企业多元化：基于能力理论的研究
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摘要
多元化是企业发展到一定阶段后普遍关注的问题，引起了理论界与企业界的广泛研究与深入讨论，在众多的研究之中，得出了很多看似矛盾的结论。中国在上世纪90年代出现了企业多元化经营的热潮，但绝大多数企业并没有取得预期的效果，在多元化过程中不仅没有达到目的，反而弄巧成拙，其症结何在?如何寻求我国转型经济条件下企业多元化战略的理性行为?如何有效地适度进行多元化?……这一系列的问题，可以从一个新的角度——企业能力理论，对企业多元化战略问题进行重新审视。
企业多元化与企业能力之间关系的研究具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。本文试图在两者之间确定一必然联系，为正确理解多元化战略提供一个新的视角并奠定相应的理论基础，也能对企业多元化战略的选择提供一个可操作的现实途径。
具体说来，本文以企业能力理论为基础来研究企业的多元化战略，重新对企业的多元化战略进行全面的评价。多元化作为一项长期的发展战略，一方面通过企业不断进入新的行业，整合企业现有的资源，充分利用企业的潜能，使企业的能力与所从事的经营业务活动相匹配，提高企业资源、能力的利用效率；进一步，通过资源深化或是资源扩张的方式，促进企业能力不断提升和能力体系的不断完善，以适应外部环境的变化，在动态的变化中使内部能力与外部环境相匹配，以保持企业的长期竞争优势。
本文将多元化作为一种改善企业能力的利用效率、提升企业能力水平的重要战略途径，对企业的多元化战略进行经济学分析。首先对多元化的动因进行能力理论的解释；其次从企业现有能力水平、能力特性、能力匹配效率、能力之间的相关关系出发来研究最优的企业多元化的程度、模式、行业选择及多元化途径，讨论企业实施多元化应具备的必要的能力体系；再次探讨多元化的实施对企业能力演化及竞争优势的影响，对多元化战略的有效性进行理性的评价；接下来，说明如何通过能力管理进行有效的控制以保证多元化的成功实施。
在理论分析的基础上，提出企业在进行多元化战略决策时，应首先着重分析自身的能力及相应的能力体系，并结合外部环境，根据匹配的原则以决定企业是否需要进行多元化，能不能进行多元化，多元化的程度，适合进行哪种模式的多元化这类具有实践意义的问题及其相应的破解之道。特别是，试图从国内外企业实施多元化战略的实证分析中，对转型经济中的中国企业的多元化发展提供有益的启示，使企业在通过多元化战略进行自身的发展时，把握好适当的条件、时机，既充分享受多元化战略的积极效应，又能避免由此带来的问题。
Diversification is the issue that is generally paid close attention to when the firms have developed to the certain stage, and it led to the vast researches and the deep discussion by the theoreticians and the entrepreneurs. But it comes to the conclusions that seem to be inconsistent within the vast researches. The tide of the corporate diversification emerged in 1990's in China. But most of the corporation has not obtained the expected effect, and some of them overreached themselves on the contrary during the process of diversification. What is its crucial point? How to explore the reasonable behavior of the corporate diversification in the transitional economy of China? How to carry out the
diversification effectively and moderately? ...... These series of the
issues of the corporate diversification should be re-scanned from the new point of view, that is the competence theory of the firm.
The researches on the relationship between the corporate diversification and the competence of the firm have the important theoretic significance and practical worth. This dissertation attempted to ascertain the necessity relationship between them, offer a new point of view to understand accurately the strategy of diversification and establish corresponding theoretical principle, and offer an operational real way to select the strategy of diversification.
In the detail, the dissertation research the corporate strategy of diversification based on the competence theory of the firm, appraising comprehensively the diversification strategy. As a long-term strategy of development, on the one hand, it matches the competence of the firm with the business engaged by entering the new industries, reorganizing the existing resources and using fully the excess competence; on the other hand, it prompts the upgrade of the competence of the firm and the improvement of the competence system to adapt the change of the outside by the pattern of resources-deepened or resources-expanded, matching dynamically the competence of the firm with the business engaged during the process of the change to keep the long-term competitive advantage of
the firm.
In the dissertation, it is carried out the economic analysis on the diversification, which is viewed as the important strategic way of improving the efficiency of the usage of the competence and upgrading the existing competence of the firm. Firstly, it is interpreted the causes of the diversification with the competence theory; secondly, it is researched the optimum degree, mode, choice of the industries and the way of the diversification depended on the existing level, the characteristics and the matching efficiency of the competence, and the relationship between the competence. Thirdly, it is probed into the impact of the diversification on the change of the competence of the firm and the competitive advantage, appraising the effectives of the strategy of diversification. At last, it is accounted for how to ensure the success conduct of diversification by the effective management of the competence.
Based on the theoretic analysis, the dissertation is brought forward further that the first thing is to analyze its competence and corresponding system when the strategy of diversification is made decision. Then combining the outside circumstance, to decide the issues with the practical meanings according to the matching principle, such as if the corporation need diversifying, did it have the relative competence, how to decide the degree of diversification and which style is suit to the firm. Especially, it is attempted to offer the helpful enlightenment for the corporate diversification in the transitional economy of China from the positive analysis on the kinds of the experiences of the corporate diversification inside and outside. The purpose for the firms is to hold the suitable condition and the opportunity to enjoy sufficiently its active effect, but to avoid the relative problems when they attempt to develop themselves by diversification.
企业多元化与企业能力之间关系的研究具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。本文试图在两者之间确定一必然联系，为正确理解多元化战略提供一个新的视角并奠定相应的理论基础，也能对企业多元化战略的选择提供一个可操作的现实途径。
具体说来，本文以企业能力理论为基础来研究企业的多元化战略，重新对企业的多元化战略进行全面的评价。多元化作为一项长期的发展战略，一方面通过企业不断进入新的行业，整合企业现有的资源，充分利用企业的潜能，使企业的能力与所从事的经营业务活动相匹配，提高企业资源、能力的利用效率；进一步，通过资源深化或是资源扩张的方式，促进企业能力不断提升和能力体系的不断完善，以适应外部环境的变化，在动态的变化中使内部能力与外部环境相匹配，以保持企业的长期竞争优势。
本文将多元化作为一种改善企业能力的利用效率、提升企业能力水平的重要战略途径，对企业的多元化战略进行经济学分析。首先对多元化的动因进行能力理论的解释；其次从企业现有能力水平、能力特性、能力匹配效率、能力之间的相关关系出发来研究最优的企业多元化的程度、模式、行业选择及多元化途径，讨论企业实施多元化应具备的必要的能力体系；再次探讨多元化的实施对企业能力演化及竞争优势的影响，对多元化战略的有效性进行理性的评价；接下来，说明如何通过能力管理进行有效的控制以保证多元化的成功实施。
在理论分析的基础上，提出企业在进行多元化战略决策时，应首先着重分析自身的能力及相应的能力体系，并结合外部环境，根据匹配的原则以决定企业是否需要进行多元化，能不能进行多元化，多元化的程度，适合进行哪种模式的多元化这类具有实践意义的问题及其相应的破解之道。特别是，试图从国内外企业实施多元化战略的实证分析中，对转型经济中的中国企业的多元化发展提供有益的启示，使企业在通过多元化战略进行自身的发展时，把握好适当的条件、时机，既充分享受多元化战略的积极效应，又能避免由此带来的问题。
Diversification is the issue that is generally paid close attention to when the firms have developed to the certain stage, and it led to the vast researches and the deep discussion by the theoreticians and the entrepreneurs. But it comes to the conclusions that seem to be inconsistent within the vast researches. The tide of the corporate diversification emerged in 1990's in China. But most of the corporation has not obtained the expected effect, and some of them overreached themselves on the contrary during the process of diversification. What is its crucial point? How to explore the reasonable behavior of the corporate diversification in the transitional economy of China? How to carry out the
diversification effectively and moderately? ...... These series of the
issues of the corporate diversification should be re-scanned from the new point of view, that is the competence theory of the firm.
The researches on the relationship between the corporate diversification and the competence of the firm have the important theoretic significance and practical worth. This dissertation attempted to ascertain the necessity relationship between them, offer a new point of view to understand accurately the strategy of diversification and establish corresponding theoretical principle, and offer an operational real way to select the strategy of diversification.
In the detail, the dissertation research the corporate strategy of diversification based on the competence theory of the firm, appraising comprehensively the diversification strategy. As a long-term strategy of development, on the one hand, it matches the competence of the firm with the business engaged by entering the new industries, reorganizing the existing resources and using fully the excess competence; on the other hand, it prompts the upgrade of the competence of the firm and the improvement of the competence system to adapt the change of the outside by the pattern of resources-deepened or resources-expanded, matching dynamically the competence of the firm with the business engaged during the process of the change to keep the long-term competitive advantage of
the firm.
In the dissertation, it is carried out the economic analysis on the diversification, which is viewed as the important strategic way of improving the efficiency of the usage of the competence and upgrading the existing competence of the firm. Firstly, it is interpreted the causes of the diversification with the competence theory; secondly, it is researched the optimum degree, mode, choice of the industries and the way of the diversification depended on the existing level, the characteristics and the matching efficiency of the competence, and the relationship between the competence. Thirdly, it is probed into the impact of the diversification on the change of the competence of the firm and the competitive advantage, appraising the effectives of the strategy of diversification. At last, it is accounted for how to ensure the success conduct of diversification by the effective management of the competence.
Based on the theoretic analysis, the dissertation is brought forward further that the first thing is to analyze its competence and corresponding system when the strategy of diversification is made decision. Then combining the outside circumstance, to decide the issues with the practical meanings according to the matching principle, such as if the corporation need diversifying, did it have the relative competence, how to decide the degree of diversification and which style is suit to the firm. Especially, it is attempted to offer the helpful enlightenment for the corporate diversification in the transitional economy of China from the positive analysis on the kinds of the experiences of the corporate diversification inside and outside. The purpose for the firms is to hold the suitable condition and the opportunity to enjoy sufficiently its active effect, but to avoid the relative problems when they attempt to develop themselves by diversification.
引文
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余光胜，“企业竞争优势根源的理论演进”，《外国经济与管理》，2002(10)：2—7
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