变压器励磁涌流的分析与控制研究
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摘要
电力变压器是发电厂和变电站中的主要电气设备,它的安全运行与否直接关系到电力系统能否连续稳定地工作。随着电力容量及电压等级的增加,变压器造价愈趋昂贵,一旦因故障而遭到损坏,其检修难度大,检修时间长,经济损失也相当惨重。因此,寻求一个安全、可靠、灵敏的变压器保护方案,一直是国内外电力系统学者们研究的热点问题。
电力系统中变压器保护存在非正确动作现象,其中励磁涌流是引起变压器差动保护误动的主要原因之一。因此,为避免保护误动,人们对励磁涌流的产生机理进行了长期研究,由此发展成了两个研究方向：励磁涌流发生时避免保护误动和抑制励磁涌流。实际应用证明这两种研究方向都有着自己的局限性,并不能很好的解决变压器保护误动问题。
本文查阅、分析了国内外大量文献资料,并结合我国电网实际情况,对变压器励磁涌流的产生机理和抑制策略进行了系统深入的研究,提出了一种新的变压器励磁涌流抑制思想,并设计研制了相应的励磁涌流抑制装置。经实验和实际应用的效果表明本文所提出的研究思想和抑制策略是有效的。
本文应用磁滞回线对交变磁场中磁性材料的交变磁化过程进行了分析。并以此为基础,研究分析了单相变压器空投时变压器铁芯中磁通的变化规律,得出了励磁涌流形成的原因机理,并提出了变压器空投的合闸角控制律。依据此规律,进行单相变压器、三相芯式电力变压器励磁涌流的抑制分析。
本文以变压器投切时偏磁和剩磁相互抵消的思路为基础提出了差动保护中励磁涌流抑制的新算法(Inrush Eliminating Algorithm, IEA)。算法演算过程为基于Preisach原理建立变压器的磁滞模型,根据变压器上次的切出时间估算出剩磁的大小,进而计算出变压器的合闸角。为验证算法的有效性,本文基于H_TCPN方法建立了IEA的涌流抑制原理模型,进行MATLAB仿真研究,实验结果证明IEA通过控制合闸角能够有效地抑制变压器合闸时涌流的出现。
为满足电力变压器工作现场复杂多变的电磁环境,使IEA算法更具有鲁棒性,本文在剩磁计算的理论算法基础上提出了一种基于模糊推理的合闸时间优化算法。此模糊推理是根据人类思维而形成的一种推理方法,充分考虑了人类认识事物的模糊性和逻辑性,因此该方法具有很强的鲁棒性和适应性。构建实用模型对提出的优化算法进行仿真研究,通过多种情况的仿真实验对比分析,证明了本文提出的基于模糊推理的合闸时间优化算法能够很好地确定合闸时间,从而提高了涌流抑制算法的鲁棒性和稳定性。
基于变压器励磁涌流抑制原理与算法的理论推导与分析,本文根据变压器励磁涌流抑制器的设计思想,研制开发了变压器励磁涌流抑制器,使得对变压器涌流抑制的分析研究与新算法能够运用到实际电网,从而将学术研究实践化,将研究成果产业化。
涌流抑制器在多家电厂进行了现场试验,以检验和证明本文所提出的变压器励磁涌流抑制思想的正确性以及本文所设计的变压器励磁涌流抑制器的有效性。文中以杭州江东富丽达热电厂5#变压器S10-40000／35,2#变压器S9-6300／10为例,分析了现场试验结果。通过对试验记录波形和结果的分析,表明本文研制的变压器励磁涌流抑制器确实能够有效抑制实际电网中的变压器空投时产生的励磁涌流。
本文对变压器的铁芯磁学特性,铁芯剩磁,变压器励磁涌流的成因进行了系统深入地研究,提出了变压器励磁涌流抑制方案,并结合实际工况,对变压器合闸时间进行了优化计算。在理论推导的基础上,本文又进行了变压器励磁涌流抑制器的具体设计和研制,现场测试和应用受到了用户的好评,认为所取得的创新成果,对变压器励磁涌流的抑制进一步研究具有理论参考价值,更具有工程应用意义。
Power transformers are the major electric equipments in power plants and substations. Whether they are safely operated or not is directly responsible for the continuous stability of the power system. Now, along with the increasing of their power capacity and voltage level, the manufacturing cost of power transformers is growing also. In case a transformer is broken down, the repair process can be very complicated and time-consuming. In addition, the economic loss can be enormous. Therefore, a lot of worldwide research has focused on the issue of seeking a better scheme to ensure the transformers be protected more safely, reliably and sensitively.
Practically, misoperations do exist in the transformer protection. Under most circumstances, it is due to the exciting surge current, which is one of the major reasons that can cause the misoperations. Aiming to aviod this phenomenon, a lot of research has been done to demonstrate a clear mechanism of how the exciting surge current is generated. There are two main methods. One is to avoid the misoperations of the protection when the exciting surge current occurs; the other one is to restrain the exciting surge current itself. Practical applications prove that the function of these two methods are limited and can not resolve the misoperations thorouly.
Based on the systematically and thoroughly researching work and the analysing work of profound literatures and materials at home and abroard, this paper proposes a new theory on inrush exciting current limitation and more significantly, a current limitation device is correspongdingly designed according to the real practice in China's present power grids. Experiments and practical applications have strongly proved the effectiveness of the research idea and the current restraining strategy which are proposed in this paper.
Utilizing hysteresis loop theory, the paper analyzes the magnetization process of magnetic materials by AC sources. Based on this analysis and considering the construction of the transformer, further research is done on the core flux in the single phase transformer. Thus, the mechanism of the generation of the inrush exciting current is obtained. This paper also proposes another theory on inrush exciting current control based on the switching angle. Furthermore, simulation experiments on single phase transformer switching are done to prove the effectiveness of the theory. The results show that, under the switching angle control method, the inrush exciting current can be restrained if the transformer is switched on the appropriate switching angle. At last, based on the further research on the inrush current in three-phase transformer, a method on restraining the inrush exciting current in three-phase transformer is also proposed.
The new method this paper proposed is to restrain the inrush current based on the thoughts that magnetic bias and remanence will offset each other while transformer being put into or cut out of the system. In this method, the switching angle is calculated with the established magnetic hysteresis model of the transformer based on the Preisach, and the estimated remanence based on the last cutting time. This paper sets up the IEA inrush exciting current limitation model based on H_TCPN. The simulation results in MATLAB show that:with the control of switching angle, the IEA can effectively restrain the inrush current which will happen when the transformer is connected in the system.
In order to satisfy the requirements of the real engineering practice, and to enhance the robustness of the method-control switching time which restrains the transformer inrush exciting current, this paper proposed a switching time optimization method based on fuzzy reasoning with the remanence calculation method. This fuzzy reasoning derives from human thinking pattern, sufficiently considering the fuzziness and logic when human are in the process of cognition. Therefore, the method is strongly robust and adaptive. What's more, the author simulates the proposed optimization method with the established practical model. The comparing analysis of experiments under different conditions proves that the fuzzy reasoning based switching time optimization method can appropriately determine the switching time. The inrush current restraining method is promoted to be more robust and reliable.
Based on the theoretical derivation and analysis of transformer inrush exciting current restraint principle and algorithm, and bear the aim to apply this method to the power grid, this paper proposes a design method of the transformer inrush exciting current suppressor, including both hardware and software design. A detailed analysis is also conducted on the structure, operating principle and the performance of the suppressor.
In order to prove the correctness of the design method of transformer inrush exciting current suppressor proposed in this paper and the effectiveness of the device designed in this paper, the field experiment is conducted at the 5# transformer S10-40000/35 and 2# transformer S9-6300/30 in Jiangdong Fulida Themal Power Plant in Hongzhou City. According to the analysis of the results and the wave forms recorded in the experiment, it is concluded that this transformer inrush exciting current suppressor can effectively restrain the inrush exciting current generated when the transformer is switched on without load.
This paper conducts a systematic and profound research on the transformer ferrite core magnetism characteristics, ferrite core residual magnetism and the original reason of the inrush exciting current generation. It proposes a restraint scheme of transformer inrush exciting current and an optimization computation of the switching time of the transformer under actual operating circumstances. Based on all these above, this paper demonstrates the designing and the manufacturing details of the transformer inrush exciting current suppressor. This device has been highly favored by the customer in the field testing and the application. It is regarded to be an innovation achievement, which is valuable to be referenced by other research on restraint of transformer inrush exciting current. And also it is considered to be of great value in the real power engineering.
电力系统中变压器保护存在非正确动作现象,其中励磁涌流是引起变压器差动保护误动的主要原因之一。因此,为避免保护误动,人们对励磁涌流的产生机理进行了长期研究,由此发展成了两个研究方向：励磁涌流发生时避免保护误动和抑制励磁涌流。实际应用证明这两种研究方向都有着自己的局限性,并不能很好的解决变压器保护误动问题。
本文查阅、分析了国内外大量文献资料,并结合我国电网实际情况,对变压器励磁涌流的产生机理和抑制策略进行了系统深入的研究,提出了一种新的变压器励磁涌流抑制思想,并设计研制了相应的励磁涌流抑制装置。经实验和实际应用的效果表明本文所提出的研究思想和抑制策略是有效的。
本文应用磁滞回线对交变磁场中磁性材料的交变磁化过程进行了分析。并以此为基础,研究分析了单相变压器空投时变压器铁芯中磁通的变化规律,得出了励磁涌流形成的原因机理,并提出了变压器空投的合闸角控制律。依据此规律,进行单相变压器、三相芯式电力变压器励磁涌流的抑制分析。
本文以变压器投切时偏磁和剩磁相互抵消的思路为基础提出了差动保护中励磁涌流抑制的新算法(Inrush Eliminating Algorithm, IEA)。算法演算过程为基于Preisach原理建立变压器的磁滞模型,根据变压器上次的切出时间估算出剩磁的大小,进而计算出变压器的合闸角。为验证算法的有效性,本文基于H_TCPN方法建立了IEA的涌流抑制原理模型,进行MATLAB仿真研究,实验结果证明IEA通过控制合闸角能够有效地抑制变压器合闸时涌流的出现。
为满足电力变压器工作现场复杂多变的电磁环境,使IEA算法更具有鲁棒性,本文在剩磁计算的理论算法基础上提出了一种基于模糊推理的合闸时间优化算法。此模糊推理是根据人类思维而形成的一种推理方法,充分考虑了人类认识事物的模糊性和逻辑性,因此该方法具有很强的鲁棒性和适应性。构建实用模型对提出的优化算法进行仿真研究,通过多种情况的仿真实验对比分析,证明了本文提出的基于模糊推理的合闸时间优化算法能够很好地确定合闸时间,从而提高了涌流抑制算法的鲁棒性和稳定性。
基于变压器励磁涌流抑制原理与算法的理论推导与分析,本文根据变压器励磁涌流抑制器的设计思想,研制开发了变压器励磁涌流抑制器,使得对变压器涌流抑制的分析研究与新算法能够运用到实际电网,从而将学术研究实践化,将研究成果产业化。
涌流抑制器在多家电厂进行了现场试验,以检验和证明本文所提出的变压器励磁涌流抑制思想的正确性以及本文所设计的变压器励磁涌流抑制器的有效性。文中以杭州江东富丽达热电厂5#变压器S10-40000／35,2#变压器S9-6300／10为例,分析了现场试验结果。通过对试验记录波形和结果的分析,表明本文研制的变压器励磁涌流抑制器确实能够有效抑制实际电网中的变压器空投时产生的励磁涌流。
本文对变压器的铁芯磁学特性,铁芯剩磁,变压器励磁涌流的成因进行了系统深入地研究,提出了变压器励磁涌流抑制方案,并结合实际工况,对变压器合闸时间进行了优化计算。在理论推导的基础上,本文又进行了变压器励磁涌流抑制器的具体设计和研制,现场测试和应用受到了用户的好评,认为所取得的创新成果,对变压器励磁涌流的抑制进一步研究具有理论参考价值,更具有工程应用意义。
Power transformers are the major electric equipments in power plants and substations. Whether they are safely operated or not is directly responsible for the continuous stability of the power system. Now, along with the increasing of their power capacity and voltage level, the manufacturing cost of power transformers is growing also. In case a transformer is broken down, the repair process can be very complicated and time-consuming. In addition, the economic loss can be enormous. Therefore, a lot of worldwide research has focused on the issue of seeking a better scheme to ensure the transformers be protected more safely, reliably and sensitively.
Practically, misoperations do exist in the transformer protection. Under most circumstances, it is due to the exciting surge current, which is one of the major reasons that can cause the misoperations. Aiming to aviod this phenomenon, a lot of research has been done to demonstrate a clear mechanism of how the exciting surge current is generated. There are two main methods. One is to avoid the misoperations of the protection when the exciting surge current occurs; the other one is to restrain the exciting surge current itself. Practical applications prove that the function of these two methods are limited and can not resolve the misoperations thorouly.
Based on the systematically and thoroughly researching work and the analysing work of profound literatures and materials at home and abroard, this paper proposes a new theory on inrush exciting current limitation and more significantly, a current limitation device is correspongdingly designed according to the real practice in China's present power grids. Experiments and practical applications have strongly proved the effectiveness of the research idea and the current restraining strategy which are proposed in this paper.
Utilizing hysteresis loop theory, the paper analyzes the magnetization process of magnetic materials by AC sources. Based on this analysis and considering the construction of the transformer, further research is done on the core flux in the single phase transformer. Thus, the mechanism of the generation of the inrush exciting current is obtained. This paper also proposes another theory on inrush exciting current control based on the switching angle. Furthermore, simulation experiments on single phase transformer switching are done to prove the effectiveness of the theory. The results show that, under the switching angle control method, the inrush exciting current can be restrained if the transformer is switched on the appropriate switching angle. At last, based on the further research on the inrush current in three-phase transformer, a method on restraining the inrush exciting current in three-phase transformer is also proposed.
The new method this paper proposed is to restrain the inrush current based on the thoughts that magnetic bias and remanence will offset each other while transformer being put into or cut out of the system. In this method, the switching angle is calculated with the established magnetic hysteresis model of the transformer based on the Preisach, and the estimated remanence based on the last cutting time. This paper sets up the IEA inrush exciting current limitation model based on H_TCPN. The simulation results in MATLAB show that:with the control of switching angle, the IEA can effectively restrain the inrush current which will happen when the transformer is connected in the system.
In order to satisfy the requirements of the real engineering practice, and to enhance the robustness of the method-control switching time which restrains the transformer inrush exciting current, this paper proposed a switching time optimization method based on fuzzy reasoning with the remanence calculation method. This fuzzy reasoning derives from human thinking pattern, sufficiently considering the fuzziness and logic when human are in the process of cognition. Therefore, the method is strongly robust and adaptive. What's more, the author simulates the proposed optimization method with the established practical model. The comparing analysis of experiments under different conditions proves that the fuzzy reasoning based switching time optimization method can appropriately determine the switching time. The inrush current restraining method is promoted to be more robust and reliable.
Based on the theoretical derivation and analysis of transformer inrush exciting current restraint principle and algorithm, and bear the aim to apply this method to the power grid, this paper proposes a design method of the transformer inrush exciting current suppressor, including both hardware and software design. A detailed analysis is also conducted on the structure, operating principle and the performance of the suppressor.
In order to prove the correctness of the design method of transformer inrush exciting current suppressor proposed in this paper and the effectiveness of the device designed in this paper, the field experiment is conducted at the 5# transformer S10-40000/35 and 2# transformer S9-6300/30 in Jiangdong Fulida Themal Power Plant in Hongzhou City. According to the analysis of the results and the wave forms recorded in the experiment, it is concluded that this transformer inrush exciting current suppressor can effectively restrain the inrush exciting current generated when the transformer is switched on without load.
This paper conducts a systematic and profound research on the transformer ferrite core magnetism characteristics, ferrite core residual magnetism and the original reason of the inrush exciting current generation. It proposes a restraint scheme of transformer inrush exciting current and an optimization computation of the switching time of the transformer under actual operating circumstances. Based on all these above, this paper demonstrates the designing and the manufacturing details of the transformer inrush exciting current suppressor. This device has been highly favored by the customer in the field testing and the application. It is regarded to be an innovation achievement, which is valuable to be referenced by other research on restraint of transformer inrush exciting current. And also it is considered to be of great value in the real power engineering.
引文
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