新经济地理学视角下的生产性服务业集聚研究
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摘要
以克鲁格曼(Krugman)为代表的新经济地理学柔和了运输费用和规模报酬递增等因素将产业集聚理论进行了新的诠释和理解。在随后的发展中,很多学者在初始的C-P模型的基础上进行了不断的演绎,形成了多个有价值的模型,而且这些模型也逐步应用于包括税收、环境污染等多个领域,但就目前的研究现状而言,我们认为以下几个方面值得去进行深入地挖掘：第一,现有的关于新经济地理学的应用领域基本上都与制造业有关,而与制造业相对应的生产性服务业则较少涉及；第二,越来越多的学者已经注意到了制造业集聚的产业和空间的二维性问题,而实际上生产性服务业集聚也存在产业和空间的二重性,而且双重集聚的二维性和二重性是密切联系的,这也就使得研究生产性服务业集聚和制造业集聚相互关系的内在机制成为可能；第三,由于双重集聚同属空间概念,因此,在关注其互动所产生的效应也是有意义的,这也是目前研究较为欠缺的一部分；第四,从现实经济中看,在明确生产性服务业集聚产生的内在机制和双重集聚的关系后,我们更关注如何从空间的视角来促进两者的协调发展。这四个问题构成了本文研究的重心,而且这四个问题是前后衔接的。
在理论研究上,本文在新经济地理学的视角下通过运用信息技术来替换运输成本因素,进而提出了用于分析生产性服务业集聚的理论框架,并在此基础上进一步探讨了生产性服务业集聚与制造业集聚的关系,阐述了生产性服务业集聚与不同形态的制造业集聚的互动关系。同时,基于这层关系,本文研究了双重集聚的互动所产生的互补效应和挤出效应。最后,文章将理论回归现实,提出了实现二三产业协调发展的路径。
在实证研究上,本文根据空间基尼系数、区位商和K-spec等指标从产业和空间两个维度对中国生产性服务业集聚特征进行了分解,基于这种特征性事实,本文采用了222个地级城市的数据计量分析了影响生产性服务业集聚的主要因素,并考虑了东部地区和中西部地区的空间异质性问题。由于缺乏直接度量互补效应和挤出效应的指标,本文设计了协调度指标来折中这两种效应,并从产业链和空间两个视角提出四个假说,同时从跨区域的角度对这四个假说进行了验证。
通过理论分析和实证研究,本文有以下几个结论：
(1)在新经济地理学的分析框架下,本文通过将信息技术取代运输费用成为影响生产性服务业集聚的空间因素,进而构建了“要素—城市—空间—制度”的四维分析范式。文章的实证研究结果表明,知识密集度、城市规模和信息技术水平都将有利于生产性服务业集聚,与制造业集聚相比,生产性服务业集聚不论在受地理因素影响方面,还是受累积循环因果关系影响方面都较弱。另外,根据服务业集聚与城市规模非线性关系研究表明,由于中国东部与中西部地区存在截然相反的集聚路径,这使得中国东部地区城市将长期存在集聚效应,而中西部地区在城市相对规模达到一定的熵值后集聚效应开始递减。
(2)生产性服务业集聚与不同形态的制造业集聚存在强弱不同的互动性。关于生产性服务业集聚与制造业集聚互动的内在机制上,我们认为存在两种互相促进的力量,第一种是生产性服务业不仅从整体上作为制造业的中间投入对其有促进作用,而且从产业链看,生产性服务业对不同形态的制造业的产业链存在的不同的作用,从而与制造业的各个行业形成网络状的关系。而制造业从静态和动态两个方面对生产性服务业具有逆向传导作用,静态上主要表现为现有的制造业集聚对生产性服务业的需求,而动态主要体现为制造业产业链的动态演进对生产性服务业的影响。同时,由于不同形态的制造业存在长短不一的产业链使得生产性服务业集聚与劳动密集型制造业集聚的互动性不强,而与技术密集型制造业集聚存在较强的互动关系。
(3)双重集聚间的互动存在互补效应和挤出效应。由于生产性服务业集聚与不同形态的制造业集聚的互动性存在一定的差异性,这就使得生产性服务业集聚和制造业集聚在整体上除了存在互补效应外,还存在挤出效应。本文基于空间和产业链的视角从理论上对此进行了解释,空间上主要从有形空间和无形空间两个方面进行研究,产业链则从跨区域的视角注重区域性中心城市对其辐射作用,同时,文章关注了全国性中心城市的辐射作用。文章的计量模型表明,空间上看,存在一个均衡土地租金水平值使得双重效应的协调度达到最大,而从产业链看,省会城市对该省其他城市的影响是显著的。
(4)通过“服务业集聚—空间结构调整”是可以实现二三产业协调发展的。文章试图从研究服务业特别是生产性服务业集聚入手,寻找一条能在生产性服务业集聚和制造业集聚之间达到平衡的道路,如果从空间组织视角来考察,突破静态的空间概念,将孤立封闭的区域和城市概念拓展至开放的都市圈空间,这条道路是存在的,也是可以实现的。通过空间结构调整,促进都市圈范围内的双重集聚,即服务业在都市圈中心区域集聚和制造业在外围节点城市集聚,进而形成“服务一生产”的都市圈城市功能分工,将有助于二三产业的协调发展,从而避免了在单个区域内可能出现的诸如资源“挤出效应”等现象。
上述研究结论拓宽了新经济地理学理论的应用范围,拓展了生产性服务业与制造业之间的关系,特别是疏通了从产业属性到空间属性的传导过程,从而避免了以往过于注重产业层面的研究而忽视了空间因素。总的来说,对比以往研究本文取得了以下进展：(1)通过对新经济地理学理论的适当修正,并将其用于分析生产性服务业集聚,从而了弥补了以往研究过于注重制造业集聚的不足；(2)明晰了生产性服务业集聚和制造业集聚互动的内在机制,特别是文章从产业链的角度进行了分析,避免了整体分析不够深入的缺陷；(3)双重集聚效应的研究综合了单个产业集聚效应,使得研究更有实际意义,这也为研究多个产业共同集聚提供了一种思路。
当然,囿于笔者自身学术功底,本文仍然存在诸多的不足,论文的结论部分对此做了总结,但这也是将来努力的方向。
New Economic Geography (NEG) represented by Paul Krugman provides a new interpretation of industry agglomeration, combining factors including transport costs and increasing returns to scale. A number of useful models, derived from the original C-P model by many scholars after him, are gradually used in many research fields, including taxation, environmental pollution and so on. However, we believe the following aspects deserve further study:firstly, the existing application fields regarding the NEG are basically related to manufacturing, but seldom refer to productive services. Secondly, more and more scholars have noted that the industry and the space in manufacturing industry agglomeration are two-dimensional and producer services industry is the same case. The duality and two-dimensionality are closely linked, which makes it possible to study the internal mechanism of the relationship between producer services agglomeration and manufacturing agglomeration. Thirdly, the dual agglomeration is related to the concept of space, therefore, research on its interaction effects is meaningful, which is still in lack at present; fourthly, we should pay more attention to how we can promote coordinated development of the manufacturing agglomeration and the producer services agglomeration in terms of space on basis of the internal mechanism of producer services agglomeration. These four cohesive issues consist the focus of this paper.
In theoretical research, replacing transport cost with information technology in perspective of New Economic Geography, this paper presents a theoretical framework to analyze the producer services agglomeration, based on which it further discusses the relationship between producer services agglomeration and manufacturing agglomeration and the interaction between producer services agglomeration and different types of manufacturing agglomeration. At the same time, based on this relationship, this paper studies complementary effect and crowding-out effect generated by the dual agglomeration interaction. Finally, back from theory to reality, it puts forward the path to realize the coordinated development of secondary and tertiary industry.
In the empirical research, according to Gini coefficient, LQ and K-spec, this paper studies the characteristics of Chinese producer services agglomeration in two-dimension of industry and space perspective, based on which this paper uses econometric model to analyze major factors affecting the producer services agglomeration by using data from 222 prefecture-level cities. In the meanwhile, the spatial heterogeneity between eastern region and central and western region is considered.Due to lack of index to measure the complementary effect and crowding-out effect, this paper designs an indicator named coordinate degree to compromise these two effects and proposes four hypotheses in two dimensions of industry chain and space, verified from a cross-regional perspective.
Through theoretical analysis and empirical research, this paper has the following conclusions:
(1) Under the analytical framework of New Economic Geography, this paper replaces transportation costs with information technology, and builds analytical framework of "Factor-Urban-Space-Institution". The research shows that knowledge-intensity, level of information technology, city and government size affect producer service industry agglomeration, further more, producer service industry agglomeration is seldom affected by geographic factor and cycle accumulation cause in contrast with manufacturing industry. Besides, the non-linear relationship between service industry agglomeration and city size shows that, the agglomerating path between eastern China and western China are completely different which make service industry agglomeration exist in eastern China in long-term, while it presents decreasing affection when city size reaches an entropy number on the contrary.
(2) Different interaction strength arises between manufacturing and producer services agglomeration. We believe that there are two mutually reinforcing forces composing the internal mechanism of interaction between producer service and manufacturing agglomeration. The first one is that producer services not only promotes manufacturing as an intermediate inputs, but also it has different effect on manufacturing sub-sector, thus the network relationship is formed. The other one is that manufacturing sector has reverse effect on producer services from both static and dynamic aspects. The former is mainly reflected by the existing manufacturing agglomeration's demand for producer services, while the latter is mainly reflected by the impact of manufacturing industry chain's dynamic evolution on producer services. The paper's empirical research shows that interaction strength between labor-intensive manufacturing agglomeration and producer services agglomeration is not strong compared with interaction strength between technology-intensive manufacturing agglomeration and producer services agglomeration.
(3)The interaction of dual agglomeration produces complementary effect and crowding-out effect. The difference of interaction between producer services and manufacturing sub-sector agglomeration leads to complementary effect and crowding-out effect between them. In this paper, we explain it in perspective of space and industry chain. The former is studied in physical space and the intangible space, while the latter focuses on radiation effect by regional central cities in the perspective of cross-region. Econometric model shows that there is an equilibrium level of land rent value that makes the coordination degree of dual effect reach the maximum, and the impact of capital on other cities is significant.
(4)Coordinated development of secondary and tertiary industries can be achieved by "services agglomeration-spatial structure adjustment".This paper attempts to find a path to achieve the balance between producer services and manufacturing agglomeration by studying service agglomeration especially producer services agglomeration. It is achievable if we examine it from the perspective of spatial organization, breaking through the static conception of space, and expand the closed and isolated concept of region and city to a metropolitan area. Spatial structure adjustment and promoting dual agglomeration which means that services gather in central region within metropolitan area and manufacturing industries concentrated in the external area, thus forming urban functions division of "service-production" in metropolitan area, is helpful to coordinate development of secondary and tertiary industries, avoiding resources crowding out effect phenomenon in a single area.
The conclusions above broaden NEG's applying fields and the relationship between service and manufacturing industries. Especially transferring process from space property to industrial property is cleared, avoiding placing too much emphasis on industry while ignoring space factors in previous research. In general, this paper has made following progress compared with previous studies:(1) we have made appropriate amendments on New Economic Geography theory, and use it to analyze producer services agglomeration, making up the shortfall that previous studies focus too much on manufacturing agglomeration; (2) defining the internal mechanism of interaction between producer services and manufacturing agglomeration, especially analyzing it in the perspective of industry chain, avoiding the shortcomings of the overall analysis not deep enough; (3)The study of dual agglomeration has a comprehensive consideration of the individual industrial clustering effect and providing an idea to study co-agglomeration, making it more meaningful.
Due to author's own academic skills limit, there is still much deficiency in this paper that is summed up in the conclusions, which is also the direction of future efforts.
在理论研究上,本文在新经济地理学的视角下通过运用信息技术来替换运输成本因素,进而提出了用于分析生产性服务业集聚的理论框架,并在此基础上进一步探讨了生产性服务业集聚与制造业集聚的关系,阐述了生产性服务业集聚与不同形态的制造业集聚的互动关系。同时,基于这层关系,本文研究了双重集聚的互动所产生的互补效应和挤出效应。最后,文章将理论回归现实,提出了实现二三产业协调发展的路径。
在实证研究上,本文根据空间基尼系数、区位商和K-spec等指标从产业和空间两个维度对中国生产性服务业集聚特征进行了分解,基于这种特征性事实,本文采用了222个地级城市的数据计量分析了影响生产性服务业集聚的主要因素,并考虑了东部地区和中西部地区的空间异质性问题。由于缺乏直接度量互补效应和挤出效应的指标,本文设计了协调度指标来折中这两种效应,并从产业链和空间两个视角提出四个假说,同时从跨区域的角度对这四个假说进行了验证。
通过理论分析和实证研究,本文有以下几个结论：
(1)在新经济地理学的分析框架下,本文通过将信息技术取代运输费用成为影响生产性服务业集聚的空间因素,进而构建了“要素—城市—空间—制度”的四维分析范式。文章的实证研究结果表明,知识密集度、城市规模和信息技术水平都将有利于生产性服务业集聚,与制造业集聚相比,生产性服务业集聚不论在受地理因素影响方面,还是受累积循环因果关系影响方面都较弱。另外,根据服务业集聚与城市规模非线性关系研究表明,由于中国东部与中西部地区存在截然相反的集聚路径,这使得中国东部地区城市将长期存在集聚效应,而中西部地区在城市相对规模达到一定的熵值后集聚效应开始递减。
(2)生产性服务业集聚与不同形态的制造业集聚存在强弱不同的互动性。关于生产性服务业集聚与制造业集聚互动的内在机制上,我们认为存在两种互相促进的力量,第一种是生产性服务业不仅从整体上作为制造业的中间投入对其有促进作用,而且从产业链看,生产性服务业对不同形态的制造业的产业链存在的不同的作用,从而与制造业的各个行业形成网络状的关系。而制造业从静态和动态两个方面对生产性服务业具有逆向传导作用,静态上主要表现为现有的制造业集聚对生产性服务业的需求,而动态主要体现为制造业产业链的动态演进对生产性服务业的影响。同时,由于不同形态的制造业存在长短不一的产业链使得生产性服务业集聚与劳动密集型制造业集聚的互动性不强,而与技术密集型制造业集聚存在较强的互动关系。
(3)双重集聚间的互动存在互补效应和挤出效应。由于生产性服务业集聚与不同形态的制造业集聚的互动性存在一定的差异性,这就使得生产性服务业集聚和制造业集聚在整体上除了存在互补效应外,还存在挤出效应。本文基于空间和产业链的视角从理论上对此进行了解释,空间上主要从有形空间和无形空间两个方面进行研究,产业链则从跨区域的视角注重区域性中心城市对其辐射作用,同时,文章关注了全国性中心城市的辐射作用。文章的计量模型表明,空间上看,存在一个均衡土地租金水平值使得双重效应的协调度达到最大,而从产业链看,省会城市对该省其他城市的影响是显著的。
(4)通过“服务业集聚—空间结构调整”是可以实现二三产业协调发展的。文章试图从研究服务业特别是生产性服务业集聚入手,寻找一条能在生产性服务业集聚和制造业集聚之间达到平衡的道路,如果从空间组织视角来考察,突破静态的空间概念,将孤立封闭的区域和城市概念拓展至开放的都市圈空间,这条道路是存在的,也是可以实现的。通过空间结构调整,促进都市圈范围内的双重集聚,即服务业在都市圈中心区域集聚和制造业在外围节点城市集聚,进而形成“服务一生产”的都市圈城市功能分工,将有助于二三产业的协调发展,从而避免了在单个区域内可能出现的诸如资源“挤出效应”等现象。
上述研究结论拓宽了新经济地理学理论的应用范围,拓展了生产性服务业与制造业之间的关系,特别是疏通了从产业属性到空间属性的传导过程,从而避免了以往过于注重产业层面的研究而忽视了空间因素。总的来说,对比以往研究本文取得了以下进展：(1)通过对新经济地理学理论的适当修正,并将其用于分析生产性服务业集聚,从而了弥补了以往研究过于注重制造业集聚的不足；(2)明晰了生产性服务业集聚和制造业集聚互动的内在机制,特别是文章从产业链的角度进行了分析,避免了整体分析不够深入的缺陷；(3)双重集聚效应的研究综合了单个产业集聚效应,使得研究更有实际意义,这也为研究多个产业共同集聚提供了一种思路。
当然,囿于笔者自身学术功底,本文仍然存在诸多的不足,论文的结论部分对此做了总结,但这也是将来努力的方向。
New Economic Geography (NEG) represented by Paul Krugman provides a new interpretation of industry agglomeration, combining factors including transport costs and increasing returns to scale. A number of useful models, derived from the original C-P model by many scholars after him, are gradually used in many research fields, including taxation, environmental pollution and so on. However, we believe the following aspects deserve further study:firstly, the existing application fields regarding the NEG are basically related to manufacturing, but seldom refer to productive services. Secondly, more and more scholars have noted that the industry and the space in manufacturing industry agglomeration are two-dimensional and producer services industry is the same case. The duality and two-dimensionality are closely linked, which makes it possible to study the internal mechanism of the relationship between producer services agglomeration and manufacturing agglomeration. Thirdly, the dual agglomeration is related to the concept of space, therefore, research on its interaction effects is meaningful, which is still in lack at present; fourthly, we should pay more attention to how we can promote coordinated development of the manufacturing agglomeration and the producer services agglomeration in terms of space on basis of the internal mechanism of producer services agglomeration. These four cohesive issues consist the focus of this paper.
In theoretical research, replacing transport cost with information technology in perspective of New Economic Geography, this paper presents a theoretical framework to analyze the producer services agglomeration, based on which it further discusses the relationship between producer services agglomeration and manufacturing agglomeration and the interaction between producer services agglomeration and different types of manufacturing agglomeration. At the same time, based on this relationship, this paper studies complementary effect and crowding-out effect generated by the dual agglomeration interaction. Finally, back from theory to reality, it puts forward the path to realize the coordinated development of secondary and tertiary industry.
In the empirical research, according to Gini coefficient, LQ and K-spec, this paper studies the characteristics of Chinese producer services agglomeration in two-dimension of industry and space perspective, based on which this paper uses econometric model to analyze major factors affecting the producer services agglomeration by using data from 222 prefecture-level cities. In the meanwhile, the spatial heterogeneity between eastern region and central and western region is considered.Due to lack of index to measure the complementary effect and crowding-out effect, this paper designs an indicator named coordinate degree to compromise these two effects and proposes four hypotheses in two dimensions of industry chain and space, verified from a cross-regional perspective.
Through theoretical analysis and empirical research, this paper has the following conclusions:
(1) Under the analytical framework of New Economic Geography, this paper replaces transportation costs with information technology, and builds analytical framework of "Factor-Urban-Space-Institution". The research shows that knowledge-intensity, level of information technology, city and government size affect producer service industry agglomeration, further more, producer service industry agglomeration is seldom affected by geographic factor and cycle accumulation cause in contrast with manufacturing industry. Besides, the non-linear relationship between service industry agglomeration and city size shows that, the agglomerating path between eastern China and western China are completely different which make service industry agglomeration exist in eastern China in long-term, while it presents decreasing affection when city size reaches an entropy number on the contrary.
(2) Different interaction strength arises between manufacturing and producer services agglomeration. We believe that there are two mutually reinforcing forces composing the internal mechanism of interaction between producer service and manufacturing agglomeration. The first one is that producer services not only promotes manufacturing as an intermediate inputs, but also it has different effect on manufacturing sub-sector, thus the network relationship is formed. The other one is that manufacturing sector has reverse effect on producer services from both static and dynamic aspects. The former is mainly reflected by the existing manufacturing agglomeration's demand for producer services, while the latter is mainly reflected by the impact of manufacturing industry chain's dynamic evolution on producer services. The paper's empirical research shows that interaction strength between labor-intensive manufacturing agglomeration and producer services agglomeration is not strong compared with interaction strength between technology-intensive manufacturing agglomeration and producer services agglomeration.
(3)The interaction of dual agglomeration produces complementary effect and crowding-out effect. The difference of interaction between producer services and manufacturing sub-sector agglomeration leads to complementary effect and crowding-out effect between them. In this paper, we explain it in perspective of space and industry chain. The former is studied in physical space and the intangible space, while the latter focuses on radiation effect by regional central cities in the perspective of cross-region. Econometric model shows that there is an equilibrium level of land rent value that makes the coordination degree of dual effect reach the maximum, and the impact of capital on other cities is significant.
(4)Coordinated development of secondary and tertiary industries can be achieved by "services agglomeration-spatial structure adjustment".This paper attempts to find a path to achieve the balance between producer services and manufacturing agglomeration by studying service agglomeration especially producer services agglomeration. It is achievable if we examine it from the perspective of spatial organization, breaking through the static conception of space, and expand the closed and isolated concept of region and city to a metropolitan area. Spatial structure adjustment and promoting dual agglomeration which means that services gather in central region within metropolitan area and manufacturing industries concentrated in the external area, thus forming urban functions division of "service-production" in metropolitan area, is helpful to coordinate development of secondary and tertiary industries, avoiding resources crowding out effect phenomenon in a single area.
The conclusions above broaden NEG's applying fields and the relationship between service and manufacturing industries. Especially transferring process from space property to industrial property is cleared, avoiding placing too much emphasis on industry while ignoring space factors in previous research. In general, this paper has made following progress compared with previous studies:(1) we have made appropriate amendments on New Economic Geography theory, and use it to analyze producer services agglomeration, making up the shortfall that previous studies focus too much on manufacturing agglomeration; (2) defining the internal mechanism of interaction between producer services and manufacturing agglomeration, especially analyzing it in the perspective of industry chain, avoiding the shortcomings of the overall analysis not deep enough; (3)The study of dual agglomeration has a comprehensive consideration of the individual industrial clustering effect and providing an idea to study co-agglomeration, making it more meaningful.
Due to author's own academic skills limit, there is still much deficiency in this paper that is summed up in the conclusions, which is also the direction of future efforts.
引文
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