美国电信产业管制研究
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摘要
电信产业是一国重要支柱产业之一。近些年来,随着信息技术、国际因特网技术以及电子计算机技术的迅速发展,电信产业也迅猛地成长起来,在一国国民经济中占有重要的地位,在服务于一国经济发展中起着举足轻重的作用。
美国是电信产业大国,其技术及管理在世界上一直处于领先地位。在长期的发展中,美国从本国国情出发,对电信产业的管制积累了丰富的经验,这对我国电信产业管制的改革有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。本文在进行电信产业一般分析和梳理相关理论的基础上,回顾了美国电信产业管制的历史变迁,重点分析了美国电信产业的管制体系、美国电信产业的管制领域以及管制改革等重点问题,总结了美国电信产业管制的主要经验,在从我国国情出发、借鉴美国经验的基础上对我国电信产业管制提出了几点政策建议。
The telecommunications industry is an important pillar industry of a country, the industry is a technology-intensive and capital-intensive industry. And what's further, in recent years, information technology in the telecom industry, the international Internet technologies as well as computer science and technology have made rapid progress. So the telecommunications industry has witnessed rapid development, is increasingly becoming a hot spot in the economic life. In addition, due to the scale of the telecom industry, its business coverage often covers the entire country and region, and even the formation of transnational telecommunications network. At the same time, involved in the field of telecommunications industry is quite extensive, including R&D and manufacturing of telecommunications equipment, telecommunications infrastructure, network construction, software development, business based voice communication and all types of data transmission services, and so on. Therefore, the telecommunications industry can produce great technology spillover effects of social and economic life, but also be able to produce a strong leading role on the needs of the upstream and downstream industries and employment, the telecommunications industry has become a country lead industry.
Because the services provided by the telecommunications industry has a strong universal service qualities, which determines that the public has an irreplaceable demand. In addition, as the telecommunications industry itself has a very strong economies of scale, economies of scope and natural monopoly attributes, so it is easy to create a monopoly, and the public needs of the industry won't be met, and telecommunications resources of the community as a whole is difficult to achieve the optimum configuration, so that the entire social welfare will suffer, which requires countries to exert some control of the telecommunications industry.
The United States is one of the earliest countries to develop the global telecommunications industry and start control the telecommunications industry. After a long period of development, an open competitive telecommunications market system has been established completely in U.S. telecommunications industry, and market mechanism has been perfecting. In the past hundred years, the U.S. telecommunications industry has been in the leading position in the world. And in the worldwide telecommunications industry, in recent years, in the rapid development of the tide, the United States still leads the world telecommunications industry's development direction. From the telecommunications enterprise performance profits or telecommunications technology innovation, application and promotion, the performance of the U.S. telecommunications industry worldwide is the best. The telecommunications industry control has played a positive role to help United States to have the most developed worldwide telecommunications industry, specifically performances a decisive role in the elimination of monopolies and fostering market competition mechanism.
China's telecom industry started relatively late, regulatory reform of the telecommunications industry was officially launched in1994. After nearly30years of reform and practice, in terms of the control mode of the telecommunications industry, and the independence of telecommunications regulation, China's telecommunications industry has made great achievements, and the initial formation of the competitive landscape in the telecommunications market has been made. But from the overall point of view, the development and control of the telecommunications industry in China still has many problems, for example, the telecommunications legal system is not so perfect, and it depends too much on the means of control of the administrative and lacks the independence of the regulatory agencies. This article uses the United States as the learning object of China's telecommunications industry, not just because of the U.S. telecommunications industry has been living in a world leader in technology and management, but also because of the long history of telecommunications regulation in the United States has accumulated a wealth of experience and experienced countless failures, which has high value for learning.
The main content of this dissertation is divided into the following eight chapters:
Chapter1is an introduction. This chapter illustrates the topics, purposes and research background of this article, and the theory and practical significance of this study, introduces the research ideas and methods of this article. And it also makes a classified summary of the existing research literature on the regulation of the telecommunications industry at home and abroad, determines the focus of this study according to the research trends of existing literature. The end of this chapter makes a summarized for the innovation of this dissertation, and points out that the shortage of this study.
Chapter2is a general analysis of the telecommunications industry. This chapter defined the meaning of telecommunications services on both narrow and broad levels by summarizing existing research literature. According to this chapter, telecommunications services in the narrow sense is to provide transmission services including messages, signals, sound, image, video, and data files to the consumers of telecommunications users by using various means of information technology as well as equipment, and shall not do any change of the content, the nature and the form in the process of data transmission. In addition to the above, telecommunications services in the broad sense also includes the research and development of science and technology, equipment device fabrication and network infrastructure construction that are associated with the telecommunications industry and related telecommunications services provider and management and so on. This chapter also summarizes the characteristics of the telecommunications industry, such as the network external properties, the scope economies attributes, universal service attributes, natural monopoly attributes. It is precisely because of these characteristics, the state needs to regulate the telecommunications industry.
Chapter3is related to the basic theory analysis. This chapter made a clear definition of monopoly, pointed out that the types and causes of monopoly. This chapter pointed out that the loss of economic efficiency brought about by the monopoly, and put forward the theory of control for the monopoly of the economy through the analysis of several typical oligopoly model such as Cournot model, Bertrand model, Edgeworth Model, Cartel model and Price leadership model.
Chapter4is about the changes of U.S. telecommunications industry regulation. In this chapter, according to the context of the historical development, the development of the telecommunications industry in the United States is divided into five stages, but also the control of the U.S. telecommunications industry is divided into five stages. Throughout the entire development course of the U.S. telecommunications industry, it can be found that the change of U.S. telecommunications industry control is also a process of the game between the Ministry of Justice, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) which is a representative of the telecommunications industry regulatory agencies and telecommunications giant monopoly power represented by AT&T. At the same time, the change course of the telecom industry control is also a process of the establishment of the mechanism of market competition. The United States successfully achieve a competitive mechanism extended to multiple fields from a telecommunications business, and eventually be established in the entire telecommunications industry.
Chapter5is a system of the U.S. control of the telecommunications industry. This chapter describes the control system of the telecommunications industry in the United States. The system is a trinity control system composed by the Federal Communications Commission, state public utility management committee and the justice system, including the Ministry of Justice and the Court. Compared with other countries which also have a developed telecommunications industry, its control system has a very distinctive feature that its industrial control is divided into two levels of government level and industry level. The highest authority of the control system is the judicial system, which has the right to make final ruling. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and state utilities Management Commission (PUC) is the executing agency for the control of the U.S. telecommunications industry and the quasi-legislative body, who is the core strength of control.
Chapter6is the field of control of the U.S. telecommunications industry. Due to the special properties of the telecommunications industry, the telecommunications industry control of any country is content complicated and range wide involved career. In the history of the telecommunications industry control of the countries which have a developed telecommunications industry such as United States, the fields and content of control that need to be involved in are more complicated. There is not exactly the same situation in each country and the different telecom industry development model and control system determines that the areas, content and emphases of control will be different. However, consolidated the complex regulatory content of these countries, there are some universal commonalities control areas and content, namely the control of local operations, interconnection regulation, price controls, as well as universal service control. Those contents are exactly to be the focus of this chapter.
Chapter7is the trend of the U.S. telecommunications industry and regulatory changes. Since1996when the type restriction of telecom enterprise operating activities relieved by Telecommunications Act, there is a new great change in the U.S. telecom market, that is, the emergence of the wave of mergers and acquisitions, which had a far-reaching impact on the market structure of the U.S. telecommunications industry. This chapter makes an analysis of the deep-seated reasons for the M&A wave and explores the trend of the overall reform of the U.S. telecommunications industry control and the reaction made for the new situation of acquisition, and finally evaluates the reform of the telecommunications industry regulation in the United States.
Chapter8is about the enlightenment that the U.S. telecommunications industry controls give to China.In this chapter, it makes a summary and conclusion of the factors that our country should learn from the U.S. telecommunications industry regulation. And it points out that telecommunications industry of China should learn from their organizational principle and the cultivation of market competition mechanism. This chapter also has combed the development and control of the telecommunications industry in China, analyzes current situation and problems of China's telecommunications industry and finally gives China's telecom industry control some suggestions from the two aspects of macroeconomic policy and microeconomic measures.
美国是电信产业大国,其技术及管理在世界上一直处于领先地位。在长期的发展中,美国从本国国情出发,对电信产业的管制积累了丰富的经验,这对我国电信产业管制的改革有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。本文在进行电信产业一般分析和梳理相关理论的基础上,回顾了美国电信产业管制的历史变迁,重点分析了美国电信产业的管制体系、美国电信产业的管制领域以及管制改革等重点问题,总结了美国电信产业管制的主要经验,在从我国国情出发、借鉴美国经验的基础上对我国电信产业管制提出了几点政策建议。
The telecommunications industry is an important pillar industry of a country, the industry is a technology-intensive and capital-intensive industry. And what's further, in recent years, information technology in the telecom industry, the international Internet technologies as well as computer science and technology have made rapid progress. So the telecommunications industry has witnessed rapid development, is increasingly becoming a hot spot in the economic life. In addition, due to the scale of the telecom industry, its business coverage often covers the entire country and region, and even the formation of transnational telecommunications network. At the same time, involved in the field of telecommunications industry is quite extensive, including R&D and manufacturing of telecommunications equipment, telecommunications infrastructure, network construction, software development, business based voice communication and all types of data transmission services, and so on. Therefore, the telecommunications industry can produce great technology spillover effects of social and economic life, but also be able to produce a strong leading role on the needs of the upstream and downstream industries and employment, the telecommunications industry has become a country lead industry.
Because the services provided by the telecommunications industry has a strong universal service qualities, which determines that the public has an irreplaceable demand. In addition, as the telecommunications industry itself has a very strong economies of scale, economies of scope and natural monopoly attributes, so it is easy to create a monopoly, and the public needs of the industry won't be met, and telecommunications resources of the community as a whole is difficult to achieve the optimum configuration, so that the entire social welfare will suffer, which requires countries to exert some control of the telecommunications industry.
The United States is one of the earliest countries to develop the global telecommunications industry and start control the telecommunications industry. After a long period of development, an open competitive telecommunications market system has been established completely in U.S. telecommunications industry, and market mechanism has been perfecting. In the past hundred years, the U.S. telecommunications industry has been in the leading position in the world. And in the worldwide telecommunications industry, in recent years, in the rapid development of the tide, the United States still leads the world telecommunications industry's development direction. From the telecommunications enterprise performance profits or telecommunications technology innovation, application and promotion, the performance of the U.S. telecommunications industry worldwide is the best. The telecommunications industry control has played a positive role to help United States to have the most developed worldwide telecommunications industry, specifically performances a decisive role in the elimination of monopolies and fostering market competition mechanism.
China's telecom industry started relatively late, regulatory reform of the telecommunications industry was officially launched in1994. After nearly30years of reform and practice, in terms of the control mode of the telecommunications industry, and the independence of telecommunications regulation, China's telecommunications industry has made great achievements, and the initial formation of the competitive landscape in the telecommunications market has been made. But from the overall point of view, the development and control of the telecommunications industry in China still has many problems, for example, the telecommunications legal system is not so perfect, and it depends too much on the means of control of the administrative and lacks the independence of the regulatory agencies. This article uses the United States as the learning object of China's telecommunications industry, not just because of the U.S. telecommunications industry has been living in a world leader in technology and management, but also because of the long history of telecommunications regulation in the United States has accumulated a wealth of experience and experienced countless failures, which has high value for learning.
The main content of this dissertation is divided into the following eight chapters:
Chapter1is an introduction. This chapter illustrates the topics, purposes and research background of this article, and the theory and practical significance of this study, introduces the research ideas and methods of this article. And it also makes a classified summary of the existing research literature on the regulation of the telecommunications industry at home and abroad, determines the focus of this study according to the research trends of existing literature. The end of this chapter makes a summarized for the innovation of this dissertation, and points out that the shortage of this study.
Chapter2is a general analysis of the telecommunications industry. This chapter defined the meaning of telecommunications services on both narrow and broad levels by summarizing existing research literature. According to this chapter, telecommunications services in the narrow sense is to provide transmission services including messages, signals, sound, image, video, and data files to the consumers of telecommunications users by using various means of information technology as well as equipment, and shall not do any change of the content, the nature and the form in the process of data transmission. In addition to the above, telecommunications services in the broad sense also includes the research and development of science and technology, equipment device fabrication and network infrastructure construction that are associated with the telecommunications industry and related telecommunications services provider and management and so on. This chapter also summarizes the characteristics of the telecommunications industry, such as the network external properties, the scope economies attributes, universal service attributes, natural monopoly attributes. It is precisely because of these characteristics, the state needs to regulate the telecommunications industry.
Chapter3is related to the basic theory analysis. This chapter made a clear definition of monopoly, pointed out that the types and causes of monopoly. This chapter pointed out that the loss of economic efficiency brought about by the monopoly, and put forward the theory of control for the monopoly of the economy through the analysis of several typical oligopoly model such as Cournot model, Bertrand model, Edgeworth Model, Cartel model and Price leadership model.
Chapter4is about the changes of U.S. telecommunications industry regulation. In this chapter, according to the context of the historical development, the development of the telecommunications industry in the United States is divided into five stages, but also the control of the U.S. telecommunications industry is divided into five stages. Throughout the entire development course of the U.S. telecommunications industry, it can be found that the change of U.S. telecommunications industry control is also a process of the game between the Ministry of Justice, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) which is a representative of the telecommunications industry regulatory agencies and telecommunications giant monopoly power represented by AT&T. At the same time, the change course of the telecom industry control is also a process of the establishment of the mechanism of market competition. The United States successfully achieve a competitive mechanism extended to multiple fields from a telecommunications business, and eventually be established in the entire telecommunications industry.
Chapter5is a system of the U.S. control of the telecommunications industry. This chapter describes the control system of the telecommunications industry in the United States. The system is a trinity control system composed by the Federal Communications Commission, state public utility management committee and the justice system, including the Ministry of Justice and the Court. Compared with other countries which also have a developed telecommunications industry, its control system has a very distinctive feature that its industrial control is divided into two levels of government level and industry level. The highest authority of the control system is the judicial system, which has the right to make final ruling. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and state utilities Management Commission (PUC) is the executing agency for the control of the U.S. telecommunications industry and the quasi-legislative body, who is the core strength of control.
Chapter6is the field of control of the U.S. telecommunications industry. Due to the special properties of the telecommunications industry, the telecommunications industry control of any country is content complicated and range wide involved career. In the history of the telecommunications industry control of the countries which have a developed telecommunications industry such as United States, the fields and content of control that need to be involved in are more complicated. There is not exactly the same situation in each country and the different telecom industry development model and control system determines that the areas, content and emphases of control will be different. However, consolidated the complex regulatory content of these countries, there are some universal commonalities control areas and content, namely the control of local operations, interconnection regulation, price controls, as well as universal service control. Those contents are exactly to be the focus of this chapter.
Chapter7is the trend of the U.S. telecommunications industry and regulatory changes. Since1996when the type restriction of telecom enterprise operating activities relieved by Telecommunications Act, there is a new great change in the U.S. telecom market, that is, the emergence of the wave of mergers and acquisitions, which had a far-reaching impact on the market structure of the U.S. telecommunications industry. This chapter makes an analysis of the deep-seated reasons for the M&A wave and explores the trend of the overall reform of the U.S. telecommunications industry control and the reaction made for the new situation of acquisition, and finally evaluates the reform of the telecommunications industry regulation in the United States.
Chapter8is about the enlightenment that the U.S. telecommunications industry controls give to China.In this chapter, it makes a summary and conclusion of the factors that our country should learn from the U.S. telecommunications industry regulation. And it points out that telecommunications industry of China should learn from their organizational principle and the cultivation of market competition mechanism. This chapter also has combed the development and control of the telecommunications industry in China, analyzes current situation and problems of China's telecommunications industry and finally gives China's telecom industry control some suggestions from the two aspects of macroeconomic policy and microeconomic measures.
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