企业并购后的知识整合研究
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摘要
知识作为一种有价值的资源在当前的学术界和实践界已经成为共识,尤其是在知识经济时代,一切都以知识为基础,所有财富的核心都是知识,企业的发展越来越依赖于对知识的有效整合与利用。知识整合是实现知识管理的关键环节,知识整合是企业存在的基础,也是企业获取竞争优势的关键因素。在目前重视专业能力、产品生命周期缩短、竞争激烈的环境中,一个企业完全靠自己获取所需的全部知识是非常困难的,并购拥有特定知识的企业或企业的一部分,是企业获取与积累知识从而寻求发展的有效手段。所以,并购已成为企业获取知识的一种重要途径。并购的失败率居高不下,国内外学者对并购失败的原因进行了大量的研究,其中许多都与并购后的整合有关。如何从以往的并购案例中吸取成功的经验,避免失败的教训,成功进行并购后的整合,是我国企业面临的重要课题。本文通过对企业并购后知识整合传导机理的研究,为提高企业并购整合绩效提供理论指导；通过对企业并购后知识整合的案例分析,提出相应的对策建议,为提高我国企业并购整合绩效提供重要的实践价值。
本文在对知识整合、组织学习导向、核心能力和并购整合的国内外文献进行梳理的基础上,引入了组织学习导向、知识整合能力、核心能力和并购整合绩效等变量,构建了企业并购后知识整合传导机理的理论模型；通过可测、可行的量表具体操作执行,并通过问卷调查分析了我国企业并购后的知识整合；选取典型案例,分析了企业并购后知识整合的模式、知识整合的内容和知识整合的过程,并构建一套知识整合评价体系,对企业并购后知识整合的效果进行评价。
本文的研究结果表明,知识整合能力和组织学习导向与核心能力之间存在显著的相关关系,知识整合能力对企业并购整合绩效有显著的直接正向影响,核心能力对企业并购整合绩效有显著的直接正向影响。企业在并购后的整合过程中,应从战略上重视知识整合、树立组织学习导向、构建知识整合平台、建立有利于知识整合的企业文化、建立有效的沟通机制、重视人本因素等方面提高知识整合的效果。本文的创新之处主要有：(1)以知识观为基础,研究企业并购后的知识整合问题,属于前沿研究领域。侧重点在隐性知识,具有学术意义和理论意义。(2)研究组织学习导向、知识整合能力、核心能力和并购整合绩效四个逻辑联系的变量及其相互关系,具有创新性。将组织学习导向、知识整合能力、核心能力和并购整合绩效等变量整合在一个框架之中,深入分析这些变量之间的关系,这不仅有利于明确上述两两变量之间的关系,而且有利于明确这些变量的相互影响关系。虽然在这个理论框架中,有些变量之间的关系已经被学者验证过,但是把这些变量整合在一个框架中,用来研究企业并购后的整合问题,相关的研究还较少。(3)构建了企业并购后知识整合的理论模型,并运用平衡模式的知识整合绩效评价指标体系对所研究案例企业的知识整合效果进行评价。本文有待进一步研究的问题主要有：(1)变量之间的关系需要做进一步研究。虽然本研究对企业并购后知识整合传导机理中涉及的相关变量作了初步探讨,但对于某些变量之间的因果关系界定不够清晰。(2)没有考虑行业特性。今后对企业并购后知识整合传导机理的研究可以针对不同产业形态、行业特性加以研究,找出产业形态、行业特性对并购后企业知识整合的影响差异,并尝试进行企业并购后知识整合的个案比较研究,那样得出的最终结果将更具针对性；(3)地域的局限性。建议后续研究对更多地区发生并购的企业的进行更广泛的调查,选取更为全面的样本以提高结论的稳定性。
It is a consensus in both academic and practical fields that knowledge is a valuable resource and the core of wealth in the era of knowledge economy where everything is knowledge-based. The development of enterprises increasingly depends on the effective integration and utilization of knowledge which is the key to the fulfillment of knowledge management, the basis of the survival of enterprises, and the critical factor for enterprises to gain access to competitive advantage. In current highly competitive environment where professional competence is valued and the product's life cycle is shortened, it is difficult for an enterprise to obtain all the necessary knowledge entirely on its own. So, to merge a part of or the whole enterprise with specific knowledge is an effective means to develop further. Therefore, acquisition has become an important way for enterprises to acquire knowledge. Since the chances of failure for acquisition remain great, domestic and foreign scholars have carried out a substantial amount of research on the reasons for the failure of merger and acquisition (M&A) of enterprises, many of which are related to the integration after M&A. Therefore, how to learn from the past successful cases of M&A so as to avoid the failure has become an important issue for China's enterprises. In the integration process, combination of the knowledge of enterprises to be merged is a vital means to improve the corporate performance. Based on the studies of conduction mechanism of knowledge integration after M&A, the paper is aimed at providing theoretical guidance for the enterprises; through a case study of factors affecting integration after M&A, the paper proposes corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for enhancing the performance of businesses.
The paper, based on the analysis of literature about M&A published in China and abroad, introduces variables of organizational learning orientation, knowledge-integration capabilities, core competencies and the performance of M&A, and establishes a post-merger conduction mechanism of knowledge integration model. Through measurable and feasible implementation of the operational scale, and a questionnaire-based survey, the paper analyzes the post-merger integration of knowledge in China. Typical cases are employed to study the mode, content and process of knowledge integration, based on which a set of evaluation system is established to further check the effect of the post-merger integration of knowledge.
This research shows that there exist remarkable correlations among knowledge integration capability, organizational learning orientation and the core competence, and that knowledge integration capability and core competence have a remarkable, direct and positive impact on M&A performance. Enterprises, during the post-merger integration process, should enhance the effect of the knowledge integration through such measures as giving strategic attention to the importance of knowledge integration, setting organizational learning orientation, building a knowledge integration platform, a learning organization and effective communication systems, and attaching special importance to man power. The originality of this paper lies in the following aspects:1, it is a pioneering research into the knowledge integration after M&A, focusing on implicit knowledge with academic and theoretical significance; 2, it propose an in-depth analysis of the correlations among variables of organizational learning orientation, knowledge-integration capabilities, core competencies and the performance of M&A, as well as integrating these variables into one frame, which proves to be effective in specifying the relations. Although the correlations between certain variables have yet been identified by some scholars, the approach of integrating these variables into one frame is rarely adopted in the given research.3, it establishes a theoretical model for the post-merger integration of knowledge, and evaluates the effect of knowledge integration of the enterprises in study by means of a parallel-mode performance evaluation index system for knowledge integration. Nevertheless, some matters still need further research:1, the correlations among the variables, especially the causal relationship between certain variables should be more clearly defined; 2, the characteristics of industries and their various influence on knowledge integration could be taken into account in future research, presenting case studies with more definite and specific results; 3, the scope of merged enterprises being studied should be enlarged to include more cities and areas in order to collect comprehensive samples to guarantee stability of the conclusion.
本文在对知识整合、组织学习导向、核心能力和并购整合的国内外文献进行梳理的基础上,引入了组织学习导向、知识整合能力、核心能力和并购整合绩效等变量,构建了企业并购后知识整合传导机理的理论模型；通过可测、可行的量表具体操作执行,并通过问卷调查分析了我国企业并购后的知识整合；选取典型案例,分析了企业并购后知识整合的模式、知识整合的内容和知识整合的过程,并构建一套知识整合评价体系,对企业并购后知识整合的效果进行评价。
本文的研究结果表明,知识整合能力和组织学习导向与核心能力之间存在显著的相关关系,知识整合能力对企业并购整合绩效有显著的直接正向影响,核心能力对企业并购整合绩效有显著的直接正向影响。企业在并购后的整合过程中,应从战略上重视知识整合、树立组织学习导向、构建知识整合平台、建立有利于知识整合的企业文化、建立有效的沟通机制、重视人本因素等方面提高知识整合的效果。本文的创新之处主要有：(1)以知识观为基础,研究企业并购后的知识整合问题,属于前沿研究领域。侧重点在隐性知识,具有学术意义和理论意义。(2)研究组织学习导向、知识整合能力、核心能力和并购整合绩效四个逻辑联系的变量及其相互关系,具有创新性。将组织学习导向、知识整合能力、核心能力和并购整合绩效等变量整合在一个框架之中,深入分析这些变量之间的关系,这不仅有利于明确上述两两变量之间的关系,而且有利于明确这些变量的相互影响关系。虽然在这个理论框架中,有些变量之间的关系已经被学者验证过,但是把这些变量整合在一个框架中,用来研究企业并购后的整合问题,相关的研究还较少。(3)构建了企业并购后知识整合的理论模型,并运用平衡模式的知识整合绩效评价指标体系对所研究案例企业的知识整合效果进行评价。本文有待进一步研究的问题主要有：(1)变量之间的关系需要做进一步研究。虽然本研究对企业并购后知识整合传导机理中涉及的相关变量作了初步探讨,但对于某些变量之间的因果关系界定不够清晰。(2)没有考虑行业特性。今后对企业并购后知识整合传导机理的研究可以针对不同产业形态、行业特性加以研究,找出产业形态、行业特性对并购后企业知识整合的影响差异,并尝试进行企业并购后知识整合的个案比较研究,那样得出的最终结果将更具针对性；(3)地域的局限性。建议后续研究对更多地区发生并购的企业的进行更广泛的调查,选取更为全面的样本以提高结论的稳定性。
It is a consensus in both academic and practical fields that knowledge is a valuable resource and the core of wealth in the era of knowledge economy where everything is knowledge-based. The development of enterprises increasingly depends on the effective integration and utilization of knowledge which is the key to the fulfillment of knowledge management, the basis of the survival of enterprises, and the critical factor for enterprises to gain access to competitive advantage. In current highly competitive environment where professional competence is valued and the product's life cycle is shortened, it is difficult for an enterprise to obtain all the necessary knowledge entirely on its own. So, to merge a part of or the whole enterprise with specific knowledge is an effective means to develop further. Therefore, acquisition has become an important way for enterprises to acquire knowledge. Since the chances of failure for acquisition remain great, domestic and foreign scholars have carried out a substantial amount of research on the reasons for the failure of merger and acquisition (M&A) of enterprises, many of which are related to the integration after M&A. Therefore, how to learn from the past successful cases of M&A so as to avoid the failure has become an important issue for China's enterprises. In the integration process, combination of the knowledge of enterprises to be merged is a vital means to improve the corporate performance. Based on the studies of conduction mechanism of knowledge integration after M&A, the paper is aimed at providing theoretical guidance for the enterprises; through a case study of factors affecting integration after M&A, the paper proposes corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for enhancing the performance of businesses.
The paper, based on the analysis of literature about M&A published in China and abroad, introduces variables of organizational learning orientation, knowledge-integration capabilities, core competencies and the performance of M&A, and establishes a post-merger conduction mechanism of knowledge integration model. Through measurable and feasible implementation of the operational scale, and a questionnaire-based survey, the paper analyzes the post-merger integration of knowledge in China. Typical cases are employed to study the mode, content and process of knowledge integration, based on which a set of evaluation system is established to further check the effect of the post-merger integration of knowledge.
This research shows that there exist remarkable correlations among knowledge integration capability, organizational learning orientation and the core competence, and that knowledge integration capability and core competence have a remarkable, direct and positive impact on M&A performance. Enterprises, during the post-merger integration process, should enhance the effect of the knowledge integration through such measures as giving strategic attention to the importance of knowledge integration, setting organizational learning orientation, building a knowledge integration platform, a learning organization and effective communication systems, and attaching special importance to man power. The originality of this paper lies in the following aspects:1, it is a pioneering research into the knowledge integration after M&A, focusing on implicit knowledge with academic and theoretical significance; 2, it propose an in-depth analysis of the correlations among variables of organizational learning orientation, knowledge-integration capabilities, core competencies and the performance of M&A, as well as integrating these variables into one frame, which proves to be effective in specifying the relations. Although the correlations between certain variables have yet been identified by some scholars, the approach of integrating these variables into one frame is rarely adopted in the given research.3, it establishes a theoretical model for the post-merger integration of knowledge, and evaluates the effect of knowledge integration of the enterprises in study by means of a parallel-mode performance evaluation index system for knowledge integration. Nevertheless, some matters still need further research:1, the correlations among the variables, especially the causal relationship between certain variables should be more clearly defined; 2, the characteristics of industries and their various influence on knowledge integration could be taken into account in future research, presenting case studies with more definite and specific results; 3, the scope of merged enterprises being studied should be enlarged to include more cities and areas in order to collect comprehensive samples to guarantee stability of the conclusion.
引文
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