeatability and did not consider the effects of body posture and the chest contour. A novel method was proposed to fit the surface of chest wall by the four border curves of the breasts. The volume results witch calculated by this method was more close to the actual values. On the other side, there was no standard index to evaluate the symmetry of breasts. A new evaluation index which was the ratio between the volumes intersection and union of the two side breasts was proposed. It was a better parameter to measure the symmetry of breasts.
At last, an online three-dimensional measurement system was builted based on the patients' information database from the plastic surgery. The users could observe the breasts' three-dimensional models and measure the linear parameters, volumes and symmetry index through web browsers directly.
The major innovations in this paper were summarized below.
1. A novel image segmentation method was proposed. The hide information was extracted by the high order statistical method. The seminiferous tubule profile in rats' testicle slice images were automatically segmented according to the multiple thresholds method and morphological models built by priori knowledge.
2. A measurement program was developed according to stereological theory to measure the geometric morphous through two-dimensional images. The geometric probes could customize and counted automatically based on the segmentation result, which improved the efficiency and accuracy of the measurement.
3. A novel method was proposed to fit the chest wall surface with four border curves of breast. The result was more close to the actural volumes of the breasts.
4. A new breast symmetry index was proposed. It could be more accurate to measure the symmetry of two side breasts than the previous RMS value.
5. An online system was developed to measure the three-dimension models of the breasts. Users could visit the system directly through web browsers to measure the morphological parameters of the breasts.
本研究从显微图像与人体解剖图像两个方面,分别对大鼠睾丸组织的二维切片图像和人体乳房的三维表面模型的几何形态测量进行了研究。对图像中缺失的形态信息进行了估计和拟合,并针对现有测量方法中存在的问题进行了改进,提高了方法的效率和准确性。
睾丸切片图像中只包含了截面的二维形态信息,对三维结构的测量是采用体视学的方法进行的。体视学是一种通过叠加几何探针来估计面积和体积值的测量方法。本研究基于体视学的原理编写了测量程序SMP,提供了完善的体视学测量功能。针对几何探针数量不足时方法准确性较差和几何探针手工计数效率低下的问题,提出了基于图像分割的自动测量方法。颜色分布简单的生物图像通过阈值法的原理就可以进行分割。而大鼠睾丸组织切片图像具有颜色和形态信息复杂,噪声较多的特点,使用传统的方法分割效果较差。本研究提出了一种基于多种图像处理和分割算法相结合的图像分割方法。通过高阶统计量分析对预处理后图像进行噪声平滑,然后采用多阈值分割和形态特征识别相结合的方法,实现了睾丸图像中生精小管轮廓的自动分割。基于分割后的图形,体视学测量程序SMP可以对几何探针分布自动计数,快速准确地完成体视学测量。
三维乳房表面模型中缺失的是乳房的内部形态信息,因此乳房底面的确定是体积测量中的关键问题。目前常用的平面拟合方法可重复性差,而且不能反映出身姿和胸壁轮廓对乳房体积的影响。本研究提出了一种通过乳房的4条边界曲线来拟合胸壁曲面的方法,基于这一拟合曲面的体积测量结果更能反映出乳房的真实情况。另一方面,针对现有的乳房对称性评估指标没有标准化的缺点,提出了一个新的评估指标,即两侧乳房交集与并集的体积之比,能够更好地反映出乳房的对称性。
最后,本研究根据整形外科临床的需求,将乳房三维模型的测量功能网络化,建立了一个基于整形外科患者信息数据库的在线乳房形态测量系统。用户仅通过浏览器就可以观察到三维的乳房模型并进行线性特征参量、体积和对称性的测量。
本研究的主要创新点如下：
1.提出了一种新的图像分割方法,以高阶统计量对图像进行噪声平滑后,进行多阈值灰度分割,然后根据先验形态特征对大鼠睾丸切片图像中的生精小管轮廓进行了自动分割。
2.根据体视学原理编写了二维图像的几何形态测量程序,实现了几何探针的定制和基于图像分割的探针自动计数功能,极大的提高了体视学测量的效率和准确性。
3.提出了采用4条边界曲线拟合来确定乳房内部底面的方法,使得乳房体积的测量结果更接近真实情况。
4.提出了一种新的乳房对称性分析指标,相比于以前的RMS值能够更好地反应两侧乳房的对称程度。5.建立了在线的乳房三维模型测量系统,用户可以直接在浏览器中对乳房的形态特征参量进行测量。
The transformation of any organism in morphological structure reflected the changes in their function. The geometric morphous of organisms could be measured through biomedical images to gain the feature information and activity rules quantitatively. It was helpful to assist medical diagnosis and treatment. With the development of medical imaging and computer technologies, three-dimensional models were reconstructed by tomographic imaging technology which contained the outer side and inside stereo structure. The images included whole morphous information, which provided a good platform for geometric morphological measurement. However, this modeling method needed expensive equipments and the imaging method was not fitted for the studies in some biomedical area. According to the research purposes and objects, biomedical images were still generated by traditional methods in many conditions. The incomplete morphological information increased the difficulty of accurate measurement. The estimation and fitting could increase the accuracy and efficiency of the measurements.
In this work we did the research about the geometric morphological measurements of microscopic images and anatomical images, including the two-dimensional slice images of rats' testicle tissues and three-dimensional surface models of human breasts. The lost morphological information were estimated and fitted with the improved method in the research according to the existed problems in the present methods. The research increased the accuracy and efficiency of the methods.
Two-dimensional slice images of rats' testicle tissues only contained the information of intersecting surfaces. The three-dimensional parameters were measured by using stereological method. The basic theory of stereological method was estimating the two and three dimensional parameters such as area and volume by covering the geometric probes on the slice images. The stereological measurement program, SMP, was developed to provide the complete functions of stereological measurement. Partial results were significant different with actual values and the efficiency of manual probes counting was low with traditional stereogogical methods. To overcome these problems, an automatic measurement method was proposed based on image segmentation. The stereological measurement could be much more efficiency and accurate by the program of automatic porbes counting. The biomedical images with simple color distributions could be segmented by threshold methods. However, the slice images of rats' testicle tissues were noisy and complicated in color and morphology. The segementation results of traditional methods usually unsatisfactory. In this paper we proposed a novel image segmentation method based on multiple image processing and segmentation methods. The noises were removed by using the high order statistical method. Then the method with the combination of multiple thresholds and morphological models segmentation achieved the automatic segmentation of seminiferous tubule in the images.
The lost imformation of three-dimensional surface models of the breast were internal morphological information. Thus the definition of breast base was the key point of the volume measurement. The usual method with defining a base plane was bad in repeatability and did not consider the effects of body posture and the chest contour. A novel method was proposed to fit the surface of chest wall by the four border curves of the breasts. The volume results witch calculated by this method was more close to the actual values. On the other side, there was no standard index to evaluate the symmetry of breasts. A new evaluation index which was the ratio between the volumes intersection and union of the two side breasts was proposed. It was a better parameter to measure the symmetry of breasts.
At last, an online three-dimensional measurement system was builted based on the patients' information database from the plastic surgery. The users could observe the breasts' three-dimensional models and measure the linear parameters, volumes and symmetry index through web browsers directly.
The major innovations in this paper were summarized below.
1. A novel image segmentation method was proposed. The hide information was extracted by the high order statistical method. The seminiferous tubule profile in rats' testicle slice images were automatically segmented according to the multiple thresholds method and morphological models built by priori knowledge.
2. A measurement program was developed according to stereological theory to measure the geometric morphous through two-dimensional images. The geometric probes could customize and counted automatically based on the segmentation result, which improved the efficiency and accuracy of the measurement.
3. A novel method was proposed to fit the chest wall surface with four border curves of breast. The result was more close to the actural volumes of the breasts.
4. A new breast symmetry index was proposed. It could be more accurate to measure the symmetry of two side breasts than the previous RMS value.
5. An online system was developed to measure the three-dimension models of the breasts. Users could visit the system directly through web browsers to measure the morphological parameters of the breasts.
引文
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