提高星载红外成像系统空间分辨率的关键技术研究
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摘要
星载红外成像系统的空间分辨率在很大程度上决定了天基预警卫星对来袭目标的探测识别概率和跟踪精度,因此,提高星载成像系统的空间分辨率是提高预警卫星战术性能的重要技术途径之一。现阶段,提高星载成像系统的空间分辨率的主要手段是采用超大阵列的红外探测器或采用超分辨率成像方法。然而,低噪声、高密度红外探测器的研制投入大、耗时长,难以很快解决现有问题,而现存的超分辨率成像算法大多涉及复杂的迭代运算,不能满足星载成像系统的实时性要求。因此,有必要针对现有预警卫星系统的工作方式,研究一种能有效提高其星载红外成像系统空间分辨率的新方法。
本文首先对超分辨率成像的理论基础、机理以及现有实现方法进行综合归纳和对比研究,并对星载红外成像系统的工作原理以及输出图像的特点进行了深入分析,在此基础上,讨论了影响星载红外成像系统空间分辨率的各种因素,并指出空间采样率不足和噪声干扰是影响星载红外成像系统空间分辨率的最主要因素。因此,本文主要从提高系统信噪比和空间采样率两个方面入手研究探索解决星载红外成像系统分辨率不足的问题。为了在提高星载红外成像系统空间分辨率的同时兼顾其实时性要求,本文研究并提出了易于分解成多任务并行处理的超分辨率处理算法,该算法依次采用红外图像预处理、红外图像配准和图像超分辨率插值这三项关键技术,以实现对成像系统空间分辨率的有效提升。其中以非均匀性校正和图像增强为主要研究内容的预处理技术主要用于提高图像信噪比和对比度,而图像配准技术和超分辨率插值技术则旨在提高图像的空间采样率。
其次,从红外图像采集和处理两方面入手对星载成像系统的超分辨率成像硬件实现方案进行了讨论。针对星载红外成像系统超分辨率成像实时性和可靠性的要求,本文提出了一种模块化的并行处理硬件系统方案。该方案通过将整个处理过程划分成多任务,而后,由多个信号处理单元以流水线的方式并行执行,实现了由串行处理到并行处理的转化,有效地节省了处理过程的时间开销,提高了系统的实时性;此外,还设计了一种抗干扰能力强、数据传输带宽宽的以标准CPCI总线架构为基础的系统数据馈送方案,提高了系统在恶劣条件下工作的稳定性和可靠性。
最后,基于实验室硬件仿真平台的超分辨率重建实验结果,证实了本文研究的各项关键技术确能有效提高红外成像系统的空间分辨率。
For space-based early warning satellite, the detecting and identifying probability and tracking precision of invasive targets are often determined by the spatial resolution of space-borne infrared imaging system. Therefore, to improve the tactic performance of early warning satellite, it is necessary that the spatial resolution of space-borne infrared imaging system is improved firstly. Recently, the spatial resolution improvement is mainly realized by adopting large-size array infrared detector or resorting to super resolution method. Nevertheless, the development time of low noise and high density detector may be very long, moreover, numerous existing super resolution algorithms may involve complicated iterative operation, and can not be satisfied with the real-time requirement of space-borne imaging system. Accordingly, it is necessary to investigate a new method that can improve the spatial resolution of space-borne infrared imaging system effectively.
In the thesis, the theoretical foundations and existing implementation methods of super resolution imaging is thoroughly studied firstly. Based on the analysis of the principle and output image feature infrared imaging system, the factors influencing the resolution of imaging system are discussed, and the final result validates that insufficient sampling rate of detector and system noise interference are the main factors, which decline the spatial resolution of imaging system. Therefore, the emphases are focused on the improvement of imaging SNR and spatial sampling rate. In order to improve the spatial resolution and satisfy the real-time requirement of space-borne imaging system, wherefore, the super resolution algorithm that can easily be decomposed to multi-task and executed parallelly is presented, which involves three key techniques: infrared image preprocessing, infrared image registration and super resolution interpolation. Among those techniques, infrared image preprocessing improves the SNR and contract of infrared images by nonuniformity correcting and contract enhancing. Image registration and super resolution interpolation are used to improve the spatial sampling rate of the image.
Secondly, the hardware solution of space-borne super resolution imaging system is discused. The whole hardware system is composed by several parallel processing modules, each module pipeline implementations partial task. The abovementioned hardware architecture makes the super resolution process change from serial operation to parallel operation, and improves the real-time performance greatly. Furthermore, the compact PCI characterized by good anti-jamming capabilities and wide bandwidth is used to design the bus of the system, which grantees the stability and reliability performance of the space-borne super resolution imaging system under adverse circumstance.
Finally, experimental results on the hardware simulation platform validate that the investigated key techniques can improve the spatial resolution of infrared imaging system efficiently.
本文首先对超分辨率成像的理论基础、机理以及现有实现方法进行综合归纳和对比研究,并对星载红外成像系统的工作原理以及输出图像的特点进行了深入分析,在此基础上,讨论了影响星载红外成像系统空间分辨率的各种因素,并指出空间采样率不足和噪声干扰是影响星载红外成像系统空间分辨率的最主要因素。因此,本文主要从提高系统信噪比和空间采样率两个方面入手研究探索解决星载红外成像系统分辨率不足的问题。为了在提高星载红外成像系统空间分辨率的同时兼顾其实时性要求,本文研究并提出了易于分解成多任务并行处理的超分辨率处理算法,该算法依次采用红外图像预处理、红外图像配准和图像超分辨率插值这三项关键技术,以实现对成像系统空间分辨率的有效提升。其中以非均匀性校正和图像增强为主要研究内容的预处理技术主要用于提高图像信噪比和对比度,而图像配准技术和超分辨率插值技术则旨在提高图像的空间采样率。
其次,从红外图像采集和处理两方面入手对星载成像系统的超分辨率成像硬件实现方案进行了讨论。针对星载红外成像系统超分辨率成像实时性和可靠性的要求,本文提出了一种模块化的并行处理硬件系统方案。该方案通过将整个处理过程划分成多任务,而后,由多个信号处理单元以流水线的方式并行执行,实现了由串行处理到并行处理的转化,有效地节省了处理过程的时间开销,提高了系统的实时性;此外,还设计了一种抗干扰能力强、数据传输带宽宽的以标准CPCI总线架构为基础的系统数据馈送方案,提高了系统在恶劣条件下工作的稳定性和可靠性。
最后,基于实验室硬件仿真平台的超分辨率重建实验结果,证实了本文研究的各项关键技术确能有效提高红外成像系统的空间分辨率。
For space-based early warning satellite, the detecting and identifying probability and tracking precision of invasive targets are often determined by the spatial resolution of space-borne infrared imaging system. Therefore, to improve the tactic performance of early warning satellite, it is necessary that the spatial resolution of space-borne infrared imaging system is improved firstly. Recently, the spatial resolution improvement is mainly realized by adopting large-size array infrared detector or resorting to super resolution method. Nevertheless, the development time of low noise and high density detector may be very long, moreover, numerous existing super resolution algorithms may involve complicated iterative operation, and can not be satisfied with the real-time requirement of space-borne imaging system. Accordingly, it is necessary to investigate a new method that can improve the spatial resolution of space-borne infrared imaging system effectively.
In the thesis, the theoretical foundations and existing implementation methods of super resolution imaging is thoroughly studied firstly. Based on the analysis of the principle and output image feature infrared imaging system, the factors influencing the resolution of imaging system are discussed, and the final result validates that insufficient sampling rate of detector and system noise interference are the main factors, which decline the spatial resolution of imaging system. Therefore, the emphases are focused on the improvement of imaging SNR and spatial sampling rate. In order to improve the spatial resolution and satisfy the real-time requirement of space-borne imaging system, wherefore, the super resolution algorithm that can easily be decomposed to multi-task and executed parallelly is presented, which involves three key techniques: infrared image preprocessing, infrared image registration and super resolution interpolation. Among those techniques, infrared image preprocessing improves the SNR and contract of infrared images by nonuniformity correcting and contract enhancing. Image registration and super resolution interpolation are used to improve the spatial sampling rate of the image.
Secondly, the hardware solution of space-borne super resolution imaging system is discused. The whole hardware system is composed by several parallel processing modules, each module pipeline implementations partial task. The abovementioned hardware architecture makes the super resolution process change from serial operation to parallel operation, and improves the real-time performance greatly. Furthermore, the compact PCI characterized by good anti-jamming capabilities and wide bandwidth is used to design the bus of the system, which grantees the stability and reliability performance of the space-borne super resolution imaging system under adverse circumstance.
Finally, experimental results on the hardware simulation platform validate that the investigated key techniques can improve the spatial resolution of infrared imaging system efficiently.
引文
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