网络创业中变革驱动的组织知识共享特征及其绩效机制：组织记忆的视角
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摘要
互联网和信息通信技术的迅猛发展不仅改变了市场竞争规则,更成为企业组织和管理变革的主要推动力量。目前,网络创业已经与并购重组、公司创业和国际创业并列为中国企业的典型组织变革驱动模式。本文在梳理总结以往相关研究的基础上,以组织记忆理论为视角,对网络创业中变革驱动的组织知识共享问题进行了深度解读与系统剖析,主要解决三个理论问题：(1)网络创业中变革驱动的组织知识共享具有怎样的结构维度?(2)网络创业中组织知识共享受哪些因素的影响,网络创业变革策略如何驱动组织知识共享的形成?(3)网络创业中组织知识共享如何影响网络创业绩效?即组织知识共享的绩效机制。为了回答这些问题,本文开展了以下研究。
研究一,分析网络创业企业的变革策略,旨在明确网络创业中组织知识共享的情景特征。本研究借鉴网络创业与组织变革的研究成果,采用多重案例分析方法,通过呈现企业网络创业中的触发因素和变革关键行为,对四个网络创业典型案例进行了深入的探讨和案例间比较。结果发现从流程重组和边界拓展的角度看,网络创业的变革策略可以概括为规模合作,虚拟合作,协同管控和网络定制四种模式。
研究二,开发网络创业中变革驱动的组织知识共享特征的结构维度。以组织记忆理论为分析框架,选择13家网络创业企业进行焦点小组访谈。本研究扎根网络创业组织的变革情景,对网络创业中组织知识共享的关键特征、应用实践和过程机制作深入访问。随后采用结构化的内容分析技术对讨论材料进行多级编码和统计分析。研究结果表明网络创业中组织知识共享特征是一个多维度构思,可以分为交互共享和整合共享两个维度。
研究三,检验网络创业中变革驱动的组织知识共享特征的结构维度。在前人成熟量表和访谈研究结果的基础上,进一步开发组织知识共享特征的测量工具。在量表提纯阶段使用了79组企业样本,通过探索性因素分析删除了一批不尽人意的题项,最终获得一套包含18个题项的网络创业企业组织知识共享特征量表。在量表检验阶段使用了121组与量表开发环节相互独立的样本,通过结构方程建模对量表进行了验证性因素分析,并通过相关分析检验了组织知识共享特征的效标关联效度。研究二、三共同揭示了网络创业中组织知识共享特征的二阶五因素模型,一阶因素包括：专长再认、互动提取、沟通协调、忘却学习和转化存储。在一阶因素的基础上,二阶因素可以归为两类,即交互共享和整合共享。
研究四,分析网络创业变革策略对组织知识共享特征的驱动作用。采用了173组样本对网络创业企业组织知识共享特征的影响因素进行了系统地定量分析。从适应性结构行动理论来讲,组织知识共享特征的形成受到了变革策略和任务特征的共同作用,因此该部分研究可分为两个模块：一是借助结构方程建模技术考察不同类型的变革策略究竟如何驱动网络创业企业的组织知识共享特征的形成,结果表明规模合作和虚拟合作对交互共享有显著促进作用,而协同管控对整合共享有显著促进作用；二是通过多元回归分析将任务特征纳入到组织知识共享特征形成机制的框架中,结果表明网络创业组织的变革策略与任务特征间的交互作用将影响组织知识共享特征的形成。在不同变革阶段中,变革策略与任务特征对组织知识共享的驱动作用存在差异。
研究五,解析网络创业中变革驱动组织知识共享特征的绩效机制,分为两个子研究。子研究一以实验室实验的形式,采用2×2因子式被试间设计的方法,检验了组织知识共享特征间的互动机制。60组共240名被试的实验结果表明,交互共享与整合共享间的交互作用显著,组织知识共享特征与绩效的关系因为特征间水平的差异,会出现启动效应和参照效应两种联系。通过进一步分析实验过程中被试间的知识转移和吸收行为发现,整合共享通过影响组织成员的知识吸收行为最终影响决策绩效,而交互共享则通过影响成员间的知识转移行为最终影响知识吸收行为。子研究二基于组织动态能力理论,以情景模拟实验的形式对组织知识共享特征的绩效机制作出了解释。采用多因素混合设计的方法,观察不同网络创业阶段中组织知识共享特征对网络创业绩效的影响作用。207名被试的实验结果表明,组织知识组合能力在组织知识共享特征对组织绩效的影响关系中起中介作用。同时,本研究还发现组织知识共享特征对网络创业绩效的影响作用在不同变革阶段上存在差异。
最后,本文系统地概括了主要研究结论,探讨了研究的理论进展与现实意义,指出了研究的局限与有待进一步解决的问题。
The dramatic development of information and communication technology not only changed the rules of market competition, but also became the main driving force for organizational change. Like M&A, corporate entrepreneurship and international entrepreneurship, the internet entrepreneurship has demonstrated a typical pattern of organizational change in Chinese enterprises. Base on the literature review, this dissertation took organizational memory theory as the research framework to systematically interpret organizational knowledge sharing in internet entrepreneurship. Three theoretical issues were resolved:(1) what were the construct of the change-driven organizational knowledge sharing in the context of internet entrepreneurship? (2) What were the factors of organizational knowledge sharing, and how the change strategies of internet entrepreneurship drove the formation of organizational knowledge sharing? (3) How did organizational knowledge sharing influence internet entrepreneurship performance? There are five studies were conducted to answer these questions.
In study 1, the situational features of organizational knowledge sharing in internet entrepreneurship was confirmed. This study explored the construct of organizational change strategy in internet entrepreneurship by means of multi-case study method. Through the in-depth within-case analysis and the cross-case analysis with four typical internet entrepreneurship organizations, the study found that the organizational change strategy in internet entrepreneurship could be classified into four types including mass collaboration, virtual collaboration, synergistic control and modular production by combining the process reengineering and the boundary spanning.
In study 2, the construct of organizational knowledge sharing characteristic in internet entrepreneurship were examined. Using organizational memory theory as an analytical framework, this study employed the focus group method to interview 13 managers from 13 different internet entrepreneurship organizations in characteristics of organizational knowledge sharing, as well as its construct, practices and processes. Content analysis was conducted for coding the interview materials. The results showed that organizational knowledge sharing in internet entrepreneurship was a multi-dimensional construct which included interactive knowledge sharing and integrated knowledge sharing.
In study 3 the construct of knowledge sharing was verified by means of empirical method. The original questionnaire was developed by referring both from previous research and the results of focus group interview, and a large scale samples was collected to verify the reliability and validity of the construct. On the stage of scale refinement, exploratory factor analysis was conducted in a sample of 79 firms. The final scale included 18 items with five dimensions. On the stage of scale verification, another independent sample of 121 firms was employed to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that the organizational knowledge sharing in internet entrepreneurship is based on a second-order five-factor model. The first-order factors included expertise recognition, interactive retrieval, communicative coordination, unlearning and transformative storage. And the second-order factors were interactive knowledge sharing and integrated knowledge sharing.
In study 4, the antecedents of organizational knowledge sharing in internet entrepreneurship was examined with two sub-studies. This study systematically examined the antecedents of organizational knowledge sharing using a sample of 173 firms. This study had two parts. First, this study investigated the effects of organizational change strategy on knowledge sharing by SEM. The results showed that the mass collaboration and virtual collaboration significantly influenced the interactive knowledge sharing, and the synergistic control positively influenced the integrated knowledge sharing. Second, the task characteristics were introduced into the model. The results showed that the interaction between change strategy and task characteristic had significant effects on organizational knowledge sharing. The effects of change strategy and task characteristic on organizational knowledge sharing varied with different change stages.
In study 5, the performance mechanism of organizational knowledge sharing was explained with two sub-studies. Using the laboratory experiment method, sub-study 1 used a 2×2 between-subject design to examine the interactive mechanism with knowledge sharing characteristics. The results from a sample of 60 groups showed that the interaction effect of interactive and integrated knowledge sharing was significant, and the relationship between organizational knowledge sharing and performance were exhibited a priming effect or reference effect according to the different extent of knowledge sharing. A further investigation of knowledge transfer and pooling process was conducted to express the priming and reference effect. Based on the organizational dynamic capability theory, the sub-study 2 employed a simulated experiment to express the performance mechanism of organizational knowledge sharing. This study used a mixed design to examine the effects of knowledge sharing on internet entrepreneurship performance of different organizational change stages. The results from a sample of 207 subjects showed that knowledge combinative capability mediated the relationship between organizational knowledge sharing and internet entrepreneurship performance. Further more, the effects of organizational knowledge sharing showed different paths on the performance of internet entrepreneurship at stages.
Finally, the main research findings of this dissertation were systematically summarized. The theoretical progresses and practical implications were discussed in relation to limitations and directions for future research.
研究一,分析网络创业企业的变革策略,旨在明确网络创业中组织知识共享的情景特征。本研究借鉴网络创业与组织变革的研究成果,采用多重案例分析方法,通过呈现企业网络创业中的触发因素和变革关键行为,对四个网络创业典型案例进行了深入的探讨和案例间比较。结果发现从流程重组和边界拓展的角度看,网络创业的变革策略可以概括为规模合作,虚拟合作,协同管控和网络定制四种模式。
研究二,开发网络创业中变革驱动的组织知识共享特征的结构维度。以组织记忆理论为分析框架,选择13家网络创业企业进行焦点小组访谈。本研究扎根网络创业组织的变革情景,对网络创业中组织知识共享的关键特征、应用实践和过程机制作深入访问。随后采用结构化的内容分析技术对讨论材料进行多级编码和统计分析。研究结果表明网络创业中组织知识共享特征是一个多维度构思,可以分为交互共享和整合共享两个维度。
研究三,检验网络创业中变革驱动的组织知识共享特征的结构维度。在前人成熟量表和访谈研究结果的基础上,进一步开发组织知识共享特征的测量工具。在量表提纯阶段使用了79组企业样本,通过探索性因素分析删除了一批不尽人意的题项,最终获得一套包含18个题项的网络创业企业组织知识共享特征量表。在量表检验阶段使用了121组与量表开发环节相互独立的样本,通过结构方程建模对量表进行了验证性因素分析,并通过相关分析检验了组织知识共享特征的效标关联效度。研究二、三共同揭示了网络创业中组织知识共享特征的二阶五因素模型,一阶因素包括：专长再认、互动提取、沟通协调、忘却学习和转化存储。在一阶因素的基础上,二阶因素可以归为两类,即交互共享和整合共享。
研究四,分析网络创业变革策略对组织知识共享特征的驱动作用。采用了173组样本对网络创业企业组织知识共享特征的影响因素进行了系统地定量分析。从适应性结构行动理论来讲,组织知识共享特征的形成受到了变革策略和任务特征的共同作用,因此该部分研究可分为两个模块：一是借助结构方程建模技术考察不同类型的变革策略究竟如何驱动网络创业企业的组织知识共享特征的形成,结果表明规模合作和虚拟合作对交互共享有显著促进作用,而协同管控对整合共享有显著促进作用；二是通过多元回归分析将任务特征纳入到组织知识共享特征形成机制的框架中,结果表明网络创业组织的变革策略与任务特征间的交互作用将影响组织知识共享特征的形成。在不同变革阶段中,变革策略与任务特征对组织知识共享的驱动作用存在差异。
研究五,解析网络创业中变革驱动组织知识共享特征的绩效机制,分为两个子研究。子研究一以实验室实验的形式,采用2×2因子式被试间设计的方法,检验了组织知识共享特征间的互动机制。60组共240名被试的实验结果表明,交互共享与整合共享间的交互作用显著,组织知识共享特征与绩效的关系因为特征间水平的差异,会出现启动效应和参照效应两种联系。通过进一步分析实验过程中被试间的知识转移和吸收行为发现,整合共享通过影响组织成员的知识吸收行为最终影响决策绩效,而交互共享则通过影响成员间的知识转移行为最终影响知识吸收行为。子研究二基于组织动态能力理论,以情景模拟实验的形式对组织知识共享特征的绩效机制作出了解释。采用多因素混合设计的方法,观察不同网络创业阶段中组织知识共享特征对网络创业绩效的影响作用。207名被试的实验结果表明,组织知识组合能力在组织知识共享特征对组织绩效的影响关系中起中介作用。同时,本研究还发现组织知识共享特征对网络创业绩效的影响作用在不同变革阶段上存在差异。
最后,本文系统地概括了主要研究结论,探讨了研究的理论进展与现实意义,指出了研究的局限与有待进一步解决的问题。
The dramatic development of information and communication technology not only changed the rules of market competition, but also became the main driving force for organizational change. Like M&A, corporate entrepreneurship and international entrepreneurship, the internet entrepreneurship has demonstrated a typical pattern of organizational change in Chinese enterprises. Base on the literature review, this dissertation took organizational memory theory as the research framework to systematically interpret organizational knowledge sharing in internet entrepreneurship. Three theoretical issues were resolved:(1) what were the construct of the change-driven organizational knowledge sharing in the context of internet entrepreneurship? (2) What were the factors of organizational knowledge sharing, and how the change strategies of internet entrepreneurship drove the formation of organizational knowledge sharing? (3) How did organizational knowledge sharing influence internet entrepreneurship performance? There are five studies were conducted to answer these questions.
In study 1, the situational features of organizational knowledge sharing in internet entrepreneurship was confirmed. This study explored the construct of organizational change strategy in internet entrepreneurship by means of multi-case study method. Through the in-depth within-case analysis and the cross-case analysis with four typical internet entrepreneurship organizations, the study found that the organizational change strategy in internet entrepreneurship could be classified into four types including mass collaboration, virtual collaboration, synergistic control and modular production by combining the process reengineering and the boundary spanning.
In study 2, the construct of organizational knowledge sharing characteristic in internet entrepreneurship were examined. Using organizational memory theory as an analytical framework, this study employed the focus group method to interview 13 managers from 13 different internet entrepreneurship organizations in characteristics of organizational knowledge sharing, as well as its construct, practices and processes. Content analysis was conducted for coding the interview materials. The results showed that organizational knowledge sharing in internet entrepreneurship was a multi-dimensional construct which included interactive knowledge sharing and integrated knowledge sharing.
In study 3 the construct of knowledge sharing was verified by means of empirical method. The original questionnaire was developed by referring both from previous research and the results of focus group interview, and a large scale samples was collected to verify the reliability and validity of the construct. On the stage of scale refinement, exploratory factor analysis was conducted in a sample of 79 firms. The final scale included 18 items with five dimensions. On the stage of scale verification, another independent sample of 121 firms was employed to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that the organizational knowledge sharing in internet entrepreneurship is based on a second-order five-factor model. The first-order factors included expertise recognition, interactive retrieval, communicative coordination, unlearning and transformative storage. And the second-order factors were interactive knowledge sharing and integrated knowledge sharing.
In study 4, the antecedents of organizational knowledge sharing in internet entrepreneurship was examined with two sub-studies. This study systematically examined the antecedents of organizational knowledge sharing using a sample of 173 firms. This study had two parts. First, this study investigated the effects of organizational change strategy on knowledge sharing by SEM. The results showed that the mass collaboration and virtual collaboration significantly influenced the interactive knowledge sharing, and the synergistic control positively influenced the integrated knowledge sharing. Second, the task characteristics were introduced into the model. The results showed that the interaction between change strategy and task characteristic had significant effects on organizational knowledge sharing. The effects of change strategy and task characteristic on organizational knowledge sharing varied with different change stages.
In study 5, the performance mechanism of organizational knowledge sharing was explained with two sub-studies. Using the laboratory experiment method, sub-study 1 used a 2×2 between-subject design to examine the interactive mechanism with knowledge sharing characteristics. The results from a sample of 60 groups showed that the interaction effect of interactive and integrated knowledge sharing was significant, and the relationship between organizational knowledge sharing and performance were exhibited a priming effect or reference effect according to the different extent of knowledge sharing. A further investigation of knowledge transfer and pooling process was conducted to express the priming and reference effect. Based on the organizational dynamic capability theory, the sub-study 2 employed a simulated experiment to express the performance mechanism of organizational knowledge sharing. This study used a mixed design to examine the effects of knowledge sharing on internet entrepreneurship performance of different organizational change stages. The results from a sample of 207 subjects showed that knowledge combinative capability mediated the relationship between organizational knowledge sharing and internet entrepreneurship performance. Further more, the effects of organizational knowledge sharing showed different paths on the performance of internet entrepreneurship at stages.
Finally, the main research findings of this dissertation were systematically summarized. The theoretical progresses and practical implications were discussed in relation to limitations and directions for future research.
引文
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