915MHz读写器的射频前端电路研究与设计
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摘要
射频识别作为近年来逐渐兴起的一种非接触式自动识别技术,在各领域的应用越来越广泛。目前,超高频射频识别读写器的射频模拟前端电路存在元器件数目多、成本高、功耗大等问题。针对这一情况,论文以915MHz读写器射频前端电路为研究对象,对读写器射频前端的拓扑结构、参数选择、电路设计与调试等方面作了详细的分析和研究,主要研究内容有:
(1)阐述了射频识别技术的发展、原理和射频识别系统的构成,分析了ISO/IEC18000-6 Type B标准,研究了射频通信电路设计的相关理论。在给出读写器主要技术基础上,提出了读写器总体设计框图,并详细分析了射频前端电路的结构和工作原理。论文将射频前端电路分为发射电路和接收电路两部分分别进行设计和调试。
(2)在发射电路中,针对超高频RFID读写器的工作特点,设计了基于数字频率合成器LMX2315的锁相环路,给出了锁相环伪随机跳频程序流程图。仿真结果表明该锁相环电路具有良好的性能,适用于实际的RFID读写器电路设计。选用合适的IC,设计了符合ISO/IEC18000-6 Type B标准要求的射频调制,射频功率放大电路和电源管理电路,实现了读写器输出功率可调,射频放大器电源可管理的功能,有效地减少了读写器的功耗。
(3)在接收电路中,设计了基于射频功率检测芯片AD8319的反射功率检测电路,能持续检测负载匹配状态,实现无负载保护功能。并针对超高频RFID读写器的工作特点,选用合适器件,设计了零中频接收电路,减少了外接元件,降低了读写器成本和功耗。
(4)根据读写器总体设计要求,开发了读写器样机,对其射频模拟前端电路进行了分模块调试,给出了实验结果并对实验数据进行了分析。通过对读写器样机测试表明,其输出功率、读卡距离、功耗等技术性能指标均达到或优于设计标准要求,样机运行稳定可靠,达到了预期的设计目标。
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been gradually used in all fields as a new contactless automatic identification technology developed in recent years.Aiming at the weakness of RF analogy front end circuit in ultra high frequency (UHF) RFID reader, such as too many components, high cost, high power consumption, and so on, topology, parameter selection and circuit design are analyzed and studied in detail in this paper. The main contents are as follows:
Firstly, the development, working principles and system structure of RFID were introduced, the ISO/IEC 18000-6 type B standard was analysed, and the theory of RF communication system was researched. According to the technical specifications of RFID reader, the paper offers the overall design diagram of the reader and analyzes the structure, working principles and interfaces of the RF analog front end in detail.The RF analogy front end circuit includes transmission circuit and receiver circuit.
Secondly, this paper designs the PLL circuit based on digital frequency synthesizer LMX2315, which aims at the requirement and the character of UHF RFID reader. Then it presents pseudorandom frequency hopping program flow chart of PLL. Simulation results show that this PLL circuit has good performance and can be applied to the practical RFID reader circuit. By choosing appropriate IC, this paper designs the RF modulation circuit, RF power amplification circuit and power management circuit which are compatible with the ISO/IEC 18000-6 type B standard. The reader power consumption is reduced effectively, because the reader output power is adjustable and the RF amplifier supply is managed.
Thirdly, this paper designs the reflected power detection circuit based on AD8319, and realizes non-load protection by detecting the impedance matching between reader and load continually. Aiming at the requirement and the character of UHF RFID reader, zero-IF circuit has been adopted to reduce the reader cost and power consumption further.
Finally, under the system design requirements, a UHF RFID reader prototype was developed. Its hardware was experimented and debugged, and the experimental results and data were given out.
The test results show that the prototype’s output power, read distance and power consumptio are attained or better than design standards required. The prototype can work stably and achieve the expected goals.
(1)阐述了射频识别技术的发展、原理和射频识别系统的构成,分析了ISO/IEC18000-6 Type B标准,研究了射频通信电路设计的相关理论。在给出读写器主要技术基础上,提出了读写器总体设计框图,并详细分析了射频前端电路的结构和工作原理。论文将射频前端电路分为发射电路和接收电路两部分分别进行设计和调试。
(2)在发射电路中,针对超高频RFID读写器的工作特点,设计了基于数字频率合成器LMX2315的锁相环路,给出了锁相环伪随机跳频程序流程图。仿真结果表明该锁相环电路具有良好的性能,适用于实际的RFID读写器电路设计。选用合适的IC,设计了符合ISO/IEC18000-6 Type B标准要求的射频调制,射频功率放大电路和电源管理电路,实现了读写器输出功率可调,射频放大器电源可管理的功能,有效地减少了读写器的功耗。
(3)在接收电路中,设计了基于射频功率检测芯片AD8319的反射功率检测电路,能持续检测负载匹配状态,实现无负载保护功能。并针对超高频RFID读写器的工作特点,选用合适器件,设计了零中频接收电路,减少了外接元件,降低了读写器成本和功耗。
(4)根据读写器总体设计要求,开发了读写器样机,对其射频模拟前端电路进行了分模块调试,给出了实验结果并对实验数据进行了分析。通过对读写器样机测试表明,其输出功率、读卡距离、功耗等技术性能指标均达到或优于设计标准要求,样机运行稳定可靠,达到了预期的设计目标。
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been gradually used in all fields as a new contactless automatic identification technology developed in recent years.Aiming at the weakness of RF analogy front end circuit in ultra high frequency (UHF) RFID reader, such as too many components, high cost, high power consumption, and so on, topology, parameter selection and circuit design are analyzed and studied in detail in this paper. The main contents are as follows:
Firstly, the development, working principles and system structure of RFID were introduced, the ISO/IEC 18000-6 type B standard was analysed, and the theory of RF communication system was researched. According to the technical specifications of RFID reader, the paper offers the overall design diagram of the reader and analyzes the structure, working principles and interfaces of the RF analog front end in detail.The RF analogy front end circuit includes transmission circuit and receiver circuit.
Secondly, this paper designs the PLL circuit based on digital frequency synthesizer LMX2315, which aims at the requirement and the character of UHF RFID reader. Then it presents pseudorandom frequency hopping program flow chart of PLL. Simulation results show that this PLL circuit has good performance and can be applied to the practical RFID reader circuit. By choosing appropriate IC, this paper designs the RF modulation circuit, RF power amplification circuit and power management circuit which are compatible with the ISO/IEC 18000-6 type B standard. The reader power consumption is reduced effectively, because the reader output power is adjustable and the RF amplifier supply is managed.
Thirdly, this paper designs the reflected power detection circuit based on AD8319, and realizes non-load protection by detecting the impedance matching between reader and load continually. Aiming at the requirement and the character of UHF RFID reader, zero-IF circuit has been adopted to reduce the reader cost and power consumption further.
Finally, under the system design requirements, a UHF RFID reader prototype was developed. Its hardware was experimented and debugged, and the experimental results and data were given out.
The test results show that the prototype’s output power, read distance and power consumptio are attained or better than design standards required. The prototype can work stably and achieve the expected goals.
引文
[1] Klaus Finkenzeller.射频识别(RFID)技术-无线电感应的应答器和非接触 IC卡的原理与应用.陈大才译.第二版.北京:电子工业出版社,2001:6-10
[2] 游战清,李苏剑.无线射频识别技术(RFID)理论与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2004:30-36
[3] 杨君,刘云.无线射频识别技术及应用.现代通信,2003,(6):15-16
[4] 赖晓铮.UHF 频段射频识别系统与天线研究:[华南理工大学博士毕业论文].广州:华南理工大学,2006:5-6
[5] Badri Nath, Franklin Reynolds, Roy Want. RFID Technology and Applications. IEEE Transactions,2006,5(1):22-24
[6] Roy Want. An introduction to RFID technology. IEEE Transactions, 2005,5(1): 25-33
[7] Nikitin P.V, Rao K.V.S. Theory and measurement of backscattering from RFID tags. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine,2006,48(6): 212-218
[8] 吴泽海,赖声礼,张建明等.一种 UHF 频段 RFID 读写器的硬件设计与实现.电子技术应用,2005,(1):50-52
[9] K.V.Seshagiri Rao, Pavel V.Nikitin, Sander F.Lam. Antenna design for UHF RFID tags: a review and a practical application. IEEE Transactions,2005, 53(12):3870-3876
[10] 张 晓 鹏 , 朱 云 龙 , 罗 海 波 . 超 高 频 射 频 识 别 系 统 读 写 器 设 计 . 电 子 器 件 , 2005,28(3):542-545
[11] John G.Proakis, Masound Salehi.通信系统原理.蒋锵,关欣,杨爱萍等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2006:375-380
[12] 谭扬林,谢冬青,程京等.数字通信原理.长沙:湖南大学出版社,1998,78-79
[13] 肖丹.射频识别系统在高速多径信道条件下的误码分析及改进:[北京交通大学硕士学位论文].北京:北京交通大学,2004:61-62
[14] S.C Cripps.RF Power Amplifier for Wireless Communication.Norwood: Artech House,1999:50-55
[15] P.B.Kenington,High-Linearity RF Amplifier Design.Norwood:Artech House, 2000:28-33
[16] 王险峰.如何估算 ACPR 指标与交叉调制产物.国外电子元器件,2004,(10): 73-76
[17] 李铭祥.微波功放的线性化技术.微波学报, 2002,18(1):28-32
[18] 刘群.基于功率回退法的线性射频功率放大器的研究:[北京邮电大学硕士学位论文].北京:北京邮电大学,2005,11-19
[19] Puglisi.M. A Linear and Non Linear Analysis of High Power RF Amplifiers. IEEE Transactions,1983,30(7):3411-3413
[20] 贾建华 ,刘洋 .自适应预失真射频功率放大器线性化 .同济大学学报 ,2005, 33(10):1377-1379
[21] 黄丹 ,吴亮红 .微波功率放大器预失真线性化技术分析 .微电子技术 ,2003, 31(3):23-25
[22] 韩炜.RF 功率放大器预失真线性化技术研究:[东南大学硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2000:11-15
[23] 冯永生.预失真射频功率放大器的研究:[北京邮电大学博士学位论文].北京: 北京邮电大学,2007:71-97
[24] 刘文坚,曾沂粲,全景才.前馈高频功率放大器线性化的研究.华南理工大学学报, 2001,29(5):85-88
[25] Nick Pothecary.Feedforward Linear Power Amplifier.Norwood: Artech House, 1999:43-45
[26] Sante Andreoli, Howard G.McClure. Digital linearizer for RF amplifiers. IEEE Transactions,1997,43(1):12-19
[27] 黄智伟 .无线发射与接收电路设计 .北京 :北京航空航天大学出版社 ,2004: 10-11
[28] 徐建,孙大有.无线接收机 RF 前端研究.东南大学学报,2000, 30(3):136-139
[29] 张萌 ,徐 建 ,孙 大 有 .无 线 接 收 机 的 系 统 结 构 .电 路 与 系 统 学 报 ,2001,6(1): 99-102
[30] 王自强,张春,王志华.无线接收机结构设计.微电子学,2004,34(4):454-459
[31] 李智群,王志功.零中频射频接收机技术.电子产品世界,2004,(13):69-72
[32] 徐建,吴建辉,时龙兴等.双正交零中频接收机拓扑结构设计.电路与系统学报,2000,5(2):78-81
[33] Litifa Noor, Alagan Anpalagan. Direct conversion receiver for radio communication systems. IEEE Potentials, 2005,24(5):32-35
[34] 韩益锋.射频识别阅读器的研究与设计:[复旦大学博士学位论文].上海:复旦大学,2005:55-68
[35] 严鹏.基于零中频的短距离无线扩频通讯技术研究与实现:[东南大学硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2006:12-20
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[2] 游战清,李苏剑.无线射频识别技术(RFID)理论与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2004:30-36
[3] 杨君,刘云.无线射频识别技术及应用.现代通信,2003,(6):15-16
[4] 赖晓铮.UHF 频段射频识别系统与天线研究:[华南理工大学博士毕业论文].广州:华南理工大学,2006:5-6
[5] Badri Nath, Franklin Reynolds, Roy Want. RFID Technology and Applications. IEEE Transactions,2006,5(1):22-24
[6] Roy Want. An introduction to RFID technology. IEEE Transactions, 2005,5(1): 25-33
[7] Nikitin P.V, Rao K.V.S. Theory and measurement of backscattering from RFID tags. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine,2006,48(6): 212-218
[8] 吴泽海,赖声礼,张建明等.一种 UHF 频段 RFID 读写器的硬件设计与实现.电子技术应用,2005,(1):50-52
[9] K.V.Seshagiri Rao, Pavel V.Nikitin, Sander F.Lam. Antenna design for UHF RFID tags: a review and a practical application. IEEE Transactions,2005, 53(12):3870-3876
[10] 张 晓 鹏 , 朱 云 龙 , 罗 海 波 . 超 高 频 射 频 识 别 系 统 读 写 器 设 计 . 电 子 器 件 , 2005,28(3):542-545
[11] John G.Proakis, Masound Salehi.通信系统原理.蒋锵,关欣,杨爱萍等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2006:375-380
[12] 谭扬林,谢冬青,程京等.数字通信原理.长沙:湖南大学出版社,1998,78-79
[13] 肖丹.射频识别系统在高速多径信道条件下的误码分析及改进:[北京交通大学硕士学位论文].北京:北京交通大学,2004:61-62
[14] S.C Cripps.RF Power Amplifier for Wireless Communication.Norwood: Artech House,1999:50-55
[15] P.B.Kenington,High-Linearity RF Amplifier Design.Norwood:Artech House, 2000:28-33
[16] 王险峰.如何估算 ACPR 指标与交叉调制产物.国外电子元器件,2004,(10): 73-76
[17] 李铭祥.微波功放的线性化技术.微波学报, 2002,18(1):28-32
[18] 刘群.基于功率回退法的线性射频功率放大器的研究:[北京邮电大学硕士学位论文].北京:北京邮电大学,2005,11-19
[19] Puglisi.M. A Linear and Non Linear Analysis of High Power RF Amplifiers. IEEE Transactions,1983,30(7):3411-3413
[20] 贾建华 ,刘洋 .自适应预失真射频功率放大器线性化 .同济大学学报 ,2005, 33(10):1377-1379
[21] 黄丹 ,吴亮红 .微波功率放大器预失真线性化技术分析 .微电子技术 ,2003, 31(3):23-25
[22] 韩炜.RF 功率放大器预失真线性化技术研究:[东南大学硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2000:11-15
[23] 冯永生.预失真射频功率放大器的研究:[北京邮电大学博士学位论文].北京: 北京邮电大学,2007:71-97
[24] 刘文坚,曾沂粲,全景才.前馈高频功率放大器线性化的研究.华南理工大学学报, 2001,29(5):85-88
[25] Nick Pothecary.Feedforward Linear Power Amplifier.Norwood: Artech House, 1999:43-45
[26] Sante Andreoli, Howard G.McClure. Digital linearizer for RF amplifiers. IEEE Transactions,1997,43(1):12-19
[27] 黄智伟 .无线发射与接收电路设计 .北京 :北京航空航天大学出版社 ,2004: 10-11
[28] 徐建,孙大有.无线接收机 RF 前端研究.东南大学学报,2000, 30(3):136-139
[29] 张萌 ,徐 建 ,孙 大 有 .无 线 接 收 机 的 系 统 结 构 .电 路 与 系 统 学 报 ,2001,6(1): 99-102
[30] 王自强,张春,王志华.无线接收机结构设计.微电子学,2004,34(4):454-459
[31] 李智群,王志功.零中频射频接收机技术.电子产品世界,2004,(13):69-72
[32] 徐建,吴建辉,时龙兴等.双正交零中频接收机拓扑结构设计.电路与系统学报,2000,5(2):78-81
[33] Litifa Noor, Alagan Anpalagan. Direct conversion receiver for radio communication systems. IEEE Potentials, 2005,24(5):32-35
[34] 韩益锋.射频识别阅读器的研究与设计:[复旦大学博士学位论文].上海:复旦大学,2005:55-68
[35] 严鹏.基于零中频的短距离无线扩频通讯技术研究与实现:[东南大学硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2006:12-20
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